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Guided Reading & Analysis: Jefferson Era, 1800-1816

Chapter 7- The Age of Jefferson, pp 130-143
Reading Assignment:
Ch. 7 AMSCO or other resource for content acquisition

Purpose:
This guide is not only a place to record notes as you read, but also to provide a place and
structure for reflections and analysis using higher level thinking skills with new knowledge gained
from the reading.

Basic Directions:
1. Pre-Read:Read the prompts/questions within this guide before you read the chapter.
2. Skim:Flip through the chapter and note the titles and subtitles. Look at images and their read
captions. Get a feel for the content you are about to read. (Image captured from [Link])
3. Read/Analyze: Read the chapter. Remember, the goal is not to “fish” for a specific answer(s) to
reading guide questions, but to consider questions in order to critically understand what you read !
4. Write Write your notes and analysis in the spaces provided.

Key Concepts FOR PERIOD 4:

Key Concept 4.1: The United States began to develop a modern democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while
Americans sought to define the nation’s democratic ideals and change their society and institutions to match them.
Key Concept 4.2: Innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce powerfully accelerated the American
economy, precipitating profound changes to U.S. society and to national and regional identities.
Key Concept 4.3: The U.S. interest in increasing foreign trade and expanding its national borders shaped the nation’s foreign policy
and spurred government and private initiatives.

Section 1: The era begins with the Revolution of 1800!

The Election of 1800…aka The Revolution of 1800
rd
Thomas Jefferson – 3 President of the United States

Election of 1800
Political Party Federalists Democratic-Republican
Candidate John Adams Thomas Jefferson
From Massachusetts Virginia
Electoral Votes 65 73
Lost President with Aaron Burr
Outcome & bitter as Vice President
Aaron Burr and Thomas Jefferson received identical electoral votes, so the election was sent to the House of
Representatives, which selected T.J. To solve the problem revealed by this, the 12th Amendment was passed in
1804.

Read the quote from Jefferson’s inaugural Address and the first two paragraphs on page 131.
Explain the historical significance of the election and of his call to lead the nation into the next century?

It was siginifcant as it was the first time in American history that

there was a peaceful transfer of power between 2 political parties.
The call was significant as it made the nationalistic spirit strong
and more unified.
 Political/Defensive Mudslinging Significance in the development of American politics

Jefferson is sleeping with his slave! How damaging do you think this sort of negative campaign was at the time?

Sally Hemmings I think it was very damaging as there were certain doubts created about
Jefferson was under fire by the federalists. He was Jefferson and it hurt his image greatly and sort of affected his chances of being president.
accused of having illegitimate mulatto children with
his one of his slaves, Sally Hemings; His wife had
died and he had promised her he would never
remarry. (Sally was the half-sister of his wife) He did
have a long relationship with Sally (proven with DNA
and oral histories), but at the time it was more of a Ross Perot once said,
salacious story/rumor. The historical analysis of their "War has rules, mud wrestling has rules—politics has no rules."
relationship varies from true love to abusive master. What does this reality reveal about American liberty?

Without the bill of rights, the government was able to do whatever they wanted to do and that
that politicians will always try to use a loose construction of the Constitution.

In the image at left, Jefferson is portrayed as a rooster (cock) and Hemmings as a hen. The
rooster was a symbol of revolutionary France. What is the significance of France in the election
campaign?

Jefferson helped contain tensions with France with the US and this helped make France and
the Americans allies. Democratic Republicans supported the French revolution.

Caption: A Philosophic Cock

Most of the political attacks concerning Hemmings

came after the election, but Adams did try to
capitalize on the rumors by supporting “whispering
campaigns” to further spread them.

Why was Jefferson accused of being an atheist, and what does that reveal about politics and
culture of the time?
Jefferson is an ATHIEST!
He was accused of being an atheist since he was pushing for the seperation of the church
Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom and the state/government and showed the religion and politics should not be tied.
Jefferson attempted to separate church and state in
Virginia in 1777 and then later the Constitution
established that separation for the entire nation.
Many devout Christians (mainly in New England
where most Federalists were from… mostly
Congregationalists / Puritans) saw Jefferson as When Jefferson won the election, many fearful Congregationalists hid their Bibles. Why would
dangerous. they do that? How did the political mudslinging create such a fear?

Jefferson was a deist, but that wasn’t publicly known They were afraird to practice the religion that they had because of him
at the time; otherwise he likely would not have been being accused of being an atheist. It showed that Jefferson would
elected. take down religion if he became president.

