5

INCOME FROM HOUSE

PROPERTY
LEARNING OUTCOMES

After studying this chapter, you would be able to -

 examine the circumstances for ascertaining whether income derived from
a property would be chargeable to tax under the head “Income from house
property” or “Profits and gains from business or profession”.
 compute the income chargeable to tax under the head “Income from
house property” in respect of self-occupied property, let-out property,
partly let-out and partly self-occupied property, property let out for part of
the year and self-occupied for part of the year, deemed to be let-out
property after allowing permissible deductions under section 24.
 identify the cases where a person, though not the legal owner, would be
deemed as owner of house property.
 examine the tax treatment of income from co-owned property.
 examine the tax treatment for arrears of rent and unrealized rent received
subsequently.

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 5.2 DIRECT TAX LAWS

5.1 CHARGEABILITY [SECTION 22]

(1) The process of computation of income under the head “Income from house property” starts
with the determination of annual value of the property. The concept of annual value and the
method of determination is laid down in section 23.
(2) The annual value of any property comprising of building or land appurtenant thereto, of which the
assessee is the owner, is chargeable to tax under the head “Income from house property”.
However, where the property is occupied for the purpose of any business or profession carried
on by him, the profit of which is chargeable to tax as profits or gains from business or
profession, the annual value of such property would not be chargeable to tax under the head
“Income from house property”.

5.2 CONDITIONS FOR CHARGEABILITY

(1) Property should consist of any building or land appurtenant thereto.
(i) Buildings include not only residential buildings, but also factory buildings, offices, shops,
godowns and other commercial premises.
(ii) Land appurtenant means land connected with the building like garden, garage etc.
It may be noted that Income from letting out of vacant land is, however, taxable under the
head “Income from other sources”.
(2) Assessee must be the owner of the property
(i) Owner is the person who is entitled to receive income from the property in his own right.
(ii) The requirement of registration of the sale deed is not warranted.
(iii) Ownership includes both free-hold and lease-hold rights.
(iv) Ownership includes deemed ownership (discussed later in para 5.11)
(v) The person who owns the building need not also be the owner of the land upon which it
stands.
(vi) The assessee must be the owner of the house property during the previous year. It is
not material whether he is the owner in the assessment year.
(vii) If the title of the ownership of the property is under dispute in a court of law, the decision
as to who will be the owner chargeable to income-tax under section 22 will be of the
Income-tax Department till the court gives its decision to the suit filed in respect of such
property.

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 INCOME FROM HOUSE PROPERTY 5.3

However, in case of recovery of unrealized rent and arrears of rent, ownership of that
property is not relevant. (discussed later in para 5.9)
(3) The property may be used for any purpose, but it should not be used by the owner for
the purpose of any business or profession carried on by him, the profit of which is
chargeable to tax.
The income earned by an assessee engaged in the business of letting out of properties on
rent would also be taxable as business income and not as income from house property
[Rayala Corporation (P) Ltd. v. Asstt. CIT (SC) (2016) 386 ITR 500].
(4) Property held as stock-in-trade etc.
Annual value of house property will be charged under the head “Income from house
property”, where it is held by the assessee as stock-in-trade of a business also.
However, the annual value of property being held as stock in trade would be treated as NIL
for a period of one year from the end of the financial year in which certificate of completion of
construction of the property is obtained from the competent authority, if such property is not
let-out during such period [Section 23(5)].

5.3 COMPOSITE RENT

(1) Meaning of composite rent: The owner of a property may sometimes receive rent in respect
of building as well as –
(i) other assets like say, furniture, plant and machinery.
(ii) for different services provided in the building, for e.g. –
(a) Lifts;
(b) Security;
(c) Power backup;
The amount so received is known as “composite rent”.
(2) Tax treatment of composite rent
Where composite rent includes rent of building and charges for different services (lifts,
security etc.), the composite rent is has to be split up in the following manner -
(i) the sum attributable to use of property is to be assessed under section 22 as income
from house property;
(ii) the sum attributable to use of services is to charged to tax under the head “Profits and
gains of business or profession” or under the head “Income from other sources”, as the
case may be.

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 5.4 DIRECT TAX LAWS

(3) Manner of splitting up

If let out building and other assets are inseparable
Where composite rent is received from letting out of building and other assets (like furniture)
and the two lettings are not separable i.e. the other party does not accept letting out of
buildings without other assets, then the rent is taxable either as business income or income
from other sources, the case may be.
This is applicable even if sum receivable for the two lettings is fixed separately.
If let out building and other assets are separable
Where composite rent is received from letting out of buildings and other assets and the two
lettings are separable i.e. letting out of one is acceptable to the other party without letting out
of the other, then
(a) income from letting out of building is taxable under “Income from house property”;
(b) Income from letting out of other assets is taxable under the head “Profits and gains from
business or profession” or “Income from other sources”, as the case may be.
This is applicable even if a composite rent is received by the assessee from his tenant for the
two lettings.

