Standard Test Method for ly reese pennies on stndadizaion aiid im the Deon on Pras for the sued ty te Wee Toe Ora hcl Hairs to Dre (1ST) Coma Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity and Density of Asphalt Mixtures" 1, Seope 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the theo- retical maximum specific gravity and density of uncompacted asphalt mixtures at 25 °C (77 °F 1.2 The valtes stated in either SL units or inch-pound units tte to be regarded separately as standard, The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, exch system shall he used independently of the other. Combining values from the 1Wo systems may result in nonconformance with the standard 1.2.1 Resicual pressure measurements are shown in both the SL unit of KPa and the commonly used nonstandard equivalent unit of “mm of Hg.” 1.2.2 Measureinents of volume and mass are only given in SI units because they are the only units typically used in practice when performing this test method. 1.3 The text of this standard references avtes und Footnotes ‘which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes {excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered ‘as eoquirements of the standat L4 This standard does not purport to address all of the sufety concerns, if any, assoctated with its wwe, M is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro~ wate safety, healsh, and environmental practices and deter- imine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This international standard was developed in accor dance with internationally recognized principles om standard ization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of ternational Standards, Guides and Recou- mendations issued by the World Trace Organization Technicad Barriers to Trade (TBT) Conunittce "Thc et eto is nde th judon of ASTM Corus DO Ros ani Paving Materia an the dc espns of Subcamice DOA 21 00 Spec Govity and Deny af Aso Mice. ‘Gent elim approved Jone 1, 2019 Published June 2019. Originally sypoved in 196 Last previous ton aproved in 2011 a D204 /D208IM =U DoH 1015202041, DIBEIN I i fst renin. A rane prec nies he eat af UM etn the lt revo oF appt 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards? €670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction Materials 8 Tenninology Relating to Materials for Roads and Pave ments 1979/D979M Practice for Sampling Bituminous Paving Mixtures 13666 Specification for Minimum Requirements for Agen: cies Testing and Inspecting Road and Paving Materials DAT53 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, und Specifying Bal- ances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and Construction Materials Testing S055 Guide for Selecting an Appropriate Electronic Ther- mometer for Replacing Mercury Thermometers in DO+ Road and Paving Standards 3. ‘Terminology 3.1 Refer {0 Terminology D8 for definitions relating to materials for roads and pavements 32 Definitions of Terms Specific 0 This Standart 3.2.1 density, as determined by this test method—the mass fof keubie meter of the material at 25 °C [77 °F] in ST units, 3.2.2 residual pressure, as employed by this test method— the pressure in a vacuum vessel whea vaewum is applied. 3.2.3 specific gravity, as determined by this test method— the ratio of a given mass of material at 25°C [77°F] to the mass of an equal volume of water st the same teniperatuce, 3.2.4 sundardize, ax employed by this test -method— determine the value realized by measurement instrument in diteet compacison with the value realized by a standard under the same testing conditions. 2 or refecmcd ASTM a le ASIM webs, worst onc ASTM Castor Servic at sist org. For Anna Book of ASTM Suds value infomation feo he stds Document Suny geen Ihe ASTI west opyigh © AST naa, 10 Bi Hae, POBox C70, Wat Cawhecan FA 188 Une SisAf 02041/02041m - 19 4, Summary of Test Method 4.1 A weighed sample of oven-dry asphalt mixture in the loose condition is placed in a tared vacuum vessel. Sufficient ‘walter at a temperature of 25 °C [77 °F] is added to completely submerge the sample, Vacuum is gradually applied to reduce the residual pressure in the vacuum vessel to 4 kPa [30 mm of Hg] or less and then held for 15 + 2 min. At the end of the vacuun petiod, the vacuum is gradually released, The volume Of the sample of asphalt mixture is obtained by immersing the vacuum container with the sample in a water bath and weighing or by filling the vacuum container level full of water fund weighing in air, Both the temperature and mass are measured at this time. From these mass and volume ‘measurements, the specific gravity or density at 25 °C [77 °F] is calculated, Significance and Use 5.1 The theoretical maximum specifi gravities and densi ies of asphalt mixtures are fundamental propesties whose