14.
485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN
PURPOSE OF PAVEMENT
• Protect the subgrade from excessive
permanent deformation
• Resist loss of structural capacity from
fatigue produced by repeated traffic
loads
• Provide adequate serviceability to users,
without repair, for a given period of time
Revised 03/2015
from Johnson (SCDOT)
14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN PRINCIPLES
When a pavement is too thin the
Design the pavement thick enough to strength of the subgrade is
ensure the strength of the subgrade exceeded and the pavement
is not exceeded for the loads to experiences high strain causing it to
which it will be exposed. fatigue and eventually fail.
Revised 03/2015
14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN PRINCIPLES
From Ohio DOT
Revised 03/2015
14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN
PAVEMENT BASICS
From FHWA NHI-05-037
Revised 03/2015
14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN
PAVEMENT BASICS
from FHWA NHI-05-037
Revised 03/2015
14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN
PAVEMENT
BASICS?
Revised 03/2015
from FHWA NHI-05-037
14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN
PAVEMENT BASICS
DESIGN FACTORS
• Traffic Loading (heavy trucks)
• Soil Subgrade Strength
• Pavement Materials Characteristics
(strengths of materials comprising the
pavement build-up)
• Environmental Conditions (Its effect on
soil and pavement material strength)
Revised 03/2015
14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN
PAVEMENT DESIGN METHODS
SEVERAL DESIGN METHODS EXIST:
• American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials (AASHTO 1972)
• American Association of State Highway
and Transportation Officials (AASHTO
1993)
• Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design
Guide (MEPDG) (NCHRP 1-37A)
• Various State DOT Procedures
• Others (Asphalt Institute)
Revised 03/2015
14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN
AASHTO 1993 METHOD
Based on empirical models drawn from field
performance data measured at the AASHO road
test in the late 1950’s.
Revised 03/2015 http://www.pavementinteractive.org/article/AASHO-Road-Test/
14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN
AASHTO 1993 METHOD
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
• Pavement Performance
• Traffic
• Roadbed Soil
• Materials of Construction
• Environment
• Drainage
• Reliability
• Life Cycle Costs (& Shoulder Design)
Revised 03/2015
14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN
AASHTO 1993 METHOD
DESIGN EQUATION
Revised 03/2015 SN is the OUTPUT!
14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN
AASHTO 1993 METHOD
STRUCTURAL NUMBER (SN) EQUATION
Where:
a = Structural Number Coefficient
D = Depth (i.e. thickness) (in inches)
m = Drainage Coefficients
1 = Surface, 2 = Base, 3 = Subbase
Revised 03/2015
14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN
AASHTO
1993
METHOD
STRUCTURAL
NUMBER (SN)
A2 COEFFICIENT
CORRELATIONS
Revised 03/2015
14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN
AASHTO 1993 METHOD
STRUCTURAL NUMBER (SN) COEFFICIENTS
Revised 03/2015
14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN
AASHTO 1993 METHOD
STRUCTURAL NUMBER (SN) m COEFFICIENTS
Revised 03/2015 from FHWA NHI-05-037
14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN
AASHTO 1993 METHOD
W18 (ESAL) EQUATION
ܱ ݂
Where:
ADTO = Average daily traffic at the start of the design period
T = Percentage of trucks in the ADT
Tf = Truck factor, or the number of 18 kip ESALs per truck
G = Traffic growth factor
D = Directional distribution factor
L = Lane distribution factor
Y = Design period in years
Revised 03/2015
14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN
AASHTO 1993 METHOD
W18 (ESAL) CALCULATIONS
Revised 03/2015
14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN
AASHTO 1993 METHOD
W18 (ESAL) Calculations
Revised 03/2015
14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN
AASHTO 1993 METHOD
W18 (ESAL)
CALCULATIONS
Revised 03/2015 http://www.paiky.org/technical-resources/paiky-esal-calculator/
14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN
AASHTO 1993 METHOD
RELIABILITY
Design reliability is defined as the probability that a
pavement section will perform satisfactorily over the
design period. It must account for uncertainties in traffic
loading, environmental conditions, and construction
materials.
RELIABILITY - OVERALL STANDARD DEVIATION (S0)
For flexible pavements, values for S0
typically range between 0.35 and 0.50, with
a value of 0.45 commonly used for design.
Revised 03/2015 From FHWA NHI-05-037
14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN
AASHTO 1993 METHOD
STANDARD NORMAL DEVIATE (ZR)
Step 1 – Determine
Recommended Reliability
Level
Step 2 – Determine ZR
using Recommended
Reliability Level
Revised 03/2015 From FHWA NHI-05-037
14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN
AASHTO 1993 METHOD
SERVICEABILITY (PSI)
Where:
p0 = Initial Serviceability Index corresponds to road
conditions immediately after construction. Typical value is
4.2.
pt = Terminal Serviceability Index (i.e. the lowest
serviceability that will be tolerated before rehabilitation or
reconstruction becomes necessary). 2.5 recommended for
major highways.
Revised 03/2015 From FHWA NHI-05-037
14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN
AASHTO 1993 METHOD
SUBGRADE RESILIENT MODULUS (MR)
Correlations between resilient modulus and various material
Revised 03/2015 strength and index properties (from FHWA NHI-05-037)
14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN
AASHTO 1993
METHOD
SUBGRADE RESILIENT
MODULUS (MR)
Typical Values (from NCHRP 1-37A, 2004)
Revised 03/2015
14.485 CAPSTONE DESIGN
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN
AASHTO 1993 METHOD
GENERAL DESIGN PROCEDURE
1. Determine the analysis period.
2. Evaluate the design traffic (W18).
3. Determine the design reliability factors.
4. Determine the allowable serviceability loss due to
traffic.
5. Evaluate the subgrade resilient modulus MR.
6. Solve Design Equation for the required overall
Structural Number.
7. Calculate SN from various pavement options*
(iterative process). * Might have Minimum Pavement
Revised 03/2015
Thickness requirements!
