MICROCONTROLLER

by
Nafeesh Ahmed
Asstt. Prof.
UIET KUK

Electronics and Communication Engineering Dept.

UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY KURUKSHETRA, INDIA-136119

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Contents
• Microprocessor
• Microcontroller
• Microprocessor versus Microcontroller
• Types of Microcontrollers
• Bits-4,8,16 and 32
• External memory and Embedded memory
microcontroller
• Instruction set: CISC versus RISC
• Memory architecture: Princeton versus
Harvard
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 What is Microprocessor?

Fig1: Microprocessor

A microprocessor is a component that performs the instructions and task

involved in computer processing.

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 What is Microcontroller?

Fig2: Microcontroller

A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed for a specific

operation in an embedded system.

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 Microprocessor vs Microcontroller

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 Block diagram of MP and MC

Fig3: Microprocessor Fig4: Microcontroller

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 Some Technical difference between MP and MC

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 Bits
The bits in microcontroller are 8-bits, 16-bits and 32-bits microcontroller.

• 4-bit microcontrollers are small size, minimum pin count and low cost
controllers which are widely used for low end applications like LED & LCD
display drivers ,portable battery chargers etc.. Their power consumption is
also low. The popular 4-bit controllers are Renasa M34501 which is a 20 pin
DIP chip with 4kB of ROM,256 Bytes of RAM,2-Counters and 14 I/O Pins.
Similarly ATAM862 series from ATMEL.
• 8-bit Microcontrollers are the most popular and widely used
microcontrollers .About 55% of all CPU sold in the world are 8-bit
microcontrollers only. The 8-bit microcontroller has 8-bitinternal bus and
the ALU performs all the arithmetic and logical operations on a byte
instruction. The well known 8-bit microcontroller is 8051 which was
designed by Intel in the year 1980 for the use in embedded systems. Other
8-bit microcontrollers are Intel 8031/8052 and Motorola MC68HC11 and
AVR Microcontrollers, Microchip’s PIC Microcontrollers 12C5XX ,16C5X and
16C505 etc
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Continue…
• When the microcontroller performs 16-bit arithmetic and logical
operations at an instruction, the microcontroller is said to be a 16-bit
microcontroller.16 bits microcontroller executes with greater
accuracy and performance in contrast to 8-bit. These microcontrollers
are having increased memory size and speed of operation when
compared to 8-bit microcontrollers. These are most suitable for
programming in High level languages like C or C++ .They find
applications in disk drivers, modems, printers, scanners and
servomotor control. Example of 16 bit microcontroller is Intel 8096.
• 32 bits microcontroller is employed mainly in automatically
controlled appliances such as office machines, implantable medical
appliances, Automotive control, Communication networks,
Robotics,Cell phones ,GPRS & PDAs etc..For EX:PIC32,ARM 7,ARM9
,SHARP LH79520 ,ATMEL 32 (AVR) ,Texas Instrument’s –.
TMS320F2802x/2803x etc..are some of the popular 32-bit
microcontrollers. It requires 32-bit instructions to carry out any
logical
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or arithmetic function. 12
 Memory

The memory devices are divided into two types, they are
External Memory Microcontroller:
• When an embedded structure is built with a microcontroller
which does not comprise of all the functioning blocks existing
on a chip it is named as external memory microcontroller. For
example, 8031 has no program memory on the chip is an
external memory microcontroller.

Embedded Memory Microcontroller:

• When an embedded system has a microcontroller which
comprise of all the functioning blocks existing on a chip it is
named as embedded memory microcontroller. For example,
8051 having program & data memory, I/O ports, serial
communication, counters and timers and interrupts on the
chip therefore its embedded microcontroller.

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 Instruction Set
CISC
• CISC means complex instruction set computer, it allows
the user to apply 1 instruction as an alternative to
many simple instructions.
RISC
• RISC means Reduced Instruction Set Computers. RISC
reduces the operation time by shortening the clock
cycle per instruction.
• Example for CISC and RICS:
CISC: RISC: Mov AX, 0
Mov AX, 4 Mov BX, 4
Mov BX, 2 Mov CX, 2
ADD BX, AX Begin ADD AX, BX
Loop Begin
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 Memory Architecture

Fig5: Harvard Architecture

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 Fig6: Princeton Architecture

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