1. "Geography Now!

Indonesia"
Indonesia, a country located off the coast of mainland Southeast Asia in the Indian and
Pacific oceans. These are islands located opposite the Equator and have a distance equivalent to
one-eighth of the circumference of the Earth. The islands can be grouped into the Greater Sunda
Islands of Sumatra (Sumatra), Java (Java), as far south as Borneo (Kalimantan), and Celebes
(Sulawesi); The Lesser Sunda Islands (Nusa Tenggara) in Bali and the island chain that runs east
through Timor; the Maluku (Maluku) between Sulawesi and the island of New Guinea; and
western Papua (commonly known as Papua). The capital, Jakarta, is located near the northwest
coast of Java. At the beginning of the 21st century Indonesia was the most populous country in
Southeast Asia and the fourth most populous in the world.

Indonesia was formerly known as the Dutch East Indies (or Dutch East Indies). Although
Indonesia did not become the official name of the country until independence, the name was
used in early 1884 by a German geographer; thought to come from the Greek indos, which
means "Indian," and nesos, which means "island." After a period of Japanese occupation (1942-
1945) during World War II, Indonesia declared its independence from the Netherlands in 1945.
But its struggle for independence continued until 1949, when the Dutch formally recognized
Indonesian sovereignty. Not until the United Nations (UN) recognized the western part of Papua
as part of Indonesia in 1969 that the country took its present form. The former Portuguese
territory in East Timor (Timor-Leste) was incorporated into Indonesia in 1976. However, after a
referendum organized by the United Nations in 1999, East Timor declared its independence and
became fully sovereign in 2002.
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The Indonesian archipelago is one of the most unusual areas in the world: it covers a major point
of the earth's tectonic plate, a natural spatial landscape of two fauna, and has served for
thousands of years as a cultural and cultural linkage from Oceania and mainland Asia. These
factors have created a very diverse environment and society that sometimes seems united only
because of vulnerability to seismic and volcanic activity, close to the sea, and humid tropical
climate. However, a centralized government and the same language has given Indonesia a sense
of unity. In addition, in accordance with its role as an economic and cultural crossroads, the
country is active in various international trade and security organizations, such as ASEAN,
OPEC, and the United Nations.

The large islands of Indonesia are characterized by thick, forested volcanic mountains in the
interior that slope downward into coastal plains covered by thick alluvial marshes which, in turn,
dissolve into shallow seas and coral reefs. Beneath this surface Indonesia's unique and complex
physical structure encompasses the intersection of three main parts of the earth's crust and
involves a series of intricate shelves, volcanic chains and deep sea trenches. The island of
Borneo and the island arc which includes Sumatra, Java, Bali, and the Lesser Sunda chain are on
the Kalimantan Island Sunda Shelf, an extension to the south of the Asian continental mass. The
shelves are bounded south and west by deep sea trenches, such as the Java Parit (depth of around
7,450 meters) at its lowest point, which forms the actual continental boundary. Papua and
adjacent islands, possibly including the island of Halmahera, sitting on the Former Shelf, which
is the northwestern extension of the mass of the Australian continent; the shelf is bounded
northeast by a series of oceanic trenches and northwest by a trough, a chain of coral reefs and a
series of underwater ridges. The third major unit of the earth's crust in Indonesia is the extension
of the mountain belt that forms Japan and the Philippines; the mountains extend south between
Kalimantan and Papua and include a series of volcanoes and deep sea trenches around Celebes
and Maluku.

The relationship between these three lands is not clearly understood. The current land-sea
formation is somewhat misleading because the oceans located on the Sunda and Sahul shoals are
shallow and originate in new geology; they lean on the mass of the continent rather than on the
bottom of the true ocean. Sundanese shelves around the Java Sea have relatively low relief,
contain some coral reefs, and are not volcanic. The mountain system that stretches along the
South China and Sulawesi seas from this shelf and which marks the outer edge of the Asian
continental mass, however, is a very relieved area and is one of the most active volcanic zones in
the world.
The outer (south) side of the island chain from Sumatra through Java and the Lesser Sundas
forms the leading edge of mainland Southeast Asia. It is marked by active volcanoes, bounded
south and west by a series of deep sea trenches. On the inner (north) side of the islands,
volcanoes become swamps, lowlands, and shallow Java Sea. This protected sea formed at the
close of the Pleistocene Period (about 12,000 years ago), and there is evidence of a former land
bridge, which facilitates the migration of plants and animals from the Asian continent.

