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SYLLABUS FOR MA HISTORY (Conventional)

Scheme of Study
There will be a total number of 10 papers in MA History, divided into two parts. In Part one (MA History
Previous), there will be two compulsory papers along with three optional papers selected out of the list of
optional papers given below for Part I. In Part two (MA History Final), again there will be two compulsory
and three optional papers selected out of the list of optional papers given below for part II. These ten papers
will carry 1000 marks, 100 marks each. In addition to that, a viva-voce examination of 100 marks will be
conducted immediately after the written examination in the final year.

MA PREVIOUS (Part I)
Compulsory Courses
Compulsory Paper I: Muslim Freedom Movement in India 1857-1947
Events:
The War of Independence and its Aftermath – the Indian National Congress and the Muslims of India –
The Aligarh Movement, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan: Political, Educational and Literary Services, the Deoband
Movement and its role in the socio-political and educational progress of Indian Muslims, the partition of
Bengal – the Simla Deputation – the creation of All India Muslim League – Nawab Mohsin ul Mulk and
Nawab Waqar ul Mulk: their services to the cause of Indian Muslims, Syed Ameer Ali: Political and
literary achievements and services,
the Indian Councils Act of 1909, Hindu Muslim Unity and the Lucknow Pact – the Khilafat and Hijrat
Movements – Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar: Services and Achievements, the Government of India Act
1919, the Simon Commission and the Nehru Report – Political Philosophy of Allama Mohammad Iqbal,
Iqbal’s Allahabad Address – Round Table Conference 1930-1932 (First Session, Gandhi Irwin Pact and the
Second Session, The Communal Award of 1932 and the Third Session) – Government of India Act 1935 –
the Elections of 1937 and the Congress Rule in the provinces – the Lahore Resolution – Cripps Mission –
Cabinet Mission – June 3rd Plan – the Controversy about the Governor-Generalship of Pakistan –
Mohammad Ali Jinnah: Leadership and Achievements, the Radcliffe Boundary Commission Award

Recommended Readings:
Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi, Struggle for Pakistan. Karachi: University of Karachi, 1969.
Dr. Waheed-uz-Zaman, Towards Pakistan. Lahore: Publishers United Ltd., nd.
Adbul Hamid, Muslim Separtism in India. Lahore: Oxford University Press, 1971.
Khalid Bin Sayeed, Pakistan: The Formative Phase 1857-1948. Karachi: Oxford
University Press, 1968.
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, Pakistan or the partition of India. Lahore: Book Traders, 1978.
Ram Gopal, Indian Muslims: A Political History 1858-1947. New Delhi: Asian
Publishing House, 1959.
S. M. Ikram, Modern Muslim India and the Birth of Pakistan. Lahore: Institute of Islamic
Culture, 1970.
Haroon-ur-Rashid, Pakistan: The Successful Culmination. Lahore: Publishers’
Emporium, 1990.
Aziz Ahmad, Islamic Modernism in India and Pakistan 1857-1964. London: Oxford
University Press, 1967.

Compulsory Paper II: History of North-West Frontier

Geography and Geo-Strategic Importance
The Land-- Flora and Fauna
Origin of Pakhtoons:
i. Bani Israelite Theory ii. Aryan Theory iii. Mixed Race Theory
Brief Historical Background
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Pakhtoonwali
Pakhtunkhwa during the Mughal Rule: Raushaniya Movement – Khushal Khan Khattak
The Sikh Rule – Syed Ahmad Barelvi: His Movement and the Causes of Failure –
Decline of Sikh Rule
British Occupation – Forward and Masterly inactivity Policies – Uprising of 1857 and
Ambela Campaign of 1863 – Durand Line Agreement 1893 – Tribal uprising of 1897.
Formation of NWFP – NWFP between 1901-14 – British relations with the tribes
NWFP and World War I, 1914-1918 – Role of NWFP in Khilafat and Hijrat Movements,
1922-29 Disturbances and the Qissa Khwani Massacre, 23rd April 1930,
Constitutional Developments in India and the upgradation of NWFP as Governor
Province
Khudai Khidmatgar Movement – Muslim League in NWFP
First Congress Ministry, September 1937-November 1939 – Second and Third Congress
Ministry, 1945-1947 – Civil Disobedience Movement – Referendum
Tribal Areas: Administration and Socio-Economic Developments

Personalities:
Haji Sahib of Turangzai – Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan – Sahibzada Abdul Qayum Khan –
Faqir of Ipi – Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar – Pir of Manki Sharif – Khan Abdul Qayum
Khan