5.4 INCOME FROM HOUSE PROPERTY SITUATED

OUTSIDE INDIA
(1) In case of a resident in India (resident and ordinarily resident in case of individuals and HUF),
income from property situated outside India is taxable, whether such income is brought into
India or not.
(2) In case of a non-resident or resident but not ordinarily resident in India, income from a
property situated outside India is taxable only if it is received in India.

5.5 DETERMINATION OF ANNUAL VALUE [SECTION 23]

Municipal tax
Determination of paid by the
Net Annual
Gross Annual owner during
Value (NAV)
Value (GAV) the previous
year

(1) Determination of annual value for different types of house properties

(i) Where the property is let out throughout the previous year [Section 23(1)(a)/(b)]
Where the property is let out for the whole year, then the GAV would be the higher of –

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 INCOME FROM HOUSE PROPERTY 5.5

(a) Expected Rent (ER) and

(b) Actual rent received or receivable during the year
♦ The Expected Rent (ER) is the higher of fair rent (FR) and municipal value (MV),
but restricted to standard rent (SR).
For example, let us say the higher of FR and MV is X. Then ER = SR, if X>SR.
However, if X<SR, ER = X.
♦ Expected Rent (ER) as per section 23(1)(a) cannot exceed standard rent (SR) but
it can be lower than standard rent, in a case where standard rent is more than the
higher of MV and FR.
♦ Municipal value is the value determined by the municipal authorities for levying
municipal taxes on house property.
♦ Fair rent means rent which similar property in the same locality would fetch.
♦ The standard rent (SR) is fixed by the Rent Control Act.
From the GAV computed above, municipal taxes paid by the owner during the previous
year is to be deducted to arrive at the NAV.
Illustration 1
Jayashree owns five houses in Chennai, all of which are let-out. Compute the GAV of each
house from the information given below –
Particulars House I House II House III House IV House V
(`) (`) (`) (`) (`)

Municipal Value 80,000 55,000 65,000 24,000 80,000

Fair Rent 90,000 60,000 65,000 25,000 75,000

Standard Rent N.A. 75,000 58,000 N.A. 78,000

Actual rent received/ 72,000 72,000 60,000 30,000 72,000

receivable

Solution
As per section 23(1), Gross Annual Value (GAV) is the higher of Expected rent and actual
rent received. Expected rent is higher of municipal value and fair rent but restricted to
standard rent.

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 5.6 DIRECT TAX LAWS

Computation of GAV of each house owned by Jayashree

Particulars House I House II House III House IV House V

(`) (`) (`) (`) (`)

(i) Municipal value 80,000 55,000 65,000 24,000 80,000

(ii) Fair rent 90,000 60,000 65,000 25,000 75,000

(iii) Higher of (i) & (ii) 90,000 60,000 65,000 25,000 80,000

(iv) Standard rent N.A. 75,000 58,000 N.A. 78,000

(v) Expected rent 90,000 60,000 58,000 25,000 78,000

[Lower of (iii) &
(iv)

(vi) Actual rent 72,000 72,000 60,000 30,000 72,000

received/
receivable

GAV [Higher of (v) 90,000 72,000 60,000 30,000 78,000

& (vi)]

(ii) Where let out property is vacant for part of the year [Section 23(1)(c)]
Where let out property is vacant for part of the year and owing to vacancy, the actual rent is
lower than the ER, then the actual rent received or receivable will be the GAV of the property.
(iii) In case of self-occupied property or unoccupied property [Section 23(2)]
(a) Where the property is self-occupied for own residence or unoccupied throughout the
previous year, its Annual Value will be Nil, provided no other benefit is derived by the
owner from such property.
The expression “Unoccupied property” refers to a property which cannot be occupied
by the owner by reason of his employment, business or profession at a different place
and he resides at such other place in a building not belonging to him.
(b) The benefit of exemption of one self-occupied house is available only to an
individual/HUF.
(c ) No deduction for municipal taxes is allowed in respect of such property.

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 INCOME FROM HOUSE PROPERTY 5.7

(iv) Where a house property is let-out for part of the year and self-occupied for part of the
year [Section 23(3)]
(a) If a single unit of a property is self-occupied for part of the year and let-out for the
remaining part of the year, then the ER for the whole year shall be taken into account for
determining the GAV.
(b) The ER for the whole year shall be compared with the actual rent for the let out period
and whichever is higher shall be adopted as the GAV.
(c) However, municipal tax for the whole year is allowed as deduction provided it is paid by
the owner during the previous year.
(v) In case of deemed to be let out property [Section 23(4)]
(a) Where the assessee owns more than one property for self-occupation, then the income
from any one such property, at the option of the assessee, shall be computed under the
self-occupied property category and its annual value will be nil.
(b) The other self-occupied/unoccupied properties shall be treated as “deemed let out
properties”.
(c) This option can be changed year after year in a manner beneficial to the assessee.
(d) In case of deemed let-out property, the ER shall be taken as the GAV.
(e) The question of considering actual rent received/receivable does not arise.
Consequently, no adjustment is necessary on account of property remaining vacant or
unrealized rent.
(f) Municipal taxes actually paid by the owner during the previous year, in respect of the
deemed let out properties, can be claimed as deduction.
(vi) In case of a house property held as stock-in-trade [Section 23(5)]
(a) In some cases, property consisting of any building or land appurtenant thereto may be
held as stock-in-trade, and the whole or any part of the property may not be let out
during the whole or any part of the previous year.
(b) In such cases, the annual value of such property or part of the property shall be NIL.
(c) This benefit would be available for the period upto one year from the end of the financial
year in which certificate of completion of construction of the property is obtained from
the competent authority.
(vii) In case of a house property, a portion let out and a portion self-occupied
(a) Income from any portion or part of a property which is let out shall be computed
separately under the “let out property” category and the other portion or part which is
self-occupied shall be computed under the “self-occupied property” category.

