Attributes of Global City

Some of the attributes of Global city

• Leadership with a Worldview – Local leadership networks with a global outlook have great
potential for impact on the global fluency of a metro area.

• Legacy of Global Orientation – Due to their location, size, and history, certain cities were
naturally oriented toward global interaction at an early stage, giving them a first mover
advantage.

• Specializations with Global Reach – Cities often establish their initial global position through a
distinct economic specialization, leveraging it as a platform for diversification.

• Adaptability to Global Dynamics – Cities that sustain their market positions are able to adjust to
each new cycle of global change.

• Culture of Knowledge and Innovation – In an increasingly knowledge-driven world, positive

development in the global economy requires high levels of human capital to generate new
ideas, methods, products, and technologies.

• Opportunity and Appeal to the World – Metro areas that are appealing, open, and opportunity-
rich serve as magnets for attracting people and firms from around the world.

• International Connectivity – Global relevance requires global reach that efficiently connects
people and goods to international markets through well-designed, modern infrastructure.

• Ability to Secure Investment for Strategic Priorities – Attracting investment from a wide variety
of domestic and international sources is decisive in enabling metro areas to effectively pursue
new growth strategies.

• Government as Global Enabler – Federal, state, and local governments have unique and
complementary roles to play in enabling firms and metro areas to “go global.”

• Compelling Global Identity – Cities must establish an appealing global identity and relevance in
international markets not only to sell the city, but also to shape and build the region around a
common purpose.

Global Demography

What is Demography?

• It can defined as “ the scientific study of human population, focusing attention on readily
observable human phenomena, eg. Change in population size, its composition and distribution
in space”.
It focuses its attention on three readily observable human phenomena:

• Change in Population size

• The composition of the population

• The distribution of population space

It deals with 5 “DEMOGRAPHIC PROCESSES” namely:

• Fertility

• Marriage

• Mortality

• Migration

• Social Mobility

Demographic Cycle (Stage)

• High Stationary(first stage)

• Early Expending(second stage)

• Late Expanding(third stage)

• Low Stationary(fourth stage)

• Declining(fifth stage)

Global City

What is Global City?

• "A power city ,world city/world centre that has a power to effect global issues and change.

• Top 4 global city are London,New York,Paris and Tokyo

Several ways in which a city can be considered global city

• Cultural experience

• Business activity

• Human capital

• Political engagement

Role of Global City

• Urban centre that enjoys significant competitive advantages and serves as hub within a global
economic system.
Cities as engine of globalization

 Cities as engine of globalization. They are social magnets, growing faster and faster.
• An increasing number of large cities, with population of over five million, are already identified
as global cities, cities that are nodes of global as much as national networks.
• Global cities are always have been both, products and producers of globalization.
• Cities are the places where countervailing forces match and local reactions to globalization
become especially visible.
• They play an important role in shaping a global economy, culture and society, but they are also
shaped by it.
• Cities now compete with one another on a global scale to attract financial investment and the
well- educated and mobile workforces.
• They become centres for socio-economic development as well as sites for promoting global
commerce.

The rise of global cities has been linked with two globalization-related trends
• The expansion of the role of transnational corporations (TNCs) in global production patterns.
• The decline of mass production along Fordist line and the concomitant rise of flexile production
centered within urban areas.

Theories of Demographic Transition

What is Demographic transition theory?

Describes four stages of population growth, following patterns that connect birth and death
rates with stages of industrial development. (socialsci.libretext.org)

Stages of Demographic Transition Theory

 In Stage 1, pre-industrial society, death rates and birth rates are high and roughly in balance,
and population growth is typically very slow and constrained by the available food supply.
 In Stage 2, that of a developing country, the death rates drop rapidly due to improvements in
food supply and sanitation, which increase life spans and reduce disease.
 In Stage 3, birth rates fall due to access to contraception, increases in wages, urbanization,
increase in the status and education of women, and increase in investment in education.
Population growth begins to level off.
 In Stage 4, birth rates and death rates are both low. The large group born during stage two ages
and creates an economic burden on the shrinking working population.
 In Stage 5 (only some theorists acknowledge this stage—others recognize only four), fertility
rates transition to either below-replacement or above-replacement.

Social Factor in Migration

What is Migration?

Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another with the intentions of
settling, permanently or temporarily at a new location
Marital Status

Due to marriage, women migrate to husband’s home place. Similarly, young unmarried
women also migrate for the sake of job as they are energetic.

Political Violence

People do not like to stay where there are political violence and disturbance. They
intend to go to places with political peace and safe environment.

Better Facilities

People migrate to those places where they have better facilities of health services,
educational service, transportation and communication and the life is easier.

The Push-and-pull Factors

Push Factor

Push factors are those that force the individual to move voluntarily, and in many cases, they are
forced because the individual risk something if they stay. Push factors may include conflict,
drought, famine, or extreme religious activity.

Pull Factor

Pull factors are those factors in the destination country that attract the individual or group to
leave their home. Those factors are known as place utility, which is the desirability of a place
that attracts people. Better economic opportunities, more jobs, and the promise of a better life
often pull people into new locations.

Migration Effect on Social Aspect?

The places of destination are normally those places where facilities are made available to a
limited extent so as to fulfil the needs of the native dwellers. However the places overcrowd with the
constant flow of migrants, and facilities and other needs become insufficient. The environment pollutes
with dirt and sewage. The sanitary conditions become unsafe. The air and drinking water pollutes. Thus,
air and water-borne diseases spread in the form of several communicable diseases.

GLOBAL MIGRATION

According to Tim Blackman (2017):

Global migration can be understood as a displacement of people across international borders

for a variety of reasons, including (though not limited to):

 Safety
 Natural disaster
 Political conflict
 Education
 Family
 Career
 Economic betterment
According to Cambridge Dictionary:

Global migration is a situation in which people go to live in foreign countries, especially in order
to find work: Most global migration is from developing countries to developed ones.