Recommended Readings:
Abdur Rasheed, . Islami Tasawuf aur Sufyaye Sarhad (Urdu). Islamabad: 1988.
Ahmad, Akbar S. Social and Economic Change in The Tribal Areas. Karachi: Oxford
University Press, 1977.
Baha, Lal. NWFP Administration under British Rule, 1901-1919. Islamabad: National
Commission on Historical and Cultural Research, 1978.
Bruce, Richard Issaq. The Forward Policy and Its Results. Quetta: Gosha-e-
Adab, 1977.
Caroe, Sir Olaf. The Pathans: 550 B.C. – A.D. 1957. Karachi: Oxford University Press,
1985.
Davies, C. C. The Problem of the North-West Frontier Province, 1890-1908, with a
survey of Policy since 1849. London: Curzon Press, 1974.
Diwan Chand Obhrai. The Evolution of the North-West Frontier Province. Peshawar:
1938.
Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial series, North West Frontier Province. Calcutta:
Superintendent of Govt. Press, 1908.
Janson, Erland. India, Pakistan or Pakhtunistan: The Nationalist Movements in the North
West Frontier Province, 1937-1947. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International,
Uppsala, 1981.
Javed, Aziz. Sarhad Ka Aa’ini Irtiqa (Urdu). Peshawar: 1975.
KakaKhel, Syed Bahadur Shah Zafar. Pashtoon Tareekh Kai Aayeenai Main (Urdu).
Peshawar: University Book Agency, n.d.
Khan, Abdul Ghaffar. Zama Zhwand au Jadojehd (Pashto). Kabul: Daulat Matba, 1362
AH.
Khan, Abdul Wali Khan. Bacha Khan au Khudai Khidmatgari, I-III. Charsadda: Wali
Bagh, 1998.
Khan, Dr. Mohammad Anwar, The Role of NWFP in the Freedom Struggle. Lahore:
Research Society of Pakistan, 2000.
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Mills, H. Woosnam. The Pathan Revolt in North West India. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel
Publications, 1996.
Mutiny Reports from Punjab and NWFP, Vol. 1 & 2. Lahore: Al-Biruni, Al-Rehman
Building 65- The Mall, 1911.
Nichols, Robert. Settling the Frontier: Land, Law, and Society in the Peshawar Valley,
1500-1900. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Qaiyum, Abdul. Gold and Guns on the Pathan Frontier. Bombay: Hind kitabs, 1945.
Rittenberg, Stephen. Ethnicity, Nationalism, and the Pakhtuns: The Independence
Movement in India’s North-West Frontier Province. Durham, North Carolina: Carolina
Academic Press, 1988.
Sabir, Mohammad Shafee. Taareekh-i-Suba Sarhad (Urdu). Peshawar: University Book
Agency, 1986.
Shah, Syed Munawar Hussain. Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar: A Political Biography.
Lahore: Qadira Books, 1985.
Shah, Syed Waqar Ali. Muslim League in NWFP. Karachi: Royal Book Company, 1992.
_________________ . Ethnicity, Islam and Nationalism: Muslim Politics in the North-
West Frontier Province, 1937-47. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Spain, James W. The Way of the Pathans. London: 1962.
____________ . The Pathan Borderland. Karachi: Indus Publications, 1985.
Sultan-i-Rome. The North-West Frontier (Khyber Pukhtunkhwa): Essays on History.
Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Tendulkar, D.G. Abdul Ghaffar Khan: Faith is a battle. Bombay: Gandhi Peace
Foundation, 1967.
Yusufi, Allah Bakhsh. The Frontier Tragedy. Karachi: Mohammad Ali Education
Society, 1986.

Optional Courses

Optional Paper I: Modern Middle East

Geography and Historical Background, Importance of the Middle East in World Politics,
Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, Western Imperialism, Arab Nationalism, and
Zionism, Nasser and Pan Arabism, The Islamic Revolution in Iran and Regional
Implications , Secularism and Islam in the Arab World, The Resurgence of Islam and the
Middle East, The Cold War and the Middle East, The Politics of Oil, The Middle East
after 9/11, the War on Terror and its impact on the region, the Arab Spring, the
Challenges ahead.

Recommended Readings:
Algar Hamid, Islamic Revolution in Iran. USA, 1981.
Al-Khalil, Samir, Republic of Fear: The Inside Story of Saddam’s Iraq. London, 1990.
Bangash, Dr. Ghulam Taqi, Iran-Iraq Relations. Peshawar, 1991.
Bangash, Zafar, The Makkah Massacre: Future of the Haramain
Batatu, Hanna, The Old Social Classes and Revolutionary Movements of Iraq. USA,
1988.
Carlson, Robin Woods Worth, The Imam and his Islamic Revolution. Columbia, 1982.
Ghayasuddin, The Impact of Nationalism on the Muslim World. London, 1986.
Gilmour, David, Lebanon: The Fractured Country. London, 1984.
Holdew, David and Richard Johns, The House of Saud. London, 1981.
Lapidus, Ira M., A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge, 1988.
Pahlavi, Mohammad Raza, The Shah’s Story: An Autobiography. London: 1980.
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Roosevelt, Kermit, Counter Coup: The Struggle for the Control of Iran. USA, 1981.
Siddiqui, Kalim, The Islamic Revolution: Achievements, Obstacles and Goals. London,
1980.

Optional Paper II: Islamic History (The Prophet, Khulafa-i-Rashideen & the
Ummayads)
Arabia before Islam; Political, Social, Economic and Religious conditions of Arabs, The
Birth of the Holy Prophet, Preaching in Makkah and migration, The Charter of Madina;
its religious and Political significance, Wars with Quresh and the gradual rise of the
Muslim Power in Arabia. The Treaty of Hudaibia; its Political Significance, The last
pilgrimage to Makkah and the sermon of the Holy Prophet, The Life and teaching of
Holy Prophet (PBUH), Conquest and Consolidation under the Pious Caliphs,
Administration and legal structure of the state, Makkah, Madiana and Kufa as the centers
of Islamic learning, Territorial Expansionism at the climax, Social Change in Muslim
Society, Disturbances and its outcome, Amir Muawaiya’s rise to power: Consolidation of
his power and administration, His foreign and domestic policy. Yazid: the tragedy of
Karbala, his character, Marwan, Abdul Malik, and Abdullah bin Zubair, the character and
achievements, Walid-I: Conquests and internal policy Suleman, his policy and character,
Hisham, his character and achievements.
The later Ummayyads: Causes of the decline of the Ummayyad rule, Abbaside
propaganda, Ummayyad Administration, Literature and Culture.