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 5.8 DIRECT TAX LAWS

(b) There is no need to treat the whole property as a single unit for computation of income
from house property.
(c) Municipal valuation/fair rent/standard rent, if not given separately, shall be apportioned
between the let-out portion and self-occupied portion either on plinth area or built-up
floor space or on such other reasonable basis.
(d) Property taxes, if given on a consolidated basis can be bifurcated as attributable to each
portion or floor or on a reasonable basis.
Notional income instead of real income
Thus, under this head of income, there are circumstances where notional income is charged
to tax instead of real income. For example –
♦ Where the assessee owns more than one house property for the purpose of self-
occupation, the annual value of any one of those properties, at the option of the
assessee, will be nil and the other properties are deemed to be let-out and income has
to be computed on a notional basis by taking the Expected Rent (ER) as the GAV.
♦ In the case of let-out property also, if the Expected Rent (ER) exceeds the actual rent,
then ER is taken as the GAV.
♦ In case of a house property held as stock-in-trade by assesse (which is not let out),
income has to be computed on a notional basis by taking the Expected Rent (ER) as the
GAV after 1 year from the end of the financial year in which certificate of completion of
construction of the property is obtained from the competent authority.
(2) Treatment of unrealised rent [Explanation to section 23(1)]
(i) The Actual rent received/receivable should not include any amount of rent which is not
capable of being realised.
(ii) However the conditions prescribed in Rule 4 should be satisfied. They are –
(a) the tenancy is bona fide;
(b) the defaulting tenant has vacated, or steps have been taken to compel him to vacate the
property;
(c) the defaulting tenant is not in occupation of any other property of the assessee;
(d) the assessee has taken all reasonable steps to institute legal proceedings for the
recovery of the unpaid rent or satisfies the Assessing Officer that legal proceedings
would be useless.

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 INCOME FROM HOUSE PROPERTY 5.9

(3) Property taxes (Municipal taxes)

(i) Property taxes are allowable as deduction from the GAV subject to the following two
conditions:
(a) It should be borne by the assessee (owner); and
(b) It should be actually paid during the previous year.
(ii) If property taxes levied by a local authority for a particular previous year is not paid during
that year, no deduction shall be allowed in the computation of income from house property for
that year.
(iii) However, if in any subsequent year, the arrears are paid, then, the amount so paid is allowed
as deduction in computation of income from house property for that year.
(iv) Thus, we find that irrespective of the previous year in which the liability to pay such taxes arise
according to the method of accounting regularly employed by the owner, the deduction in respect
of such taxes will be allowed only in the year of actual payment.
(v) In case of property situated outside India, taxes levied by local authority of the country in which the
property is situated is deductible [CIT v. R. Venugopala Reddiar (1965) 58 ITR 439 (Mad)].
Illustration 2
Rajesh, a British national, is a resident and ordinarily resident in India during the P.Y.2017-18. He
owns a house in London, which he has let out at £ 10,000 p.m. The municipal taxes paid to the
Municipal Corporation of London is £ 8,000 during the P.Y.2017-18. The value of one £ in Indian
rupee to be taken at ` 82.50. Compute Rajesh’s Net Annual Value of the property for the A.Y.
2018-19.
Solution
For the P.Y.2017-18, Mr. Rajesh, a British national, is resident and ordinarily resident in India.
Therefore, income received by him by way of rent of the house property located in London is
to be included in the total income in India. Municipal taxes paid in London is be to allowed as
deduction from the gross annual value.
Computation of Net Annual Value of the property of Mr. Rajesh for A.Y.2018-19

