Chapter 7: Complex Number

Definition:

A complex number is a combination of Real Number and Imaginary Number as below:

z = a + bi
where, a = Real Number of z , Re( z )
b = Imaginary part of z , Im( z ) with property i = −1,  i 2 = −1

Complex number can be plotted in Argand diagram as below

Figure 7.1

Below are the example of complex number:

1+ i 3 − 2i −7i 4 − 5i

Example 1

Solve x 2 − 64 = 0

Solution:

x 2 = −64
x = −64
= −1 64
= 8i
7.1 Complex Conjugate

Let z = a + bi be any complex number. Then its complex conjugate, z , is defined by:

z = a − bi

In other words, a conjugate is the change sign in imaginary part

Properties of Complex Number

a) Addition
(a + bi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d )i

Example 2

(2 + i) + (5 + 2i) = (2 + 5) + (1 + 2)i

= 7 + 3i

b) Subtraction
(a + bi) − (c + di) = (a − c) + (b − d )i

Example 3
(2 + i) − (5 + 2i) = (2 − 5) + (1 − 2)i
= −3 − i

c) Multiplication
(a + bi)(c + di) = ac + iad + icb + i 2bd

If we recall that i 2 = −1 , then

(a + bi )(c + di ) = ac + iad + icb + i 2bd
= (ac − bd ) + i (ad + cb)

Example 4

(2 + i )(3 + 2i ) = 6 + 4i + 3i + 2i 2
= 6 + 4i + 3i + 2(−1)

= 4 + 7i
d) Division
(a + bi) (a + bi)(c − di) ac + bd + (cb − ad )i
= =
(c + di) (c + di)(c − di) c2 + d 2

Example 5
5 − 2i (5 − 2i)(4 − 3i)
=
4 + 3i (4 + 3i)(4 − 3i)

20 − 15i − 8i + 6i 2
=
16 + 9
14 − 23i
=
25

7.2 Polar Form of Complex Number

Recall that a complex number z = a + bi may be represented by polar coordinate (r , ) with
r  0 . In fact,
a = r cos  b = r sin 

Figure 7.2
From figure 7.2, we have:
z = a + bi = r cos  + ir sin 
Thus we can write complex number in polar form:

z = r (cos  + i sin  ) (7.3)

 b
Where r = z = a 2 + b2 and  = arg z = tan −1
a

Example 6
Find the modulus and argument of z = 2 + 3i . Thereafter, express z in polar form.

Solution
From z = 2 + 3i , we know that a = 2 and b = 3 .

r = z = 22 + 32 = 13

3
 = arg z = tan −1 = 56.31
2

Thus, the polar form of z is

z = r (cos  + i sin  ) = 13(cos 56.31 + i sin 56.31)

Example 7

Find the modulus and argument of z = −2 + i . Thereafter, express z in polar form.

Solution:

r = z = (−2)2 + 12 = 5

1
 = arg z = tan −1 − = −26.57
2
But the angle is cannot possibly correct because z lies in 2nd quadrant and the angle is represented
as acute angle. The correct angle is
 = 180 − 26.57 = 153.43
leading to polar form:

z = r (cos  + i sin  ) = 5(cos153.43 + i sin153.43)

5.2.1 Multiplication and Dividing Complex Number in Polar Form.

a) Multiplication rule: To form the product multiply the magnitude and add the angles.

Consider two complex numbers in polar form:

z1 = r1 (cos1 + i sin 1 ) and z2 = r2 (cos2 + i sin 2 )

Multiplying them together gives:

z1 z2 =  r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1 )  r2 (cos  2 + i sin  2 )

= r1r2  (cos 1 cos  2 − sin 1 sin  2 ) + i(sin 1 cos  2 + cos 1 sin  2 ) 

By using trigonometric identities:

cos (1 +  2 ) = cos 1 cos  2 − sin 1 sin  2

sin (1 +  2 ) = sin 1 cos  2 + cos 1 sin  2

Thus, simplifying the multiplication, we obtain:

z1 z2 = r1r2  cos(1 +  2 ) + i sin(1 +  2 ) 

b) Division rule: To form the quotient divide the magnitude and subtract the angles.