Recommended Readings:
Ali, Amir. History of the Saracens. Karachi: National Book Foundation, 1975
Efraim, Karsh. Islamic imperialism: A History. New Haven : Yale University Press,
2006.
Hamidullah, Dr. M. Muslim Conduct of State. Lahore: Sh. Mohammad Ashraf Publishers,
1977.
Holt, P. M. Cambridge History of Islam. London: Cambridge University Press, 1970
Lapidu, Ira M. A History of Islamic societies. New York: Cambridge University Press,
1988.
Laura, Etheredge. Islamic History. New York: Britannica Educational Pub. in association
with Rosen Educational Services, 2010.
Muir, William. The Caliphate, Its Rise, Decline & Fall. Beirut: Khayats Publishers, 1963
Nagy, Luqmân. Islamic History. New York: Goodword Books, 2004.
Silverstein, Adam J. Islamic History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Well-hausen, S. Arab Empire and its Fall. Beirut: Khayats, 1963.
Wheatcroft , Andrew. The Enemy at the Gate : Habsburgs, Ottomans and the battle for
Europe. New York : Basic Books, 2009.

Urdu
Abi Jaffar Mohammd Ibn Jarir, Tareekh-e-Tibri, tr. Mohammad Ibrahim Nadvi, Karachi,
1982.
Ibn-e-Hisham, Seerat-un-Nabi Kamil, tr. Maulana Abdul Jaleel Siddiqi, Lahore, 1979.
Shah Moeen-ud-Din Ahmad Nadvi, Tareekh-i-Islam. Islamabad, 1975.
Shibli Naumani and Syed Suleman Nadvi, Seerat-un-Nabi. Lahore, 1975.

Optional Paper III: History of Afghanistan: 1747-1933

Geography and Geo-political importance of Afghanistan.
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Ethnic Groups and Races of Afghanistan.

Political History of Afghanistan upto Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Ahmad Shah Abdali and the Emergence of Modern Afghanistan.
Dost Mohammad Khan, Accession and Consolidation of power.
British and Russian interest in the Region. (Great Game).
First Anglo-Afghan War. (1838-42). Causes, Events and Results.
Amir Sher Ali Khan. Second Anglo-Afghan War. (1878-80) Causes, Events and results.
Amir Abdur Rehman. Accession, Consolidation of power, Tribal policy and wars,
Personality and estimate.
Border demarcations. Pamir Line and Durand Line Agreement.Political significance of
the Durand Line Agreement.
Amir Habibullah Khan. (1901-18). Rise of Afghan Nationalism.
King Amanuulah Khan. (1919-29). Reforms and Downfall.
War of Independence Or Third Anglo-Afghan War, 1919. Events and Results.
Ghazi Habibullah Khan (Bacha-I-Saqau) 1929. Political significance.
Nadir Shah (1929-33) Consolidation and Reforms.

Recommended Readings:
Louis Dupree, Afghanistan. New Jersey: Princeton University Press,1980.
General Sir George Macmann. Afghanistan: From Darius To Amanuulah. Quetta: Gosha-
I-Adab, 1977.
H. W. Bellow. The Races of Afghanistan. Lahore: Sang-E-Meel Publications, 1979.
Sir Percy Sykes. A History of Afghanistan, Vol. I. Lahore: Al-Beruni Publications,1979.
Fletcher, Arnold. Afghanistan; Highway of Conquest. New York: Cornel University
Press, 1966.

Optional Paper IV: Muslim Rule in India – 712-1526 A.D.

Arab Invasion and its political, social and economic impact, Muhammad Ghaur
conquests and consolidation of power in India, lltutmish and Balban, Ala-ud-Din Khilji,
Ghiasuddin Tughluq as founder of Tughlaq Dynasty. Muhammad Bin Tughlaq: His
projects and character. Feroz Shah Tughluq Reforms. Amir Timur's Invasion and its
impact. A Brief Study of Syed and Lodhi Dynasties. Administration, Art, Literature &
Architecture, Socio-Economic conditions, Hindu Muslim relations, Impact of Islam on
Hinduism. Rise of the Chishti-ya and Suhrawardiya orders.
Economic policy and administrative achievements. Architecture, Art and Literature.
Mongol invasions and their impact. Social and economic conditions during the Sultanate
Period, Hindu Muslim relations.

Recommended Readings:
Ahmad, Muhammad Aziz, The Political Institutions and Early Turkish Empire. Lahore:
Mohammad Ashraf Publishers, 1949.
Awan, Muhammad Tariq, A History of India and Pakistan, Vol. I. Lahore: Firoz Sons
Ltd. 1991.
Haig, W., Cambridge History' of India, VoL III. Delhi: S Chand & Co, 1955.
Ikram, SM, History of Muslim Civilisation in India and Pakistan. Lahore: Institute of
Islamic culture, 1982.
Lanepoole, Stanley. Medieval India under Muhammadan Rule. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel
Publications, 1979.
Majumdar, RC, The Delhi Sultanate. Bombay: 1980.
Prasad, Ishwari, An Advance History of India. Lahore: Aziz Publishers, 1986.
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Qureshi, I.H. The Administration of the Sultanate of Dehli. Lahore: 1942.