Particulars `

Gross Annual Value (£ 10,000 × 12 × ` 82.50) 99,00,000

Less: Municipal taxes paid (£ 8,000 × ` 82.50) 6,60,000

Net Annual Value (NAV) 92,40,000

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

 5.10 DIRECT TAX LAWS

5.6 DEDUCTIONS FROM ANNUAL VALUE [SECTION 24]

(1) There are two deductions from annual value. They are –
(a) 30% of NAV; and
(b) Interest on borrowed capital
30% of NAV is allowed as deduction under section 24(a)
(a) This is a flat deduction and is allowed irrespective of the actual expenditure incurred.
(b) The assessee will not be entitled to deduction of 30%, in the following cases, as the
annual value itself is nil.
(i) In case of self-occupied property or
(ii) In case of property held as stock-in-trade and the whole or any part of the property
is not let out during the whole or any part of the previous year, upto 1 year from the
end of the financial year in which certificate of completion of construction of the
property is obtained from the competent authority.
Interest on borrowed capital is allowed as deduction under section 24(b)
Interest payable on loans borrowed for the purpose of acquisition, construction, repairs,
renewal or reconstruction can be claimed as deduction.
Interest payable on a fresh loan taken to repay the original loan raised earlier for the
aforesaid purposes is also admissible as a deduction.
Interest for pre-construction period:
Pre-construction period is the period prior to the previous year in which property is acquired
or construction is completed.
Interest payable on borrowed capital for the period prior to the previous year in which the
property has been acquired or constructed (Pre-construction interest), can be claimed as
deduction over a period of 5 years in equal annual installments commencing from the year of
acquisition or completion of construction.
Interest for the year in which construction is completed:
Interest relating to the year of completion of construction can be fully claimed in that year
irrespective of the date of completion.
Illustration 3
Arvind had taken a loan of ` 5,00,000 for construction of property on 1.10.2016. Interest was
payable @10% p.a. The construction was completed on 30.6.2017. No principal repayment
has been made up to 31.3.2018. Compute the interest allowable as deduction under section
24 for the A.Y.2018-19.

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

 INCOME FROM HOUSE PROPERTY 5.11

Solution
Interest for the year (1.4.2017 to 31.3.2018) = 10% of ` 5,00,000 = ` 50,000
Pre-construction interest =10% of ` 5,00,000 for 6 months (from 1.10.2016 to 31.3.2017) =
` 25,000
Pre-construction interest to be allowed in 5 equal annual installments of ` 5,000 from the
year of completion of construction i.e. in this case, P.Y. 2017-18.
Therefore, total interest deduction under section 24 = ` 50,000 + ` 5000 = ` 55,000.
(2) Deduction in respect of one self-occupied property where annual value is nil
(i) In this case, the assessee will be allowed a deduction on account of interest (including 1/5th
of the accumulated interest of pre-construction period) as under –

S.No. Conditions Amount of Deduction

(a) Loan borrowed before 1.4.99:
Where the property has been acquired, Actual interest payable
constructed, repaired, renewed or reconstructed subject to maximum of
with borrowed capital before 1.4.99. ` 30,000.
(b) Loan borrowed on or after 1.4.99: Actual interest payable
(i) Where the property is acquired or constructed subject to maximum of
with capital borrowed on or after 1.4.99 and ` 2,00,000, if certificate
such acquisition or construction is completed mentioned in (2) below is
within 5 years from the end of the financial obtained.
year in which the capital was borrowed.
(ii) Where the property is repaired, renewed or Actual interest payable
reconstructed with capital borrowed on or subject to a maximum of
after 1.4.99. ` 30,000.
(ii) Certificate to be furnished: For the purpose of claiming deduction of ` 2,00,000 as per (b) in
the table given above, the assessee should furnish a certificate from the person to whom any
interest is payable on the capital borrowed, specifying the amount of interest payable by the
assessee for the purpose of such acquisition or construction of the property.
Important points:
(a) The ceiling limit would not apply to let-out/deemed let-out property: The ceiling
prescribed for one self-occupied property as above in respect of interest on loan borrowed
does not apply to a deemed let-out property.
(b) Interest allowable on accrual basis: Deduction under section 24(b) for interest is available
on accrual basis. Therefore interest accrued but not paid during the year can also be claimed
as deduction.

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 5.12 DIRECT TAX LAWS

(c) Unpaid purchase price would be considered as capital borrowed: Where a buyer enters
into an arrangement with a seller to pay the sale price in installments along with interest due
thereon, the seller becomes the lender in relation to the unpaid purchase price and the buyer
becomes the borrower. In such a case, unpaid purchase price can be treated as capital
borrowed for acquiring property and interest paid thereon can be allowed as deduction under
section 24.
(d) Interest on unpaid interest is not deductible.
Deductions from Net Annual Value: At a Glance
Deductions
allowed from
NAV

Let Self-occupied
out/deemed property
let out
property
Interest on borrowed
Standard capital u/s 24(b)
Interest on
deduction borrowed
u/s 24(a) capital u/s
Loan for repair, Loan for acquisition or
24(b) construction of house
30% renewal or
reconstruction of property
house property
Loan Loan taken
taken on or after
before 1.4.99
Fully 1.4.99
Allowed
acquisition or construction
completed within 5 years
Maximum from the end of the FY in
` 30,000 which the capital was
borrowed
Maximum +
` 30,000 Certificate from lender
specifying interest payable

No Yes

Maximum Maximum
` 30,000 ` 2,00,000

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 INCOME FROM HOUSE PROPERTY 5.13