Indonesia illustrates the relationship between climate and host rock in soil formation. Rock in
Java is basically andesite volcanic (dark gray rock which basically consists of mineral oligoclase
or feldspar), while rhyolite (a form of acid lava from granite) is dominant in Sumatra, granite in
the Riau islands, granite and sediment in Kalimantan, and sediment in western Papua. Soil is
produced in humid areas especially laterites (containing iron oxide and aluminum hydroxide) and
fertility varies depending on the source rock; they include heavy black or gray margalite soils
and limestone soils. Black soil occurs in areas with different dry seasons.
Among the most fertile soils is ando, which develops in andesitic volcanic deposits on the
northeast coast of Sumatra. Very fertile soil, also derived from or enriched by basic andesitic
volcanic material, also occurs in Java and Sulawesi. Precious volcanic ash is transported by the
wind and deposited as a layer of homogeneous fresh inorganic material over a large area; it is
also brought as suspended material in rivers and irrigation channels. Minerals leached from the
soil are replaced by alluvial deposition from rivers, such as in some parts of Kalimantan, or by
deposition in water or seizing terrace rice.
In general, continuous high temperatures and heavy rainfall in most areas of Indonesia have
caused rapid erosion and weathering and chemical leaching, which usually results in poor soils.
In areas covered by tropical rain forests, such as Kalimantan, land is protected by forest cycles;
when plants die, they rot quickly, releasing nutrients that are reabsorbed by the growth of new
vegetation. Although such soils favor luxurious growth, they cannot support large agricultural
populations, because forest clearing breaks the cycle and can cause acceleration of soil
[Link] Indonesia mirip dengan Filipina , Malaysia , dan Papua Nugini . There are
about 40,000 species of flowering plants, including 5,000 species of orchids, as well as monster
flowers (Rafflesia arnoldii [see Rafflesia]), which are the largest flowers in the world. There are
more than 3,000 species of trees, including durian, which bear large, armored, flavorful but can
be eaten; sandalwood; Shorea macrophylla, which produces illipe nuts, a fruit that contains a fat
substance similar to cocoa butter; and valuable wood varieties such as teak and ironwood. Rattan
wood grapes (supplejack) abound in Indonesia's forests. Thousands of plant species are exploited
for economic purposes, both directly and indirectly.
The most important types of vegetation are tropical lowland rain forests and mixed hills, which
occur under 5,000 feet (1,500 meters). It is characterized by a large number of species, including
tall and buttressed canopy trees and wood, thick liana stems (climbing plants). Epiphytes (plants
that get food from the air and usually live on other plants) such as orchids and ferns, saprophytes
(plants that live on inanimate or decaying objects), and parasites develop well. Above 5,000 feet
(1,500 meters) this forest gives way to a medium plateau forest which is dominated by oak,
laurel, tea and magnolia species. Another distinctive feature of Indonesian vegetation is
mangrove forests, characterized by the formation of swaying or sandy trees, which only grow in
salt or brackish water along muddy beaches. Mangrove swamps are widely developed along
shallow seas in eastern Sumatra, southern Kalimantan, and southeastern parts of western Papua.
Indonesia is located in a transition zone between two major fauna regions of the world: Oriental
Asia in the west and Australia Australia and New Guinea in the east. This boundary, called
Wallace's Line, runs between Kalimantan and Sulawesi in the north and Bali and Lombok in the
south. In the west, the Asian animal community includes mammals such as rhinos, orangutans,
tapirs, tigers and elephants. Animals related to Australian fauna include birds such as parrots,
bowerbirds, and birds of paradise, as well as marsupial animals such as bandicoots (small
insectivores, herbivorous marsupial mammals) and cuscus (brightly colored, woolly arboreal
marsupials).
Many islands contain endemic species. Among these are birds such as the Javanese peacock and
the Sumatra drongo. A particular mountain goat, a Sumatran serow (Capricornis sumatraensis),
lives on a rocky slope in the Barisan Mountains of Sumatra. The unique species of proboscis
monkey is endemic to Borneo, and babirusa (large wild boar) and tamarau (small wild cows with
almost straight horns) can only be found on Sulawesi. Giant lizards - prehistoric Komodo
dragons, which reach 12 feet (3.7 meters) long - live on two small islands, Rinca and Komodo,
between Sumbawa and Flores.
Some of these endemic species have become very rare. Most of the rest are single horned
Javanese, for example, now confined to Ujung Kulon National Park on the western tip of Java.
This endangered species is one of the most protected forms of wildlife in the world. Others such
as those species that are endangered are orangutans, who come from Kalimantan and Sumatra.
Several orangutan rehabilitation centers and programs have been set up in an effort to prevent the
capture and slaughter of animals and to train those who have been held captive to return to the
wild. Indonesia has a very large and diverse insect life that includes many unusual species.
Examples include giant walking sticks that can reach 8 inches (20 cm) in length, leaf insects
(walking leaves), large atlas beetles, elegant luna moths, and beautiful birdwing and swallowtail
butterflies.
Thousands of fish species are found in the inland waters of Indonesia, and hundreds of them are
endemic in this region. Many freshwater and marine fish are used for food, while many others,
such as small gourami, thorns, and anemone fish (clown fish), are bred as aquarium ornamental
fish. Unusual flying gurnards, with large pectoral fins, are common off the coast of Sulawesi.