values are influenced by the composition of the mixture in terns of types and amounts of aggregates, asphalt binder, and ther materials present in the mixture S.L.1 Maximum specific gravity is used (J) in the ealeuts- tion of air voids in the compacted asphalt mixture, (2) in calculating the amount of asphalt binder absorbed’ by the ‘aggregate, and (3 to provide target values forthe compaction ‘of asphalt mixtures, Nore 1—The quality of the results produced by this standid ave ‘eyelet on the competence of the personnal perfonning the procedre tat the eapbiliy, calibration, and iainenanee of the equipment use ‘Agencies that meet the eritia of Speciicaion D3666 we. generally Wsileredl capable of competent and objective. testing, sampling Inspection, ete. User of this sundae eaaloned that eaapiance with Specification D3656 alone dees not completely ensure reliable results Reliable fells depenul oa many fates; following the suggestions of| Specification D366 or some similar acceptable goileline proves x ‘means of evalating and controling some of thse Fac. 6. Apparatus A 64 Containers: 6.1.1 Vaca Bow!—Bither a metal or plastic bowl with a tiameter of approximately 180 t0 260 mm [7 10 10 in} and a bowl height of ar feast 160 mm [6 in.} shall be equipped with «transparent cover fitted with x eubber gusket and a connection for the vacuum line. Both the bow! and cover should be suiciently stiff 10 withstand the applied vacua pressure without visibly deforming. The hose eonneetion shall be covered with s small piece of fine wire: mesh to minimize the Joss of any fine material [None 2—The taaspreat cover allows observation ofthe reise of ir bubbles 6.1.2 Vacuum Flask for Weighing in Air Only—A thick- ‘walled volumetric glass flask with a capacity of approximately 4000 ml, fitted with a rubber stopper with a connection for the vacuum Tine. The hose connection in the flask should be covered with a small piece of fine wire mesh 10 minimize the loss of any fine materia 62 Balance, capable of being read 10 the nearest 0.1 g and ‘conforming to the requirements of Guide D4753, Class GP2. If underwater measurements will be taken, then the balance shall bbe equipped with a suitable suspension apparatus and holder to permit weighing the sample while suspended from the center of the scale, 6.3 Vacuum Puanp or Water Aspirutor, capable of evacuating sir from the vacuum container toa residual pressure of 4.0 kPa (30 mm of Hz] oF less 6.3.1 When a vacoum pump is used, a suitable trap shall be installed between the vacuum vessel and vacuum source to reduce the amount of water vapor entering the vacuum pump. 64 Residual Pressure Manometer or Calibrated Absolute Pressure Gage—This manometer or calibrated absolute pres: ‘gage shall be used to confirm the specified pressure is applied 10 the container, and shall be capable of measuring residual pressure to 4.0 kPa [30 mm of Hg] of less. It is to be connected at the end of the vacuum line using an appropriate tube and either a “T connector on the top of the container or bby using a separate opening (from the vacuum Tine) in the top Of the container to attach the hose. To avoid damage, the ‘manometer or gage itsel is not to be situated on top of the vessel but adjacent to it, Nom 3 mercury Revd pressure in the vacuum vessel in millimeters of the difference in the hoight of mercury. 6.5 Munometer or Vacuum Gage, suitable For measuring the vvacuurn being applied at the source ofthe vacuum. This device can be connected directly to the vacuum source or be in the ‘vacuum line elose to the source. Nor 4—The vacuum leg ofa reskul pesture manometer oceasion= aly eves one or move it bubbles that invoduce enor ino the residual presse reaing, The aliional vacuum gage oe manometer provides & Fens To quickly detect diferences between the (oO vacuumn measine- 6.6 Thermometer Standacdized immersion thermometer of suitable range for this test method, with a readability of 0,1 °C [0.2 °F} and maximum permissible error of 0.5 °C [1 °F]. [Non $~Guiance for selecting an approptiateelecuonletherwxnneter ean be foun in Guide D805, 6.7 Water Beth, capable of maintaining, by any means, a ‘constant temperature of 25 © 1 °C [77 * 2°F]. The water bath ‘must be suitable for immersion of the suspended container with its deaerated sample. 