Illustration 4
P, an individual, borrowed ` 20,00,000 for repair of his self-occupied house property and paid
interest of ` 1,60,000 thereon during the financial year 2017-18. What is the amount of interest
allowable as deduction under section 24 for the assessment year 2018-19?
Solution
Section 24(b) provides that where the self-occupied house property has been acquired,
constructed, repaired, renewed or reconstructed with borrowed capital, deduction towards interest
payable thereon shall not exceed ` 30,000. Therefore, only ` 30,000 would be allowed as
deduction on account of interest on loan borrowed for repair and reconstruction of self-occupied
house property.
The higher limit of ` 2,00,000 in respect of interest on loan borrowed on or after 1.4.1999 would be
available only where such loan is borrowed for acquisition or construction of self-occupied property
and not for repair of such property.

5.7 COMPUTATION OF “INCOME FROM HOUSE

PROPERTY” FOR DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF
PROPERTY
(1) PROPERTY LET OUT THROUGHOUT THE PREVIOUS YEAR

Particulars Amount
Computation of GAV

Step 1 Compute ER

ER = Higher of MV and FR, but restricted to SR

Step 2 Compute Actual rent received/receivable

Actual rent received/receivable less unrealized rent as per Rule 4

Step 3 Compare ER and Actual rent received/receivable

Step 4 GAV is the higher of ER and Actual rent received/receivable

Gross Annual Value (GAV) A

Less: Municipal taxes (paid by the owner during the previous year) B

Net Annual Value (NAV) = (A-B) C

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 5.14 DIRECT TAX LAWS

Less: Deductions u/s 24

(a) 30% of NAV D

(b) Interest on borrowed capital E

(actual without any ceiling limit)

Income from house property (C-D-E) F

Illustration 5
Anirudh has a property whose municipal valuation is ` 1,30,000 p.a. The fair rent is
` 1,10,000 p.a. and the standard rent fixed by the Rent Control Act is ` 1,20,000 p.a. The property
was let out for a rent of ` 11,000 p.m. throughout the previous year. Unrealised rent was ` 11,000
and all conditions prescribed by Rule 4 are satisfied. He paid municipal taxes @10% of municipal
valuation. Interest on borrowed capital was ` 40,000 for the year. Compute the income from
house property of Anirudh for A.Y. 2018-19.
Solution
Computation of Income from house property of Mr. Anirudh for A.Y. 2018-19

Particulars Amount in `
Computation of GAV
Step 1 Compute ER
ER = Higher of MV of ` 1,30,000 p.a. and FR of 1,20,000
` 1,10,000 p.a., but restricted to SR of ` 1,20,000 p.a.
Step 2 Compute actual rent received/receivable
Actual rent received/receivable less unrealized rent as
per Rule 4 = ` 1,32,000 - ` 11,000 1,21,000
Step 3 Compare ER of ` 1,20,000 and Actual rent
received/receivable of ` 1,21,000.
Step 4 GAV is the higher of ER and Actual rent 1,21,000
received/receivable
Gross Annual Value (GAV) 1,21,000
Less: Municipal taxes (paid by the owner during the previous
year) = 10% of `1,30,000 13,000
Net Annual Value (NAV) 1,08,000

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 INCOME FROM HOUSE PROPERTY 5.15

Less: Deductions under section 24

(a) 30% of NAV 32,400
(b) Interest on borrowed capital
(actual without any ceiling limit) 40,000 72,400
Income from house property 35,600

(2) LET OUT PROPERTY VACANT FOR PART OF THE YEAR

Particulars Amount
Computation of GAV

Step 1 Compute ER
ER = Higher of MV and FR, but restricted to SR
Step 2 Compute Actual rent received/receivable
Actual rent received/receivable for let out period less unrealized
rent as per Rule 4
Step 3 Compare ER and Actual rent received/receivable computed for the
let-out period
Step 4 If Actual rent is lower than ER owing to vacancy, then Actual rent is
the GAV.
If Actual rent is lower than ER due to other reasons, then ER is the
GAV.
However, in spite of vacancy, if the actual rent is higher than the
ER, then Actual rent is the GAV.
Gross Annual Value (GAV) A
Less: Municipal taxes (paid by the owner during the previous year) B
Net Annual Value (NAV) = (A-B) C
Less: Deductions under section 24
(a) 30% of NAV D
(b) Interest on borrowed capital E
(actual without any ceiling limit)
Income from house property (C-D-E) F

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 5.16 DIRECT TAX LAWS

Illustration 6
Ganesh has a property whose municipal valuation is ` 2,50,000 p.a. The fair rent is ` 2,00,000
p.a. and the standard rent fixed by the Rent Control Act is ` 2,10,000 p.a. The property was let out
for a rent of ` 20,000 p.m. However, the tenant vacated the property on 31.1.2018. Unrealised rent
was ` 20,000 and all conditions prescribed by Rule 4 are satisfied. He paid municipal taxes @8%
of municipal valuation. Interest on borrowed capital was` 65,000 for the year. Compute the
income from house property of Ganesh for A.Y.2018-19.
Solution
Computation of income from house property of Ganesh for A.Y. 2018-19