NOTE: The new framework does not emphasize the election of 1800 or Jefferson and Madison’s
presidencies as other items later in this era… when reviewing his two terms as president, consider what it
illustrates about politics and political parties (First Two Party System), geographic expansion (Louisiana
Purchase), tensions with European powers (on the seas and in Ohio Valley as well as the War of 1812),
the
Text
extent to which he continued Washington’s neutrality policy (trying to avoid war), and the power of
the federal government (Marshall Court). Connect the main events to the ongoing themes from the
Early Republic to the Era of Good Feelings.
 What did America look like in 1800? Mississippi River
Highlight British territory yellow,
Vermont
Highlight Spanish Territory green,
Highlight French Territory blue, N. Hampshire
Label the remaining states,
Massachusetts
Label Atlantic Ocean & Gulf of Mexico, New York
Rhode Island
Label Ohio River and Mississippi River. Connecticut
Pennsylvania
New jersey
maryland
France lost all of its Louisiana Territory in 1763. Ohio River Delaware
Why did they lose it? Virginia
The Treaty of Paris forced the
French to give it to the Spanish. N. Carolina

Why did Spain gain it? S. Carolina

Spain gained it because the French would rather let the
Georgia
Spanish have it than the Brits.
Atlantic
Ocean

Why did possession of Louisiana

transfer back to France? (Hint: Google Treaty of Ildefonso)
Gulf of Mexico
Napoleon Bonaparte had secret talks with the French and
he forced the Spanish to give it back to them.

What did America Look Like in 1803?

Label the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Label the Gulf of Mexico.
Label the Louisiana Territory and the remaining states, then highlight the United States[ in 1803] yellow.

New
Territory
hampshire
Vermont Atlantic
Ocean

New York Massachusetts

Rhode Island
Louisiana Territory
Pennsylvania Connecticut
new Jersey
Maryland DelawareHowdid the Haitian
Revolution impact this
Virginia purchase?
Kentucky The Lousiana
[Link]
Purchase
Tennessee
would not have
S. Carolina occurred without
the Haitian
Georgia revolution. Napoleon
Pacific Ocean had people down
there revolting and so
instead
of giving it to the Brits,
he gave it to the US.
Gulf of Mexico

“This accession of territory affirms forever the power of the United States,
and I have given England a maritime rival who sooner or later will humble her pride.” Napoleon Bonaparte, 1804
Section 2 Guided Reading, pp 130-143
As you read the chapter, jot down your notes in the middle column. Consider your notes to be elaborations on the Objectives and Main Ideas presented in the left
column. When you finish the section, analyze what you read by answering the question in the right hand column.

1. Overview and Alternate View p. 130

The New Republic Overview The Alternate View

In what ways did the new republic grow and change? In what ways did the new republic experience increased conflict?

1. more suffrage 1. Native conflict

2. reformed schools and prisons 2. immigration being discriminated against

3. art, literature, and philosophy had been developed 3. no rights for natives, slaves, women etc.

4. increased economy 4. Slave’s standard of living didn’t improve

5. industrial and transportation advances
To what extent were the changes in this era positive?
6. more expansion/neutrality There was more voting even though women couldn’t vote but more
men could and there were better facilities for schools and prisons and
7. Western region gave more benefits education. There was an increased economy. and more expansion
8. westward.
increased immigration

2. The Age of Jefferson, 1800-1816, Jefferson’s Presidency, pp131-136

Key Concepts &

Main Ideas Notes Analysis

Jefferson’s Presidency… Explain the significance of

He was trying to win Federalists by trying to keep Hamilton’s plan and he also carried Jefferson’s repeal of the whiskey
U.S. interest in increasing on George Washington’s neutral policy. He reduced the military size and cut back on jobs tax.
foreign trade, expanding its
national borders, and in the government. It made the government
isolating itself from European weaker
conflicts shaped the nation’s The Louisiana Purchase…
and the democratic
foreign policy and spurred The US bought Lousiana from the French and
republicans were
government and private had the Mississippi river and Missouri river and
initiatives. the New Orleans’s port. Napolean forced the satisfied.
Spanish to give back New Orleans to the French
and then sold it to the Americans. Was the Louisiana Purchase
Struggling to create an U.S. interest in the Mississippi River… Jeffersonian or Hamiltonian?
independent global Thomas Jefferson feared that a foreign power Hamiltonian
presence, U.S. policymakers controlled the river at New Orleans would force
sought to dominate the North Strict or Loose?
American continent and to entanglement in European affairs.
promote its foreign trade Loose
Negotiations…
He sent ministers to France to offer $10 million for both Federalist or Democratic-
New Orleans and a strip of land extending from that port Republican?
eastward to Florida. He got Louisiana and new Orleans
for 15 million. federalist
Constitutional Predicament…
How did this purchase impact
Jefferson and most American had migration?
approved of the Louisiana
purchase. Jefferson had Western region were avaliable
broken the strict Constitution and for immgrants to settle in and
rejected Hamilton’s ideas. the US
expanded more western.
 Are you using ink? Remember… no pencil!
…Jefferson’s Presidency Continued