______. ed. A Short History of Pakistan. 2nd edn., Karachi: University of Karachi,
1984.
Majumdar, R.C., H.C. Raychaudhuri, and Kalikinkar Datta. An Advanced History of
India. Reprint, Lahore: Famous Books, 1992.

Optional Paper V: Mughal Rule in India. 1526-1707 A.D.

Babur: His career in Central Asia, Shaibani Khan, the subcontinent on the eve of Babur's
invasion, the battle of Panipat, establishment of Mughal power in the subcontinent, his
character.
Humayun: His difficulties, wars with Bahadur Shah and Sher Shah, his literary taste and
character.
Sher Shah: Rise to power, his reforms and administration; his character. Islam Shah:
Character and achievements, the Bhakti movement.
Akbar: Petti-coat government, the Rajput Policy, conquest of Bihar, Bengal Sind,
Khandesh, Gujarat and Ahmad Nagar; the Din-i-Ilahi, Mujaddid-Alf-Sani and orthodox
Reform Movement. Estimate of Akbar; the subcontinent at the death of Akbar.
Jahangir: early life and his accession to the throne, Noor Jahan and Junta, Relations with
Persia, the campaigns of Bengal, Mewar, Kangra and the Deccan, the revolts of Khurram
and Mahabat Khan, his character.
Shah Jahan: early life and his accession to the throne, the sack of Hugli, relations with the
Rajputs, relations with Persia, the campaigns in Balkh and Badakhshan, his Deccan
Policy, his character and achievements, the war of succession.
Aurangzeb: Early life, his accession to the throne, reforms of Aurangzeb, his Rajput
policy, the Afghan revolt, reforms of the Jats and the Satnamis, his relations with the
Sikhs and the conquest of Assam and Chittagong, his character, an estimate of his work.

Recommended Readings:
Ikram, S. M. History of Muslim Civilization in India and Pakistan. Lahore: Institute of
Islamic Culture, 1982.
___________ . Muslim Rule in India.
Khan, Hussain. Sher Shah Sur. Lahore: Feroz Sons, 1987.
Khan, Zulfiqar Ali, Sher Shah. Lahore: Republican Books, 1988
Mahajan, Vidya Dhar, Savitri Mahajan. Mughal Rule in India. Delhi : S. Chand, 1964.
Prasad, Ishwari. The Mughal Empire. Allahabad : Chugh Publications, 1974.
Rahim, M. A. History of Afghan in India. Karachi: 1988.
Smith, V. A. Akbar the Great Mughul. Delhi: S. Chand & Company, 1966.
Williams, Rushbrook. An Empire Builder of the sixteenth Century. Lucknow: S. Chand &
Company, N.D.

Optional Paper VI: History of Europe: 1453-1914

Geography of Europe – The Renaissance – The Reformation – The Scientific Revolution
– The Enlightenment – The Age of Reason – Europe on the eve of French Revolution –
Causes of the French Revolution – Revolutionary governments – The Revolutionary
Wars – The Rise of Napoleon – His Administrative achievements – Napoleonic Wars –
Causes of the Decline of Napoleon – The Congress of Vienna – The Metternich era – The
1848 Revolutions – The Unification of Italy – The Unification of Germany – The Eastern
Question
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Recommended Readings:
Jannieson, A. Leaders of the Twentieth Century. London: 1970.
Knapton, E. J. & Derry T. K. The Third French Republic, 1870-1940. London: 1966.
Langer, William L. An Encyclopedia of World War History. London: 1987.
Mukherjee, L. A Study of European History (1453-1815). Calcutta: n.d.
__________ . A Study of Modern Europe and the World (1815-1959). Calcutta: n.d.
Richards, Denis. An Illustrated History of Modern Europe (1789-1974). London: 1977.
Taylor, A. J. P. Europe: Grandeur and Decline. Harmondsworth: 1985.
Thompson, David. Europe since Napoleon. Harlow, Essex: 1983.
Watson, Jack B. Success in European History 1815-1941. London: 1981.

Optional Paper VII: British History: 1688-1914

Geography of Great Britain, The Glorious Revolution, Causes, Events and Results,
Development of the Cabinet System, The Union of England and Scotland, The Old
Colonial system, The Role of England in The Coalitions Against the French
Revolutionary Government and it’s Aftermath, Union OF England and Ireland, Agrarian
and Industrial Revolutions, The Methodist Movement, Queen Victoria and Her
Achievements, Queen Victoria’s Prime Ministers, The Rise of Socialism in England,
Great Britain and Free Trade, The Eastern Question and Great Britain, The Irish Question
in the 19th Century, British Foreign Policy before World War I, Great Britain and World
War I, Great Britain and Post War Settlement

Recommended Readings:
Robert Blake, The Conservative Party from Peel to Thatcher, 1985.
__________ , A New History of England 1410-1975, Britain, 1981.
R. W. Breach, A History of our own Times: Britain 1900-1964. Oxford, 1968.
V. H. Green, The Hanoverians, 1714-1815. London, 1976.
A. J. P. Taylor, English History 1914-1945. Oxford, 1965.
G. M. Trevelyen, History of England. London, 1962.
____________ , English Social History: A Survey of Six Centuries, Chaucer to Queen
Victoria. London, 1962.
Sir William Woodward, The Age of Reform 1817-1870. Oxford, 1962.