Particulars Amount in `
Computation of GAV
Step 1 Compute ER
ER = Higher of MV of ` 2,50,000 p.a. and FR of 2,10,000
` 2,00,000 p.a., but restricted to SR of ` 2,10,000 p.a.
Step 2 Compute Actual rent received/receivable
Actual rent received/receivable for let out period less
unrealized rent as per Rule 4 = ` 2,00,000 - ` 20,000 1,80,000
Step 3 Compare ER and Actual rent received/receivable
Step 4 In this case the actual rent of ` 1,80,000 is lower than ER
of ` 2,10,000 owing to vacancy, since, had the property
not been vacant the actual rent would have been 1,80,000
` 2,20,000 (` 1,80,000 + ` 40,000). Therefore, actual
rent is the GAV.
Gross Annual Value (GAV) 1,80,000
Less: Municipal taxes (paid by the owner during the previous
year) = 8% of ` 2,50,000 20,000

Net Annual Value (NAV) 1,60,000

Less: Deductions under section 24
(a) 30% of NAV = 30% of ` 1,60,000 48,000
(b) Interest on borrowed capital
(actual without any ceiling limit) 65,000 1,13,000

Income from house property 47,000

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 INCOME FROM HOUSE PROPERTY 5.17

(3) SELF-OCCUPIED PROPERTY OR UNOCCUPIED PROPERTY

Particulars Amount
Annual value under section 23(2) Nil
Less: Deduction under section 24
Interest on borrowed capital
(a) Interest on loan taken for acquisition or construction of house on
or after 1.4.99 and same was completed within 5 years from the
end of the financial year in which capital was borrowed, interest
paid or payable subject to a maximum of ` 2,00,000 (including
apportioned pre-construction interest).
(b) In case of loan for acquisition or construction taken prior to 1.4.99
or loan taken for repair, renovation or reconstruction at any point
of time, interest paid or payable subject to a maximum of
E
` 30,000.
Income from house property -E

Illustration 7
Poorna has one house property at Indira Nagar in Bangalore. She stays with her family in the
house. The rent of similar property in the neighbourhood is ` 25,000 p.m. The municipal valuation
is ` 23,000 p.m. Municipal taxes paid is ` 8,000. The house construction began in February 2011
with a loan of ` 20,00,000 taken from SBI Housing Finance Ltd. The construction was completed
on 30.11.2013. The accumulated interest up to 31.3.2013 is` 1,50,000. During the previous year
2017-18, Poorna paid ` 2,40,000 which included` 1,80,000 as interest. Compute Poorna’s income
from house property for A.Y. 2018-19.
Solution
Computation of income from house property of Smt. Poorna for A.Y.2018-19
Particulars Amount `

Annual Value of one house used for self-occupation under section Nil
23(2)

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 5.18 DIRECT TAX LAWS

Less: Deduction under section 24

Interest on borrowed capital
Interest on loan was taken for construction of house on or after
1.4.99 and same was completed within the prescribed time -
interest paid or payable subject to a maximum of ` 2,00,000
(including apportioned pre-construction interest) will be allowed
as deduction.
In this case the total interest is ` 1,80,000 + ` 30,000 (Being
1/5th of ` 1,50,000) = ` 2,10,000. However, the interest
deduction is restricted to ` 2,00,000. 2,00,000

Loss from house property (2,00,000)

(4) HOUSE PROPERTY LET-OUT FOR PART OF THE YEAR AND SELF-OCCUPIED FOR
PART OF THE YEAR

Particulars Amount
Computation of GAV
Step 1 Compute ER for the whole year
ER = Higher of MV and FR, but restricted to SR
Step 2 Compute Actual rent received/receivable
Actual rent received/receivable for the period let out less unrealized
rent as per Rule 4
Step 3 Compare ER for the whole year with the actual rent
received/receivable for the let out period
Step 4 GAV is the higher of ER computed for the whole year and Actual rent
received/receivable computed for the let-out period
Gross Annual Value (GAV) A
Less: Municipal taxes (paid by the owner during the previous year) B
Net Annual Value (NAV) = (A-B) C
Less: Deductions under section 24
(a) 30% of NAV D
(b) Interest on borrowed capital E
(actual without any ceiling limit)
Income from house property (C-D-E) F

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 INCOME FROM HOUSE PROPERTY 5.19

Illustration 8
Smt. Rajalakshmi owns a house property at Adyar in Chennai. The municipal value of the property
is ` 5,00,000, fair rent is ` 4,20,000 and standard rent is ` 4,80,000. The property was let-out for
` 50,000 p.m. up to December 2017. Thereafter, the tenant vacated the property and Smt.
Rajalakshmi used the house for self-occupation. Rent for the months of November and December
2017 could not be realised in spite of the owner’s efforts. All the conditions prescribed under Rule
4 are satisfied. She paid municipal taxes @12% during the year. She had paid interest of
` 25,000 during the year for amount borrowed for repairs for the house property. Compute her
income from house property for the A.Y. 2018-19.
Solution
Computation of income from house property of Smt. Rajalakshmi for the A.Y.2018-19