Consider two complex numbers in polar form:

z1 = r1 (cos1 + i sin 1 ) and z2 = r2 (cos2 + i sin 2 )

z1 r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1 )
=
z2 r2 (cos  2 + i sin  2 )

Thus the simplifying for division is divide the moduli, r and subtract the argument,  :
z1 r1
=  cos(1 −  2 ) + i sin(1 −  2 ) 
z2 r2
Example 8
z
Given z1 = 5(cos 60 + i sin 60) and z2 = 4(cos30 + i sin 30) . Compute z1 z2 and 1
z2

Solution:
z1 z2 = (5)(4)[cos(60 + 30) + i sin(60 + 30)]
i)
= 20(cos 90 + i sin 90)

5
z1
z2
= cos(60 − 30) + i sin(60 − 30)
ii) 4
= 1.25(cos 30 + i sin 30)

5.3 Euler Form of Complex Number

Euler formula is stated as:

ei = cos  + i sin 
From complex number, when written in polar form formula:
z = r (cos  + i sin  )
Thus, the exponential polar form using Euler form is :
z = rei

Example 9
(1+ i )
Simplify the following complex number z = e 2

Solution:

We know that a m+ n = a m  a n , therefore:

(1+ i ) i
e 2
= e1  e 2

  
= e1  cos + i sin 
 2 2

= e(0 + i)

= ie
Example 10
Let z = 1 + i . Express in Euler form.
Solution:

z = 1+ i r = a 2 + b 2 = 12 + 12 = 2
From b 1 
 = tan −1 = tan −1 =
a 1 4
Thus the Euler form is:

i
 z = 2e 4

Given z1 = r1ei1 and z2 = r2ei2 , we can obtain formula for product and quotient of complex
number. Thus we have:

z1 z2 = (r1ei1 )(r2ei2 )
Multiplication: 
= r1r2ei (1 +2 )

z1 (r1ei1 )
=
z2 (r2 ei2 )
Division: 
r1 i (1 −2 )
= e
r2

Example 11
z1
Let z1 = 1 + i and z1 = 1 + i 3 . Find z1 z2 and in Euler form.
z2

Solution:

i
From Example 8, z1 = 1 + i  z1 = 2e 4

( 3)
2
z1 = 3 + i r= + 12 = 4 = 2 i

For z = 2e 6
1 
 = tan −1 =
3 6
  
i i
z1 z2 = ( 2e )(2e 6 ) 4

 
i( + )
= ( 2)(2)e 4 6

5
i 
= 2 2e 12


i
z1 ( 2e 4 )
= 
z2 i
(2e 6 )
2 1 i ( 4 − 6 )
= e
2
1
i 
= 0.707e 12

5.4 De Moivre’s Theorem

If n is a positive integer:
z n = r n [cos n + i sin n ]
This result is known as De Moivre’s Theorem

Proof:
From Polar form z = r (cos  + i sin  )

[r (cos  + i sin  )]n = (rei )n = r nein = r n (cos n + i sin n )

Let z1 = r1 (cos1 + i sin 1 ) and z2 = r2 (cos2 + i sin 2 ) and multiplying these two complex
number, we obtain:

z1 z2 =  r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1 )  r2 (cos  2 + i sin  2 )

= r1r2  (cos 1 cos  2 − sin 1 sin  2 ) + i(sin 1 cos  2 + cos 1 sin  2 ) 

If 1 = 2 =  the above result will give:

(cos  + i sin  )2 = cos 2 + i sin 2

Then,

(cos  + i sin  )3 = (cos  + i sin  )2 (cos  + i sin  )

 = (cos 2 + i sin 2 )(cos  + i sin  )

= (cos3 + i sin 3 )

This suggest the general formula:

(cos + i sin  )n = (cos n + i sin n )

Example 12

Calculate (i + i 3)6 in the form of a + bi

Solution:
First step, convert in polar form:

r = 12 + ( 3) 2 = 2

3 
 = tan −1 =
1 3

 
Thus, z = 2(cos + i sin )
3 3

Second step, find z 6 :

  
6

z =  2(cos + i sin ) 
6

 3 3 
= 26 (cos 360 + i sin 360)
= 64(1 + 0i)
= 64

5.4.1 Roots of Complex Number

Let z = r (cos  + i sin  ) and let n be a positive integer. Then z has the n distinct roots
   + 2 k    + 2 k 
zk = r1 n cos   + i sin  
  n   n 

Where, k = 0,1, 2 , n −1
Example 13

Find all roots of z 3 = 1 + i 3 .