Key Concepts &

Main Ideas Notes Analysis

Following the Consequences… How did this purchase impact the multi-ethnic and
Louisiana Purchase, multi-racial make-up of the United States?
the drive to acquire, The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the United
survey, and open up States,and extended the western frontier. The Louisiana It increased diversity greatly.
new lands and Purchase increased Jefferson's popularity and showed
markets led the Federalists to be a weak party.
Americans into
numerous economic,
diplomatic, and
Lewis and Clark Expedition…
military initiatives in After being elected, what did Thomas Jefferson do to
The benefits of Lewis and Clark expedition were that there was greater reduce the influence of “big government”
the Western
Hemisphere and Asia geographic knowledge of the region and a much stronger U.S. claim to Federalists?
the Oregon Territory. There were better relations with American Indians,
and more accurate maps and land routes for settlers and hunters. 1. Reduced military size

John Marshall and the Supreme Court… 2. shut down federal jobs

Federalist judges continued in office and that annoyed the Democratic 3. excise teaxes were
Republican president, Jefferson a lot. repealed
Supreme Court
decisions sought to
assert federal
John Marshall… Who won the battle of political ideology, Jefferson
power over state
laws and the The Federalist judge who was causing Jefferson the most sadness and Madison (Democratic-Republicans) or John
primacy of the was one of his own cousins from Virginia, John Marshall. He held his
Marshall (Federalist)? Explain your reasoning.
judiciary in post for 34 years.
determining the
meaning of the John Marshall won it since he showed his
Case of Marbury v. Madison, 1803 principle of judicial review and it gave the
Constitution.
Federal government much more power.

Marshall ruled that Marbury had a right to his commission

through Judiciary Act. Marshall also said the Judiciary Act
of 1789 had given to the Court more power than had
Read “Historical Perspectives: What Caused Political
originally intended and so, Marbury would not receive his
Parties?” on pages 142-143. What are the two
commission. prevailing views on why parties formed in the early
republic?
There was a conflict with the
Judicial Impeachments… Federalists and Democratic
Republicans and there was different
Wanted to take out Federalist judges,
views between Thomas
Jefferson supported a campaign of
Jefferson and Hamilton and also
impeachment. The threat of impeachment
Washington’s friendhsip with
forced judges to be much more careful of
Hamilton and Jefferson with
their decisions.
Madison.

Jefferson’s Reelection…

In 1804 Jefferson won the election What evidence from Jefferson’s first term supports
again by an huge margin, receiving the Quids’ assertion that he had abandoned the
all but 14 of the 176 electoral votes. Democratic-Republican Party?
Aaron Burr had plotted again in this
election. 1. Wanted to buy Louisiana