Particulars Amount in `

Computation of GAV

Step 1 Compute ER for the whole year

ER = Higher of MV of ` 5,00,000 and FR of ` 4,20,000,

but restricted to SR of ` 4,80,000 4,80,000

Step 2 Compute Actual rent received/receivable

Actual rent received/receivable for the period let out

less unrealized rent as per Rule 4 = (` 50,000×9) - 3,50,000
(` 50,000×2)= ` 4,50,000 - ` 1,00,000=

Step 3 Compare ER for the whole year with the actual rent
received/receivable for the let-out period i.e. ` 4,80,000
and ` 3,50,000

Step 4 GAV is the higher of ER computed for the whole year

and Actual rent received/receivable computed for the 4,80,000
let-out period.

Gross Annual Value (GAV) 4,80,000

Less: Municipal taxes (paid by the owner during the previous

year) = 12% of ` 5,00,000 60,000

Net Annual Value (NAV) 4,20,000

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 5.20 DIRECT TAX LAWS

Less: Deductions under section 24

(a) 30% of NAV = 30% of ` 4,20,000 1,26,000
(b) Interest on borrowed capital 25,000 1,51,000
Income from house property 2,69,000

(5) DEEMED TO BE LET OUT PROPERTY

Particulars Amount
Gross Annual Value (GAV) A
ER is the GAV of house property
ER = Higher of MV and FR, but restricted to SR
Less: Municipal taxes (paid by the owner during the previous year) B
Net Annual Value (NAV) = (A-B) C
Less: Deductions under section 24
(a) 30% of NAV D
(b) Interest on borrowed capital E
(actual without any ceiling limit)
Income from house property (C-D-E) F

Illustration 9
Ganesh has two houses, both of which are self-occupied. The particulars of the houses for the
P.Y.2017-18 are as under:
Particulars House I House II

Municipal valuation p.a. 1,00,000 1,50,000

Fair rent p.a. 75,000 1,75,000
Standard rent p.a. 90,000 1,60,000
Date of completion 31.3.1999 31.3.2001
Municipal taxes paid during the year 12% 8%
Interest on money borrowed for repair of property - 55,000
during the current year

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 INCOME FROM HOUSE PROPERTY 5.21

Compute Ganesh’s income from house property for A.Y.2018-19 and suggest which house should be
opted by Ganesh to be assessed as self-occupied so that his tax liability is minimum.
Solution
Computation of income from house property of Ganesh for the A.Y.2018-19
Let us first calculate the income from each house property assuming that they are deemed to be
let out.

Particulars Amount in `

House I House II

Gross Annual Value (GAV)

ER is the GAV of house property
ER = Higher of MV and FR, but restricted to SR 90,000 1,60,000

Less: Municipal taxes (paid by the owner during the previous year) 12,000 12,000

Net Annual Value (NAV) 78,000 1,48,000

Less: Deductions under section 24

(a) 30% of NAV 23,400 44,400

(b) Interest on borrowed capital NIL 55,000

Income from house property 54,600 48,600

OPTION 1 (House I – self-occupied and House II – deemed to be let out)

If House I is opted to be self-occupied, the income from house property shall be –

Particulars Amount in `

House I (Self-occupied) Nil

House II (Deemed to be let-out) 48,600

Income from house property 48,600

OPTION 2 (House I – deemed to be let out and House II – self-occupied)

If House II is opted to be self-occupied, the income from house property shall be –

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 5.22 DIRECT TAX LAWS

Particulars Amount in `

House I (Deemed to be let-out) 54,600

House II (Self-occupied)
(interest deduction restricted to ` 30,000) 30,000

Income from house property 24,600

Since Option 2 is more beneficial, Ganesh should opt to treat House II as self-occupied and House I as
deemed to be let out. His income from house property would be ` 24,600 for the A.Y. 2018-19.
(6) HOUSE PROPERTY, A PORTION LET OUT AND A PORTION SELF-OCCUPIED
Illustration 10
Prem owns a house in Madras. During the previous year 2017-18, 2/3rd portion of the house was
self-occupied and 1/3rd portion was let out for residential purposes at a rent of ` 8,000 p.m.
Municipal value of the property is ` 3,00,000 p.a., fair rent is ` 2,70,000 p.a. and standard rent is
` 3,30,000 p.a. He paid municipal taxes @10% of municipal value during the year. A loan of
` 25,00,000 was taken by him during the year 2013 for acquiring the property. Interest on loan
paid during the previous year 2017-18 was ` 1,20,000. Compute Prem’s income from house
property for the A.Y.2018-19.
Solution
There are two units of the house. Unit I with 2/3rd area is used by Prem for self-occupation
throughout the year and no benefit is derived from that unit, hence it will be treated as self-
occupied and its annual value will be Nil. Unit 2 with 1/3rd area is let-out throughout the previous
year and its annual value has to be determined as per section 23(1).
Computation of income from house property of Mr. Prem for A.Y.2018-19