MA Final (Part II)

Compulsory Courses

Compulsory Paper I: Research Methodology & Philosophy of History

Methodology:
Definition of History. Types of Documents. Critical evaluation of Documents. Types and
Techniques of Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Research, Separation of Facts from
Fiction, Interpretation in History, How to write a Term-Paper? How to write a
Dissertation/ Thesis?

Philosophy:
Philosophical understanding of History, Causation in History, Law of Causality, Time
Perspective, Objectivity and Tolerance, Value System, Criticism, Laws of History, Views
of History: Cyclical View, Providential View, Progressive View, Quranic View of
History
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Muslim Historiographers: Tabari, Masudi, Ibn-e-Khaldun, Dr. Ali Shariati,

Western Historiographers: Hegel, Marx, Spengler, Toynbee

Recommended Readings:
Methodology:
Barzun & Graff. The Modem Researcher. NewYork: Latest edition.
Bloch, Marc. The Historian's Craft. Illinois: 1959.
Brundage, Anthony. Going to the Sources: A Guide to Historical Research and Writing.
Illinois: 1989.
Carr, E. H. What is History with a new Introduction by Richard J. Evans. UK: Palgrave,
2001.
Gowronski, D.V. History Meaning & Method. U.S.A:1969.
Rosenberger, Homer Tope. The Enigma: How Shall History be Written?.Pennsylvania:
Rose Hill Press, 1979.
Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations.
Chicago and London:1987.

Philosophy:
Callingwood, R. G., The Idea of History. Oxford, 1906.
Encyclopaedia of Islam (Articles on Tabari, Masudi, Ibn-e-Khaldun, Al-beruni and Al-
Waqidi)
Galbraith, V. H., An Introduction to the Study of History. London, Latest Edition.
Gawronski, Donald V., History: Meaning and Methods. USA, 1969.
Hardy, Peter, Historians of Medieval India, London. 1960.
Muttahari, Martyr Murtaza, Society and History, tr. Mahliqa Qarae, Tehran, 1985.
Phillips, C. H., The Historians of India, Pakistan & Ceylon. London, 1961.
Philip, Ragby, Culture and History. California, Latest Edition.
Plankhanev, G. V., The Materialistic Conception of History. Moscow, 1946.
Rosanthal, E. I. J., History of Muslim Historiography. Leiden, N. D.
Shariati, Dr. Ali, On the Sociology of Islam (Lectures), tr. Hamid Algar, Berkeley, 1979.
____________, Man Marxism and Islam, tr. Abdul Majid, Tehran, 1987.
Shotwell, James T., The History of History, 2 Vols. New York, Latest Edition.
Spengler, Oswald, Decline of the West. London, 1954.
Stern, Alfred, Philosophy of History and the Problem of Values, Hague, 1962.
Toynbee, Arnold J., A Study of History, 12 Vols., London, 1947-57.
Walsh, W. H. An Introduction to Philosophy of History. London, 1969.

Compulsory Paper II: Islamic Culture, Civilization and Institutions

Culture & Civilization: Society and Culture under the Prophet and Khulafa-i-Rashideen
The Holy Quran – Compilation of Hadith and Fiqah, Makkah & Madina: Centers of
Islamic Learning, Political Administration and Social Conditions under Ummayads,
Intellectual Advancement and Philosophical Movements under Ummayads, Arabic
Grammar, History writing, Education and Science, Society under the Abbasides:
Developments in Science and Literature, Philosophy, Geography, and Historiography –
The Brethren of Sincerity – The Six Canonical Books – Sufism
Islamic Institutions: The Concept of Khilafat and Imamat – Islamic Concept of State or
Sultanate – The Institution of Vizarat – Department of Justice or Qada – Ihtisaab and
Muhtasib – Baitul Mal, Sources and Expenditure – Status of dhimmis, Women and
Slaves
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Recommended Readings:
Ali, S. Ameer. A short History of the Saracens. London: 1951
___________ .The Spirit of Islam. London: 1964
Arnold, Thomas W. The Legacy of Islam. Oxford: 1981.
Bakhsh, S. Khuda. Contributions to the History of Islamic Civilization. Lahore: 1975.
Browne, Edward G. A Literary History of Persia. London: 1924.
Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition,
Ghayasuddin, M. The Impact of Nationalism on the Muslim World. London: 1986.
Gibbs, H. A. R. Studies in the civilization of Islam. London: 1962.
Haimidullah, Muhammad. The Muslim Conduct of State. Lahore: 1942.
Hussaini, S. A. Q. Arab Administration. Lahore: 1970.
Lacy, O’Leary De. How Greek Science Passed to Arab. London: 1949.
Nasr, S. Hossein. Three Muslim Sages. Cambridge: 1964.
_____________ . Ideals and Realities in Islam. London: 1966.
_____________ . Science and Civilization in Islam. New York: 1970.
Pickthal, Muhammad Marmaduke. Islamic Culture.
Sharif, Mian Muhammad, ed. A History of Muslim Philosophy. Wiesbaden: 1963.
Sherwani, H. K. Studies in Muslim Political Thought and Administration. Lahore: 1945.
Shushtery, M. A. Outlines of Islamic Culture, Lahore: 1966.
Pool, Stanley Lane. The Moors in Spain. Lahore: 1953
R. Dozy. Spanish Islam. London: 1968.
Inayatullah, Maulvi. Ibrat Nama-e-Undulus. Lahore: 1966. (Urdu)