2. Block federalist judges establsihed by adams

3. Repealed the Alien and Sedition acts

Jefferson’s Presidency Continued…

Key Concepts Notes Analysis

& Main Ideas

Aaron Burr…
To what extent does the Burr controversy illustrate
Burr threatened to break up the Union and caused the death of the impact of territorial expansion?
Alexander Hamilton. He was going to expand the slave states
and wanted to reign supreme in the US
Supreme
Federalist Conspiracy… and so was arrested
Court
To what extent does it illustrate conflict over politics?
decisions
sought to ,Burr wanted to be the governor of New York in 1804, unite with the New He was mad over not being elected.
assert federal England states, and later secede from the US.
To what extent does it illustrate insanity?
power over
state laws and Duel with Alexander Hamilton… He didn’t think clearly.
the primacy
Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel and in doing so, killed him. Hamilton's death From the Constitution:
of the
judiciary in lead the Federalists into oblivion and earned Burr enemies. Article III, section 3, of the Constitution
provides that “Treason against the United
determining
Trial for Treason… States, shall consist only in levying War
the meaning
against them, or in adhering to their
of the Burr wanted Mexico from Spain and wanted to unite it with Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No
Constitution. Louisiana under his rule. Jefferson arrested Burr and he went to Person shall be convicted of Treason unless
U.S. interest trial for treason. on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the
same overt Act, or on Confession in open
in increasing
Court.”
foreign
Difficulties Abroad…
trade,
Jefferson tried to avoid war as much as possible. He rejected alliances a lot and Explain why Burr was not guilty of treason in
expanding its
national maintained neutrality. Marshall’s view.
borders, and
Barbary Pirates…
isolating itself The first big challenge to Jefferson's foreign policy came He didn’t really commit an overt act that made him
from from the piracy practiced by the Barbary states on the North guilty of treason.
European African coast. The US paid tributes to them to protect
conflicts American ships.
shaped the
Challenges to U.S. Neutrality …
nation’s
foreign
policy and The Napoleonic wars were continuing to challenge US neutraility as France
spurred and Britain were at it.
To what extent was Jefferson’s foreign policies similar
government
Chesapeake-Leopard Affair… to those of Washington? Explain.
and private
initiatives. British warship Leopard had attacked the U.S. warship He kept George Washingtion’s neutrality policy.
Chesapeake. Three Americans were killed and 4 were
impressened/taken captive.

Embargo Act of 1807 …

It prohibited American merchant ships from sailing to any

foreign port. The United States was Britain's largest trading
partner and so Jefferson was trusting the British to stop To what extent was Jefferson’s foreign policy
successful in keeping the United States neutral.?
violating the rights of the nations that are neutral.
He allowed the US to trade
with both France and Britain
without being a part of their
war.

What does the graph show on page 137?

Does the graph support your answer?

It shows the decline of imports and exports. It did not

support my answer.
3. Madison’s Presidency, pp 137-142
Key Concepts &
Main Ideas Notes Analysis

Madison’s Presidency… Was Madison’s foreign policy more

For his party's nomination for president, Thomas Jefferson had successful than Jefferson’s? Why or
U.S. interest supported his close friend, Secretary of State James Madison. why not?
in increasing The Election of 1808…
foreign It was successful with the economy
Madison was a brilliant thinker. He had worked with Jefferson in developing the
trade, Democratic-Republican party but he could not speak in public. Madison was a for America.
expanding its weak public speaker, a bit temepered, and lacked Jefferson's political mind.
national
borders, and Commercial Warfare …
isolating itself
from Unlike Jefferson, he took the US to war.
European
conflicts Nonintercourse Act of 1809 …
shaped the The US could trade with any nation except France and Britain.
Explain the British and French viewpoint
nation’s that neutrality does not guarantee
freedom of the seas.
foreign
policy and No country is ruling the seas
and so neutrality doesn’t guarantee
spurred Macon’s Bill No. 2 …
government freedom.
Macon's Bill No. 2 said that if either Britain or France would have agreed to
and private respect U.S. neutral rights at sea, then the United States would prohibit trade with
initiatives that nation's enemy.

Napoleon’s Deception… Of the 3 main causes of the War of 1812,

The French had been continuing to seize American which was the most significant? Explain
Whites living merchant ships. Napoleon said that he would respect US your answer.
on the neutral rights but didn’t.
frontier
tended to The War of 1812…
The sea troubles was the most as
champion It was a war between the US and Britain again. impressment of sailors made the US
expansion really
efforts, while angry and it hurt the economy as well.
resistance by Causes of War … Violation of US neutrality and
American western frontier troubles led to war.
Indians led to Free Seas and Trade …
a sequence of
wars and Even though both the French and the British were violating U.S. neutrality,
federal efforts the British violations were really bad because of the British navy's
to control impressment of American sailors.
American
Indian
populations. Frontier Pressures … Was the United States justified in
declaring war against Great Britain? Why
Americans wanted western land and in their way or why not?
were the British, the natives, and the Spanish.

Yes because they took US citizens

and thats not right. Impressment is
not nice.
War Hawks…
Known as war hawks because of their instinct for war with Britain,
they gained a lot of influence in the House of Representatives.
They were pro-war.