Solution:
2
z = r = 12 + ( 3) = 2

3
arg( z ) =  = tan −1 = 60
1

In polar form we can write as

1 + i 3 = 2(cos 60 + i sin 60) .

By applying formula of roots of complex number with n = 3 :

1 1   60 + 2k   60 + 2k 
(1 + i 3) 3
= 2 3 cos   + i sin  
  3   3 

From n = 3 setting from k = 0,1 and 2 , we obtain three roots:

z0 = 2 3 cos ( 20 ) + i sin ( 20 )

1

1   60 + 2   60 + 2   1
z1 = 2 3 cos   + i sin    = 2 (cos140 + i sin140)
3

  3   3 

1   60 + 2(2)   60 + 2(2)  1
z2 = 2 3 cos   + i sin    = 2 (cos 260 + i sin 260)
3

  3   3 
Exercise

1. Evaluate and write the answer in the form of a + bi

a) (5 − 3i) + (1 + 5i) b) (8 + 11i) − (5 − 6i)
c) (3 + 4i) + (2 − i) d) (7 + i) − (3 − i)
e) (−2 + i)(3 + 2i) f) (4 − 2i)(2 + 3i)
7 − 4i 5 − 2i
g) h)
4 + 3i 4 − 3i
2 z + 3w
i) If z = 3 − i and w = 1 + 3i , find
2 z − 3w
j) −100 k) (12 − 2i )
1
l) 2i(4i − 3 m)
8 − 3i

2. On an Argand plane, plot the complex numbers:

a) z = 2 + 3i b) z = −1 + i
c) z = 3 + 3i d) z = −2 − 4i

3. Find the modulus and argument of the complex number. Thereafter express z in polar
form.
a) 2 + 3i b) −2 + 3i
c) 1 − 3i d) 3 + 4i
e) −3 + 3i

z 1
4. Find the polar form for , zw and but first convert z and w into polar form.
w z
a) z = 3 + i , w = i + 3i
b) z = 2 3 − 2i , w = −1 + i
c) z = 4 3 + 4i , w = −3 − 3i

5. Three complex number are defined by:

z1 = 4(cos 30 + i sin 30)
z2 = 2(cos 60 + i sin 60)
z3 = 7(cos 50 + i sin 50)
z1 z1 z2
Compute i) z1 z2 ii) iii)
z1 z3
6. Express in Euler form
 
a) z = 2(cos 30 + i sin 30) b) z = 6(cos − i sin )
8 8
c) z = 3(cos 60 + i sin 60) d) z = 2(cos 45 + i sin 45)

7. Convert the complex number into Euler form:

a) z = −2 − 2i b) z = 6i
c) z = 3 + i d) z = −3 − i
e) z = −4 + 2i f) z = 2 2 −i
g) z = 7 h) z = 1 + 6i

z 1
8. Find the polar form for , zw and but first convert z and w into Euler form.
w z
d) z = 3 + i , w = i + 3i
e) z = 2 3 − 2i , w = −1 + i
f) z = 4 3 + 4i , w = −3 − 3i

9. Find the indicate power using De Moivre’s Theorem.

a) (1 + i)20 b) (1 − 3i)3
c) (2 3 + 2i)5 d) ( 3 + i )9

10. Find the cube root of (1 + i) and sketch the root in complex plane.
125
11. Find the cube roots of − (1 + 3i)
2
12. Find the fourth roots of 625i
13. Find the cube roots of −1 + 3i
14. Find the fifth roots of −32
1
15. Find roots of (−2 3 − 2i) 4
16. Find the first two from fourth roots of 81(cos 60 + i sin 60)