Data Processing & Analysis
MMS-A
N A M I TA A M A L E - 0 1
S A C H I N C H AU D H A RY- 0 5
P R A N O T I VA RTA K - 3 8
P R I YA K U M A R - 2 8
RU PA M T H A K K A R - 3 6
A RYA K U L A N G A R AT H O D I - 1 5
S I D D H E S H S O N AWA N E - 3 2
S U S H I L TA M B I T K A R - 3 5
Contents
Data & Types
Information
Data Anaysis
Data Processing
Steps in Data Processing
Types Of Data Processing
Data Processing Cycle
Data
Data
The word data is derived from Latin language. It is plural of
Datum. Data is any collection of facts of figures. The data is
the raw material to be processed by a computer.
Example
Names of students, marks obtained in the examination,
designation of employees, addresses, quantity, rate, sales
figures or anything that is input to the computer is data.
Even pictures, photographs, drawings, charts and maps can
be treated as data. Computer processes the data and
produces the output or result
Types of Data
Numeric Data Character Data
String Data
Graphical Data
Data & Data Set
The information that you collect from an experiment, survey is
referred to as your data. A data set is a representation of data,
defining a set of \variables" that are measured on a set of \cases."
Variable
A variable is any characteristic of an object that can be represented as
a number. The values that the variable takes will vary when
measurements are made on different objects or at different times.
Case
Recorded information about an object we observe a case.
Information
A collection of data which conveys some meaningful idea is
information. It may provide answers to questions like who, which, when,
why, what, and how.
or
Observations and recordings are done to obtain data, while analysis is
done to obtain information
Data Analysis
Steps in Data Analysis
Data Collection & Preparation
Exploration of Data
Data Analysis Method (s)/ Techniques
Data Preparation
Collect data
Preparation of code books
Set up structure of data
Enter data
Screen data for errors
Exploration Of Data
Graphs
Descriptive stats
Data Analysis Techniques
Comparing means- Statistical testing
Correlations
Text Analytics
Data Processing
Data Processing
The processing of converting data into useful
information.
Data processing system
- the activities, equipment & personnel
invovled.
Data Process Information
Data Processing
Data processing:
Any operation or set of operations performed upon
data, whether or not by automatic means, such as
collection, recording, organization, storage,
adaptation or alteration to convert it into useful
information.
Data VS Information
Information
Time
Date [Link] Money
12/05/57 120,557
120557
Data
Examples of Data Processing
Organizing examination records
The subject teacher collects the marked examination papers
The subject scores are entered on score sheet
The score sheet are given to the class teacher
The class teacher calculate the total & the average score of
each student
A report card for each student is produced ,master report
sheet for the class is kept for future reference.
Steps of data processing
There are 5 steps included in Data processing:
Editing
Coding
Classification
Data Entry
Validation
Tabulation
Editing
Editing of data is a process of examining the
collected raw data to detect errors and omissions
and to correct these when possible.
With regards to stages:
1. Field Editing
2. Central Editing
Coding
Coding refers to process of assigning numerals or
other symbols to answers so that responses can be
put into a limited number of categories or classes.
Classification
Data having a common characteristics are placed in
one class and in this way the entire data get divided
into a number of groups or classes.
Types:
1. Classification according to attributes
2. Classification according to class intervals
Data Entry
After the data has been properly arranged and
coded, it is entered into the software that performs
the eventual cross tabulation.
Data entry professionals do the task efficiently.
Validation
After the cleaning phase, comes the validation
process.
It refers to the process of thoroughly checking the
collected data to ensure optimal quality levels.
All the accumulated data is double checked in order
to ensure that it contains no inconsistencies and is
relevant.
Tabulation
Tabulation is the process of summarising raw data
and displaying the same in compact form for further
analysis.
Benefits:
1. It conserves soace and reduces explanatory statement to a
minimum
2. It facilitates the process of comparison
3. It facilitates the summation of items and detection of errors
4. It provides a basis for various statistical computations
Types Of Data Processing
Manual data Processing
EDP
Real time Processing
Batch Processing
Data Processing Cycle
Once data is collected, it is processed to convert it into
useful information. The data is processed again and
again until the accurate result is achieved. This is called
data processing cycle.
The data processing is very important activity and
involves very careful planning. Usually, data processing
activity involves three basic activities.
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Output
Data Processing Cycle
Input Processing Output
Verification Classification Retrieval
Storing
Coding Conversion
Calculation
Storing Communication
Summarizing