Declaration of War…
Congress had declared war. By the time it was declared, Britain had agreed to
suspend its naval blockade.
Madison’s Presidency Continued…

Key Concepts &

Main Ideas Notes Analysis

Struggling to A Divided Nation… Pennsylvania and Vermont joined the southern What does the map on page 139 reveal about
create an and western states to be able to give a who supported the war?
somewhat majority for the war declaration.
independent It shows the people didn’t really support
Voting against the war were New York, New
global presence, the was
Election of 1812… Jersey and the rest of the New England states.
U.S. but the states did.
policymakers Madison had been reelected again,, beating De Witt Clinton of
sought to New York, the candidate of the Federalists and antiwar
dominate the Democratic-Republicans.
North American
continent and to
promote its Which point of opposition to “Mr. Madison’s
foreign trade. Opposition to the War… War” was the most significant to growing
sectionalism?
Americans who opposed the war thought of it as "Mr. Madison's War"
Following the and the work of the war hawks. New England merchants, Federalist
Louisiana politicians, and "Quids," or "Old" Democratic-Republicans had spoken The Hartford convention was the point of
Purchase, the out the most. These people were for no-war. opposition.
Federalists came together and opposed
drive to acquire,
Madison’s conflict and called for change.
survey, and open
up new lands Military Defeats and Naval Victories…
and markets led
Americans into 1. Napoleon’s continued success in Europe
numerous
2. US campaign against Canada
economic,
diplomatic, and Invasion of Canada …
military
initiatives in the Why did so many Americans, going back to the
A not very well armed American army had started military action in
Western 1812 by launching a three-part invasion of Canada, one force starting
Declaration of Independence and Revolution,
Hemisphere and believe annexing Canada was a natural
from Detroit, another from Niagara, and a third from Lake Champlain.
Asia. expectation?
Canada was part of the British before. They
belived that it would get the Canadians on their
Naval Battles…
side and the British would be intimidated.
The U.S. navy got notable victories, mainly because of the
superior shipbuilding and the valorous deeds of American
sailors. In 1812, the U.S. warship Constitution(“Old
Ironsides") increased American morale by sinking a British
ship off the coast of Nova Scotia.

What impact did battles and heroes and song

lyrics have on national identity?
Chesapeake Campaign… Explain.
In 1814, a British army went through tWashington, D.C., and set Americans were unified and could share
fire to the White House, the Capitol, and other government something.
buildings.

Southern Campaign…

The Battle of New Orleans was fought on

January 8, 1815. Two weeks after the
battle, there had been a treaty signed in
Ghent, Belgium which ended the war.
Madison’s Presidency Continued…
Key Concepts &
Main Ideas Notes Analysis

The Treaty of Ghent… Who won the war?

U.S. interest in British
increasing On Christmas Eve in 1814 there was an agreement.
foreign trade, Both nations had stopped fighting, returned all Give three specific pieced of evidence
expanding its conquered territory to people that had it before, and that support your view:
national saw the border between Canada and the United They protected their
States. 1.
borders, and territories
isolating itself
from European
conflicts shaped The Hartford Convention … 2. Madison recognized that the US would
not have a decisive victory

the nation’s
foreign policy New England states wanted to secede from the Union. They Britain didn’t really make any
and spurred hated how the war turned out and also mad because of the 3. concessions at all and so they got
government and Democratic-Republican government in Washington. Radical off
Federalists in New England wanted there be new
private amendments and that there be secession.
initiatives. Give one specific piece of evidence to
support the opposing view:

The War’s Legacy… Britain was falling

apart being of the
Napoleonic wars and
The United States gained the respect of
so they were going to
1. other nations by surviving 2 wars with
be done.
Britain.

Why is the War of 1812 sometimes

The United States accepted Canada as a
2. called “The Second War for
part of the British territory Independence?”

Denounced for its talk of secession,

3. the Federalist party faded The US fought against
Britain again to protect
their citizens from
impressment and that
Talk of nullification and secession in New England was a big cause of the
4.
would be used by the South. war.

Abandoned by the British, natives surrendered land to white

5.
settlement.

With the British naval blockade limiting European

6. goods, U.S. facto ries were built and Americans
moved toward industrial self-sufficiency.

War heroes such as Andrew Jackson and William

7. Henry Harrison would lead a great generation of
political leaders.

The feeling of nationalism grew stronger as did a belief that the

8.
future for the United States should be by itself.

Reading Guide written by Rebecca Richardson, Allen High School

Sources include but are not limited to: 2015 edition of AMSCO’s United States History Preparing for the Advanced Placement Examination , College Board Advanced Placement United States History Framework,
[Link], [Link], 12th edition of American Pageant, and other sources as cited in document and collected/adapted over 20 years of teaching and collaborating..