6.8 Bleaider Valve, attached 10 the vacuum line 10 both the adjustment of the vacuum being applied to the vacuum. vvessel and the slow release of vacuum pressure. The valve can be controlled manually or electronically, ciltate 69 Mechanical Agitation Device. capable of applying & ‘gentle but consistent agitation of the sample. This device shall ‘be equipped with a means of firmly anchoring the container so that it does not move on the surface of the deviee. Nose 6—IF stripping of asphall 3¢ 4 problem, the device ean be equipped wil a speed cunt 6.10 Oven, capable of maintaining a temperature of 110 + 5 °C [230 * 10°F}. This oven is needed when samples other than laboratory-preparesl mixtures using oven-dry ageregale tne tested.Af v2041/02041M - 19 7. Sampling 7.1 Obtain the sample in accordance with Practice D979/ 970M. 7.2 The size of nple shall be as follows: Nowinal Mexinum Agent Size, unin] Mwnur Sample Sie, g 175 [1 Jo grater 5000 19ip 2510 1) 2500 128 or sar ‘00 7.3 Sample sizes greater than about two thins ofthe volume of the container shall be tested in portions, with none of the portions tested being less than 1250 g, 8, Determination of Water-Filled Container Mass 8.1 Bow! (Weighing in Water}—Immerse the bowl in water at 25 + 1 °C 77 + 2 °F], Determine the mass ofthe bow! ufter readings have stebilized, Designate this mass as B 8.2 Bow! (Weighing in Air)—Immerse the bowl in water at [225 © 1°C [77 £ 2°F, Place the volumetric lid on the bow! while underwater, Remove the water-filled bowl with the lid in place and dry prior to determining the combined mass of the bow, lid, and water, Repeat the entire process three times and average the results. Designate the average mass as D. 8.3 Flask—Determine the mass of the Mask filled with water ata temperature of 25 + 1 °C [77 + 2°]. Designate this mass as D. Accurate filling of the flask shall be ensured by the use of 1 glass cover plate oF similar smooth, Mat, transparent plate, 9. Procedure 9.1 IF the asphalt mixture has been prepared in a laboratory using oven-dry aggregates, proceed to 9.2. Any other sample needs to be dried to a constant muss (mass repeats within 0.1 % {or consecutive 15-min determinations) ata temperature of 110 #5°C [230 * 10°F] 9.2 Once the sample is dry and while it is still warm, separate the particles of the sample of asphalt mixture by hand, aking care 10 avoid fracturing the aggregate, so that the particles of the fine aggregate portion are not larger than about 5 mm [¥4 in. Cool the sample to rom temperature. IF separated particles adhere to each other once the sample has been cooled to room temperature, gently separate the particles Cf the fine aggregate portion so that they are not larger than ‘about 6 mm [14 in.|. Place the sample directly into the tared bowl or volumetric Mask. Do not use a container within a container. Weigh the container with the sample and designate the net mass (mass of sample only) as A. 9.3. Addl suficient water ata temperature of approximately 25 *C [77 °R] to cover the sample completely. Place the cover (howl) oF stopper (ask) on the container. 9 Place the container with the sample and water on a mechanical agitation device and anchor it to the surface of the device. Start the agitation and immediately begin to remove air trapped in the sample by gradually increasing the vacuum pressure until the residual pressure manometer reads 3.7 03 kPa [27.5 + 2.5 mm of Hgl. ‘The vacuum should be achieved within 2 min, Once the vacuum is achieved, continve the vacuum and agitation for 15 2 min 9.5. Gradually release the vacuum pressure using the bleeder valve and proceed with one of the following determinations 9.5.1 Weighing in Water—Suspend the bowl (without lid) ‘and contents in Water for 10 1 min, then determine the mass Measure and record the temperature of the water inthe bath, Designate the mass under water ofthe bow and sample as C. 9.52 Weighing in Air (Bow!)—Slowly submerge the bow! and sample in the 25 + | °C [77 2°F| bath, where it shall reinain for 10 * 1 min. The lid shall also be placed in the water bath at the same time. Slide the lid onto the bowl without removing from the water so as to avoid entrapping any air, then firmly press the lid down on the bowl. Remove the bow! with the lid in place from the water bath. Carefully dry the bowl and lid. Determine the mass of the bowl, sample, and lid. Measure and record the temperature of the water in the bowl. Repeat this procedure a second time by removing the lid and placing both the lid and the bow! back in the water. It is not necessary to ‘wait the 10 min before taking the second reading. Ifthe mass varies by mote than 1.0 g, repeat the provedure until any two mass readings are within 1.0 g. Designate the average mass of those two readings as “E; the mass ofthe bowl, lid, water, and sample.” 