Indonesia is located at the meeting point of two world population groups, Asians in the west and
Melanesians in the east. The vast majority of Indonesians are related to people in East Asia,
although for centuries there has also been a lot of mixing with Arabs, Indians and Europeans.
However, on the eastern islands, the majority of the population is from Melanesia.
Indonesia's national motto, "Unity in diversity" ("Unity in diversity"), refers to the extraordinary
diversity of the Indonesian population that has emerged from ongoing meetings between people,
languages and cultures. The country includes more than 300 different ethnic groups and more
than twice as many different languages, and most of the world's major religions, as well as
various native religions, are practiced there. Despite this diversity, most people from Malay
ancestors, spoke Austronesian (Malay-Polynesian) languages, and professed Islam.

2.  "The Indonesian Language (Bahasa Indonesia)"

From a linguistic perspective, Indonesian is one of the many varieties of Malay. The basis used
as the basis of standard Indonesian is the High Malay language ("Riau"). In its development, it
underwent changes due to its use as a working language in the colonial administrative
environment and various standardization processes since the beginning of the 20th century. The
naming of "Indonesian" began with the promulgation of the Youth Pledge, October 28, 1928, to
avoid the impression of "language imperialism" if the name Malay was still used. This process
led to the difference in the current Indonesian language from the variants of the Malay languages
used in Riau and the Malay Peninsula. Until now, Indonesian is a living language, which
continues to produce new words, both through the creation and absorption of regional languages
and foreign languages.

Although understood and spoken by more than 90% of Indonesians, Indonesian is not the mother
tongue of most speakers. Most Indonesians use one of the 748 languages in Indonesia as the
mother tongue. The term "Indonesian" is most commonly associated with the standard language
used in formal situations. The range of standard languages is related diglosik with vernacular
forms of Malay language that are used as everyday communication devices. This means that
speakers of Indonesian often use colloquial and / or confuse it with other Malay dialects or their
mother tongue. However, Indonesian is widely used in universities, in the mass media, literature,
software, official correspondence, and various other public forums, so that it can be said that
Indonesian is used by all Indonesian citizens.

Indonesian phonology and grammar are considered relatively easy. According to some
researchers, the basics that are important for basic communication can be learned in just a few
weeks.

The past as Malay

The Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI)

Indonesian Standard Grammar Book (TBBI)

The first script in Malay or Jawi was found on the southeast coast of the island of Sumatra,
indicating that this language spread to various places in the archipelago from this region, thanks
to its use by the Srivijaya Kingdom which controlled the trade routes. The term Malay or
designation for its territory as Malaya itself comes from the Kingdom of Malayu which is located
in Batang Hari, Jambi.