.Optional Courses

Optional Paper I: History of Pakistan: Internal Developments & Foreign Policy

Internal Developments: Geographical conditions, Act of Independence 1947, Problems
and Politics of Constitution Making: First Constituent Assembly 1947-54, The Objectives
Resolution, The Basic Principles Committee, the problem over Federal Vs. Unitary
System of Government, Separate Vs. Joint Electorate, Issue of Representation and Parity
between the two Wings, The Language issue, Provincial autonomy, Dissolution of the
First Constituent Assembly and the Legal Battles, Second constituent Assembly, 1954-
56, Formation of one unit as the basis of parity between two wings, Constitution of 1956,
Causes of the failure of Parliamentary Democracy, The First Martial Law and General
Ayub’s Era: Reforms, Constitution of 1962, Basic Democracies, the War of 1965 and the
Tashkent Pact, Downfall of Ayub Khan, Yahya Khan’s takeover, Struggle for Revision
of Constitution, Awami League and Shaikh Mujeeb’s 6 points, LFO and the Elections of
1970, Post Election Crisis, The war of 1971 and the Fall of Dacca, The Dawn of a New
Era, Achievements of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and the Peoples’ regime, Constitution of 1973,
Elections of 1977 and the downfall of Z. A. Bhutto, General Zia’s Era: Islamization,
Constitutional amendments, Controlled democracy: elections on Non-Party Basis and
Junejo as Prime Minister, Afghan War and its impact on Pakistani Society, Return to
Democracy and Elections 1988, Democracy and Frequent Change of Governments,
October 1999 takeover by General Musharaf, Reforms and Policies of Musharaf Era,
Elections of 2008 and Return of Peoples’ Party into Power, Ouster of Musharaf and the
Government under Zardari and Gilani: Achievements and Reforms: Constitutional
Amendments, NFC Award, Policy of Reconciliation, Military action in Sawat and Floods
in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, IDPs, Public Welfare Programs
Foreign Policy: Pakistan: Its geo-political Location and Importance, Determinants and
Objectives of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy, Pakistan’s relations with its neighbors, Relations
 10

with the Muslim World, The Cold War and Pakistan’s alignment with the West,
Pakistan’s move towards bilateralism in 1960, Pakistan’s relation with USA: Past,
Present and Future, Relations with India and the Kashmir Issue, Relations with China,
Relations with Former USSR, Afghan War and its Impacts on Pakistan, The changing
pattern of world politics and the future of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy, Pakistan’s stand on
the War against Terrorism, Internal Political and Economic conditions and its bearing on
Pakistan’s Stand on Important Global and Regional Issues

Recommended Books:
Ali, Mehrunissa. Readings in Pakistan’s Foreign Policy, 1971-1998. Karachi: 2001.
Anwar, Syed. Pakistan: Islam, Politics and National Solidarity. Lahore: 1984.
Bindra,. S.S. Indo-Pak Relations. New Delhi: 1981.
Burke, S.M. Pakistan’s Foreign Policy: An Historical Analysis. Oxford: 1969.
Burki, Shahid Javed. Pakistan Under Bhutoo, 1971-77. Hong Kong: 1988.
Callard, Keith. Pakistan: A Political Study. New York: 1957.
Chaudhri, G.W. Constitutional Developments in Pakistan. London: 1963.
Feldman, Herbert. The End and the Beginning, Pakistan: 1969-71. Karachi: 1976.
Hassan, Syed Minhaj ul & Sayyed Abdu Hassan Raeesossadat (ed.). Pakistan-Iran
Relations in Historical Perspective. Peshawar: 2004.
Hussain, Irtiza. Strategic Dimensions of Pakistan Foreign Policy. Lahore: 1989.
Mahmood, Safdar. Constitutional Foundations of Pakistan (Enlarged and Revised).
Lahore: Jang Publishers, 1997.
Popatia, Mahboob A. Pakistan’s Relations with the Soviet Union, 1947-1979:
Constraints and Compulsions. Karachi: 1988.
Rai, Hameed A.K. Readings in Pakistan Foreign Policy, Vols. I-II. Lahore: N.D.
Saeed, Khalid bin. Political System of Pakistan. Boston: 1967.
Waseem, M. Pakistan Under Martial Law, 1977-85. Lahore: 1987.
Ziring, Lawrence. The Ayub Khan Era: Politics in Pakistan. New York: 1971.
_____. Pakistan in 20th Century. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Optional Paper II: Islamic History (Part II)

Hazrat Abbas and his Descendents – Al-Saffah, his character and Consolidation of Power
– Abu Jaffar Al-Mansoor, Character and Policies – Al-Mehdi and Al-Hadi – Haroon-ur-
Rashid – The Bermakids, Their Rise and Fall – Amin-al-Rashid: Persianism Vs. Arabism
– Al-Mamun: The Growth of Science, Literature and Medicine, Character and
Achievements, The Mutazillites and Asha’rites and their Doctrines – Wasiq Billah:
Character and Policy – Al-Mutawakkil Billah: Triumph of Orthodoxy, character and
Policies – Al-Mustasid: Reforms and Policies – The Later Abbasids – The Buwahides –
The Saljuks – Causes of the Decline of the Abbasids – Central and Provincial
Administration under the Abbasids