9.53 Weighing in Air (Flask}—Slowly fil the flask with ing care nol (0 introduce air int the sample. Place the flask n'a waterbath for 10 * 1 min to stabilize the temperature without submerging the top of the flask. Measure and record the temperature of the water in the flask. Remove the ther rmometer and completely fill the ask using a cover plate, taking care not to entrap air beneath the cover plate. The cover plave shall be the same one used during the calibration of the flask. Wipe any moisture from the exterior ofthe eontsiner and cover plate, Detexmine the mass of the flask, plate, and its contents completely filled with water. Designate this mass as E, 10, Calculation 10.1 Calculate the maximum specific gravity of the sample as follows: 10.1.1 Bowl Used in Underwater Determination: A a a Jum specific gravity of the asphalt mixture, mass of dry sample in air, g, mass of bow! under water, g, and = mass of bowl and sample under water, 10.1.2. Bow! in Air Determination: Ou, ra where: Gog = maximum specific gravity of the asphalt mixture, a miss of dry sample in air, g, D mass of lid and bowl with Water at 25°C [77°F], g and miss of lid, bowl, sample, and water at 25 °C [77 °FAlly 204102041 ~ 19 10.1.3. Flask Determination: Gm" FERCE @ ‘maximum specific gravity of the asphalt mixture, ‘mass of dry sample in air, 8, mass of cover plate and flask filed with water at °C [77 °F), g, and E = mass of flask, cover plate, stinple, and water at 25°C C7. g, 10.2. If the sample was tested in seyeral portions, report the ‘weighted average maximum specific gravity for all portions tested. > neu LL, Supplemental Procedure for Asphalt Mixtures Containing Porous Aggregate A. MI Ifthe pores of the aggregates are not thoroughly sealed Sy the asphalt binder film, they may become saturated with water during the vacuum procedure. To determine if this has occured, proceed as follows after completing the procedure in accordance with 9.5.1, 9.5.2, oF 9.5.3. 11.1.1 Druin the water from the container. To prevent the Joss of fine particles, decant the water through a 75-ym [No, 200] sieve. 11.1.2 Break several of the large pieces of aggregate and ‘examine the broken surfaces for weiness. II there is any doubt as to whether the asphalt mixture has absorbed water, proceed with this procedure in order to determine if this eoctection is needed 11.2 Iaggeegate has absorbed! water, spread the sample on a flat tray with 9 nonabsorptive surface ind place in front of a fan to remove surface moisture. Break agglomerations of mixture by hand. Stir the sample intermittently in such a way that the aggregate particles are rolled over rather than simply moved horizontally on the tray. This process takes about 2 h, ‘Take care to prevent the loss of particles of mixture, 113 Weigh the tray and sample at 15-min intervals. When the loss in mass is less than 0.05 % for this interval, the sample may be considered 10 be surface dry. 11.4 Substitute the final surface dry mass for A and use this, value in the denominator of equations shown in Section 10. 12, Report 12.1 Report the following information: 121.1 Maximum specific gravity, Gy, the third decimal hice. 12.1.2 ‘Type of asphall mixture. 12.13 Size of sample 12.1.4 Number of samples. 12.15 ‘Type of container. 12.1.6 ‘pe of procedure. 13, Precision 13.1 Criteria for judging the acceptability of specific gravity fest results obtained by this test method are given as follows: cole “ean Typed piel angel Teo rst Rec Tea eu stand wot ves Sielesera precion coe ones itty pace Gow gost “ex ee stand wit us of Boson 1 Goran nase Seely pecan cos: one iniiscay Seicon Cows nae * Basis of eatinat: analysis of pied Ist ross fen 165 0 37 laboatrs artkipsing in tha AASHTO Matra RetenceLaboralay (AML) Proileney Sepia Progra Bai of eslimie two replat, seven males, 20 laboratories 13.2 The figures given in Column 2 gre the standard deviations that have been found t be appropriate for the conditions ofthe test described in Column 1. The figures given in Column 3 are the limits that should not be exceeded by the difference between the resulis of two properly conducted tests. 13.3 The values in Column 3 are the acceptable range for ‘hwo tests. When more than two results are being evaluated, the range given in Column 3 must be increased. Multiply the standard devistion(s) in Column 2 by the muldplier given in ‘Table 1 of Practice C670 for the number of actual tess. sample forthwec tests; OOIGD<33= 0082 (4) In this example, 0.0160 is the acceptable standard deviation given in the table in 13.1 for multilaboratory precision, and 3.3 is the multiplier for three test results provided in Table 1 of Practice C670. Additional guidance and background is given in Practice C670, ASTI national tates na poson expecting In vay any plot right asserted in connection wih any tom mentioned ‘nti starr, Users of is standard ate expressly acsed tat Seoinain othe ayo any sigh patent es, a0 ak of ntingement fst hs are ental thel own respons. This taco stato eso at any tine by ha response lchcalcamuntas apd ns! be reviewed vary fe yoare and not revised ether reapprowedor atau, Your comment reine ether fr rvsin of hs sand or real sanded fad shuld easel io ASTH heaton! Meadqares. 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