The term Malay or Malay comes from the Malayu Kingdom, a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom in the
7th century upstream of the Batanghari river, Jambi on the island of Sumatra, so geographically
it originally only referred to the kingdom region which was part of the island region of Sumatra.
In its development, the use of the term Malay encompasses a wider geographical area than that
of the Malayu Kingdom, including countries on the island of Sumatra so that the island is also
called Bumi Melayu as mentioned in Kakawin Nagarakretagama.

The capital of the Malay Kingdom was increasingly back inland due to the Srivijaya attack and
its diaspora people came out of the Malay Land, later the supporters who retreated to the interior
assimilated into the Minangkabau community into the Malayu clan (Minangkabau Malay tribe)
which was one of the clans in West Sumatra. Srivijaya had wide influence in the Philippines,
bringing the spread of Malay language even more widely, as seen in the Laguna Copper Chip
inscription.

The ancient Malay language that developed in the Malay language had an "o" accent, such as
Jambi Malay, Minangkabau, Kerinci, Palembang and Bengkulu. The Malacca Peninsula in
Nagarakretagama is called Hujung Medini which means the Medini Peninsula.

In its development, the Malays migrated to Peninsular Malaysia (= Hujung Medini) and more
during the development of Islamic empires whose center of authority was the Malacca Sultanate,
the Malay term shifted to the Malacca Peninsula (= Peninsular Malaysia) which was finally
called the Malay Peninsula or Land Malay. However, it is evident that the term Malay originates
from Indonesia. The Malay language that developed around the area of the Malacca Peninsula
has an "e" logo.

The Sultanate of Malacca was destroyed by the Portuguese in 1512 so that the inhabitants of the
diaspora reached the eastern part of the archipelago. Ancient Malay language itself is thought to
have originated from the island of Borneo, so it is suspected that the Malay language users were
not native to Sumatra, but from the island of Borneo. Dayak tribes that are thought to have links
to ancient Malay tribes in Sumatra, for example, Dayak Salako, Dayak Kanayatn (Kendayan),
and Dayak Iban all have an "a" accent, such as the standard Malay language. The native
inhabitants of Sumatra, before the arrival of the Malay language users, were the ancestors of the
Nias and Mentawai tribes.

In its development, the term Malay then experienced an expansion of meaning, so that the term
Malay Islands emerged to name the archipelago.

From a historical point of view, it is also used as the name of the nation that became the ancestor
of the population of the archipelago, known as the Indo-Malay family consisting of Proto
Melayu (Old Malay / Polynesia Malay) and Deutero Melayu (Young Malay). After experiencing
a long period of time until the arrival and development of Islam, the ethnic Malay ethnic group
has narrowed its meaning to become an ethnoreligius (Muslim) which in fact has also
experienced the amalgamation of several ethnic elements.

M. Muhar Omtatok, an artist, cultural historian and historian explains the following: "Malays are
ethnically (ethnically, ethnically), not seen from the genetic factors like most other tribes. In
Malaysia, they still claim to be of Malay origin even though their ancestors are Javanese,
Mandailing, Bugis, Keling, etc. In several places in North Sumatra, there are a number of Batak
communities who claim to be Orang Kampong - Puak Melayu

The Srivijaya kingdom from the 7th century AD was known to use Malay (as an Old Malay
language) as a state language. The five ancient inscriptions found in southern Sumatra from the
royal legacy use Malay which is sprinkled with loan words from Sanskrit, an Indo-European
language from the Indo-Iranian branch. The range of use of this language is known to be quite
broad, because documents from the following centuries were also found on Java and Luzon
Island. Words such as ocean, wife, king, son, head, marriage, and glass entered in the period up
to the 15th century AD.

In the 15th century, forms were considered as classical Malay (classical Malay or Malay
medieval). This form is used by the Sultanate of Melaka, yes
3. (1) To what extent do you speak Indonesian Standard? = I speak Indonesian a little less
fluently, because I'm used to using Javanese
  (2) To what extent do you speak slang? = I'm only a few
  (3) In what situation do you speak the languages? = in discussion and presentation
4. Link vlog :