Recommended Readings:
Encyclopaedia of Islam. (Latest Edition)
Dr. Hamidullah, Introduction to Islam. Karachi, 1959.
Dr. Hamidullah, The Muslim Conduct of State. Lahore, 1977.
Dr. S. A. Q. Hussaini, Arab Administration. Lahore, 1984.
Dr. S. A. Q. Hussaini, Constitution of the Arab Empire. Lahore, 1958.
Hussain, Nasr, Science & Civilization in Islam. New York, 1970.
P. M. Holt, Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge, 1970.
S. Amir Ali, A Short History of the Saracens. London: 1959.
 11

S. Amir Ali, The Spirit of Islam, London. 1964.

S. Wellhausen, Arab Empire and its Fall. Beirut, 1963.

Optional Paper III: History of USA: From George Washington to George Bush
Internal Developments
Discovery of the American Continents – English Colonization in America – the
American War of Independence – Problems of Constitution Making – The War of 1812 –
Westward Movement – Civil War – Reconstruction after the Civil War – Industrial and
Economic Development in United States during the 19th century – Internal Developments
in USA during World War I – The Great Depression – Internal Developments in USA
during World War II – The Black Civil Rights Movement – Senator Joseph R. McCarthy
and the Communist hunt – The Counter Culture of the 60s – The Watergate Scandal –
Bill Clinton’s Impeachment, George Bush Junior as President.

Role in World Politics

Foreign Policy under the Federalist Regime – The Monroe Doctrine and Isolationism –
Theodore Roosevelt and the Big Stick Policy – USA and World War I – US Role in the
Paris Peace Conference and The Treaty of Versailles – USA and World War II – USA
and the Cold War: The Korean War, Involvement in Vietnam, The Berlin Blockade,
airlift and Berlin Wall – The Cuban Missile Crisis – The post Cold War Era: The New
World Order – Iraq and Afghanistan, 9/11 and the War on Terror

Recommended Readings:
R. K. Majumdar, A. N. Srivastva, History of United States, Vol. I, II. New Delhi, S.
Chand & Co., 1990.
Gerald Leinwand, The Pageant of American History. USA: Allyn & Bacon Inc. , 1975.
Oscar Handlin, The Americans: A new History of the People of United States. Canada:
Little Browne and Co. , nd.
David M. Kennedy and Thomas A. Bailey, The American Pageant. Boston: Allyn and
Bacon Inc., 1975.
Winthrop D. Jordon, Mariam Greenblatt and John S. Bowes, The Americas: A History.
New York: ML McDougal, Little and Co. , 1992.
Richard Hofstadter, William Miller, Daniel Aaron, The American Republic. New Jersey:
Prentice Hall Inc. , 1973.
John A. Garraty, The American Nation. New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1991.

Optional Paper IV: History of Afghanistan 1933-2001

The fall of Constitutional Monarchy. Factors and Consequences.
Sardar Mohammad Daud Khan. Political Career and Rise to power.
Administration and Reforms.
Cold War and the Road towards the Third Great Game.
Foreign Policy of Afghanistan under Daud. USSR, USA and Pakistan.
Rise of Socialism in Afghanistan.
Saur Revolution. Causes and Consequences.
Years Of Turmoil and anarchy.(1977-79)
The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan.( December,1979)
Afghanistan: The Theater of New Great Game.
The Resistance and Rise Of Jihadi Organizations.
Brief Account of Resistance; Jihadi Organizations and its Leaders.
Pakistan’s Afghan Policy. Interest and role.
 12

Iran’s Afghan Policy: Interest and Role.

Years of Occupation. Soviet Atrocities.
Najibullah Khan. Rise and fall.
Peace Process, Geneva Accord and the Withdrawal of Soviet Troops.
The Provisional Administration and Road to Civil War.
Afghan Civil War. Causes and affects.
Rise of Taliban to Power.
Afghanistan under Taliban: Internal Policy and administration.
Ethnic and religious minorities under Taliban.
Foreign Policy of Afghanistan under Taliban.
September 11,2001: Terrorism; Al-Qaida and Taliban.
US Invasion of Afghanistan and the fall of Taliban.
Bonn Convention and the provisional administration of Hamid Kirzay.
Resistance and violence: Al-Qaida and Taliban.
The Presidential elections.
Afghanistan under Hamid Kirzay: Home and Foreign policy.

Recommended Readings:
Ghani, Dr. Abdul. A Brief Political History of Afghanistan. Lahore: Najaf Publishers,
1989.
Bhasin, V. K. Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan: its Background and implications. New
Delhi: S. Chand and Company, n. d.
Fuller, Graham E. Central Asia: The New Geopolitics. Santa Monica: Rand Publishers,
n.d.
Jalalzai, Musa Khan. Sectarianism and Ethnic Violence in Afghanistan. Lahore:
Vanguard Books, 1996.
Maley, William. undamentalism Reborn? Afghanistan and the Taliban. Lahore:
Vanguard Books, 1988.
Nojomi, Neamatollah. The Rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan: Mass Mobilization, Civil
War and the Future of the Region. New York: Palgrave Publications, 2002.
O’balance, Edgar. Afghan Wars. London: Brassey’s, 1993.
Robertson, Charles Gray. Kurrum, Kabul and Kandahar. Lahore: Sang-I-Meel
Publications, 1979.

Optional Paper V: Europe in the Twentieth Century

First World War: Its Causes and Effects, The Russian Revolution: Its Causes and
Significance, Post 1st World War European Scenario, The Peace Settlements, The Rise of
Fascism Nazism, Britain in between the Two Wars, France in between the two Wars,
Germany in Between the Two Wars, Italy Between the Two wars, Second World War:
Causes and effects, The European Movement, The Cold War, Disintegration of Soviet
Union, Europe Since Disintegration of Soviet Union

Recommended Readings:
Smith, P. The Enlightenment
Bourne, H. E. The Revolutionary Period in Europe
Gershoy, Leo. The French Revolution and Napoleon
Grant, A. J. and H. Temperley. Europe in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Century
Ketelbey, C. D. M. A History of Modern Times from 1789
Thompson, J. M. The French Revolution
Thomson , D. Europe since Napoleon
 13

Dietz, F. C. The Industrial Revolution

Thomson, D. Europe since Napoleon
Bowden, W. and Usher Karporich. An Economic History of Europe since 1750
Dawson, W. H. The Evolution of Modern Germany
King, Bolton. History of Italian Unity
Muir, Ramsay. The Expansion of Europe

Optional Paper VI: Later Mughals 1707-1857 AD.

Structure of the Muslim Society in the 18th Century, Character and composition of
Mughal Nobility, Failure of Administrative Institutions, Factions and Faction Feuds,
Foreign invasion, Rise of Independent and Semi-independent States: Daccan, Punjab,
Bengal, Oudh
Religious Movements: Shah Waliullah, Shah, Fakhruddin
Agrarian system.
Death of Najaf Khan and its effects. Ruhila Catastrophe and its political impact
Mughals and the Marhatas, 1782-1803
Mughals and the English under Shah Alam-II and Akbar-II
Break up of Mughal administration and economic structure
Degeneration of Muslim society
Jihad Movement and its impact on the Muslim Society in general
Advent of European Powers: Portuguese, Dutch, French, and English. Struggle for
Supremacy between French and English
English expansionism, 1801-1856. The War of Independence

Recommended Readings:
Faruki, Zahiruddin. Aurangzeb and His Time. Lahore : Al-Biruni, 1977.
Ghori, Iftikhar Ahmad. War of Succession between the Sons of Shah Jehan. Lahore :
Publishers United, 1964.
Haig, W. Combridge History of India. Dehli: 1955.
Ikram, S. M. History of Muslim Civilization in India and Pakistan: A Political and
Cultural History. Lahore, Pakistan : Institute of Islamic Culture, 1989.
Irvine, William, Sir Jadunath Sarkar. Later Mughals. New Delhi, Oriental Books, 1971.
Khan, Khafi. Muntakhi-bul-Lubab, Karachi : Pakistan Historical Society, 1975..
Lockhart, Laurence. Nadir Shah. New York : AMS Printers, 1973.

Optional Paper VII: British History: Britain since World War I

Foreign Policy of Great Britain From 1919 to 1939, Great Britian and Second World
War, Great Britain Since 1945, The Labour and Conservative Ministries, Post War
Economic Difficulties of Great Britain, European Common Market and Great Britain,
Decolonization of the British Empire, Great Britian and The Cold War, The Falkland
War and Margrate Thacher’s Ministry, John Major and His Policies, Tony Blair and his
Policies.

Recommended Books:
Blake, Robert. The Conservative Party from Peel to Thatcher. 1985,
___________ . A New History of England. 410-1975. Britain: 1981,
Cook, Chris and John Ramsden, eds. Trends in Britain Politics since 1945. 1978,
Morgan, Kenneth O. The People’s Peace: British History 1945-1990. Oxford: 1992.
Seaman, L. C. B. Life in Britain between the Wars. London: 1970.
Taylor, A. J. P. English History 19414-1955. Oxford: 1965.
 14

Trevelyen, G. M. History of England. London: 1962.

____________ . English Social History: A survey of six centuries Chaucer to Queen
Victoria. London: 1962.
Watson, J. B. Empire to Commonwealth 1919 to 1970. London: 1971.
__________ . Success in Britain’s History 1914. London: 1981.

Optional Paper VIII: Modern Iran, 1925-1990 A.D.

Reasons of Qajar decline, Rise of Raza Shah I and his policies, The Saadabad Pact.
Occupation of Iran by Allied Powers, Second World War and Crisis in Iran. Raza Shah
II, Dr. Mussadiq and his struggle against Western dominance, Activities of CIA in Iran.
White Revolution, Hundred Years Struggle of Ulema. Ayatollah Khomaini and his
struggle, Islamic Revolution in Iran. Foreign Policy of Islamic Republic of Iran, with
special reference to the Arab World. Politics of the Persian Gulf.

Recommended Readings:
Algar, Hamid, The Islamic Revolution in Iran. Qom: 1981.
Bangash, Dr. Ghulam Taqi, Iran-Iraq Relations. Peshawar, 1991.
Bangash, Zafar, The Makkah Massacre and Future of the Haramain. Canada: 1988.
Bonine, Michael E. and Nikki R. Keddie, ed. Modem Iran: the Dialectics of Continuity
and Change. New York: 1981.
Siddiqui, Kalim et al. The Islamic Revolution: Achievements, Obstacles and Goal.
London: 1980.