Particulars Amount in `

Unit I (2/3rd area – self-occupied)

Annual Value Nil

Less: Deduction under section 24(b)

2/3rd of ` 1,20,000 80,000

Income from Unit I (self-occupied) (80,000)

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 INCOME FROM HOUSE PROPERTY 5.23

Unit II (1/3rd area – let out)

Computation of GAV
Step I Compute ER
ER = Higher of MV and FR, restricted to SR
However, in this case, SR of ` 1,10,000 (1/3rd of
` 3,30,000) is more than the higher of MV of ` 1,00,000
(1/3rd of ` 3,00,000) and FR of ` 90,000 (1/3rd of 1,00,000
` 2,70,000). Hence the higher of MV and FR is the ER. In
this case, it is the MV.
Step 2 Compute actual rent received/ receivable
` 8,000×12 = ` 96,000 96,000
Step 3 Compare ER and Actual rent received/receivable
Step 4 GAV is the higher of ER and actual rent received/receivable 1,00,000
i.e. higher of ` 1,00,000 and ` 96,000
Gross Annual Value(GAV) 1,00,000
Less: Municipal taxes paid by the owner during the previous year
relating to let-out portion
1/3rd of (10% of ` 3,00,000) = ` 30,000/3 = ` 10,000 10,000
Net Annual Value(NAV) 90,000
Less: Deductions under section 24
(a) 30% of NAV = 30% of ` 90,000 27,000
(b) Interest paid on borrowed capital (relating to let out
portion)1/3rd of ` 1,20,000 40,000 67,000
Income from Unit II (let-out) 23,000
Loss under the head “Income from house property” = ` (80,000) + ` 23,000 = ` (57,000)

5.8 INADMISSIBLE DEDUCTIONS [SECTION 25]

Interest chargeable under this Act which is payable outside India shall not be deducted if –
(a) tax has not been paid or deducted from such interest and
(b) there is no person in India who may be treated as an agent under section 163.

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5.9 PROVISION FOR ARREARS OF RENT AND

UNREALIZED RENT RECEIVED SUBSEQUENTLY
[SECTION 25A]
(1) As per section 25A(1), the amount of rent received in arrears from a tenant or the amount of
unrealised rent realised subsequently from a tenant by an assessee shall be deemed to be
income from house property in the financial year in which such rent is received or realised,
and shall be included in the total income of the assessee under the head “Income from house
property”, whether the assessee is the owner of the property or not in that financial year.
(2) Section 25A(2) provides a deduction of 30% of arrears of rent or unrealised rent realised
subsequently by the assessee.
(3) Summary:

Section 25A
Arrears of Rent / Unrealised Rent
(i) Taxable in the year of receipt/realisation
(ii) Deduction@30% of rent received/realised
(iii) Taxable even if assessee is not the owner of the property in the financial year of
receipt/realisation.

Illustration 11
Mr. Anand sold his residential house property in March, 2017.
In June, 2017, he recovered rent of ` 10,000 from Mr. Gaurav, to whom he had let out his house
for two years from April 2011 to March 2013. He could not realise two month rent of
` 20,000 from him and to that extent his actual rent was reduced while computing income from
house property for A.Y.2013-14.
Further, he had let out his property from April, 2013 to February, 2017 to Mr. Satish. In April, 2015,
he had increased the rent from ` 12,000 to ` 15,000 per month and the same was a subject matter
of dispute. In September, 2017, the matter was finally settled and Mr. Anand received ` 69,000 as
arrears of rent for the period April 2015 to February, 2017.
Would the recovery of unrealised rent and arrears of rent be taxable in the hands of Mr. Anand,
and if so in which year?
Solution
Since the unrealised rent was recovered in the P.Y.2017-18, the same would be taxable in the

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 INCOME FROM HOUSE PROPERTY 5.25

A.Y.2018-19 under section 25A, irrespective of the fact that Mr. Anand was not the owner of
the house in that year. Further, the arrears of rent was also received in the P.Y.2017-18, and
hence the same would be taxable in the A.Y.2018-19 under section 25A, even though Mr.
Anand was not the owner of the house in that year. A deduction of 30% of unrealised rent
recovered and arrears of rent would be allowed while computing income from house property
of Mr. Anand for A.Y.2018-19.
Computation of income from house property of Mr. Anand for A.Y.2018-19

Particulars `
(i) Unrealised rent recovered 10,000
(ii) Arrears of rent received 69,000
79,000
Less: Deduction@30% 23,700
Income from house property 55,300

5.10 TREATMENT OF INCOME FROM CO-OWNED

PROPERTY [SECTION 26]
(1) Where property is owned by two or more persons, whose shares are definite and ascertainable,
then the income from such property cannot be taxed as income of an AOP.
(2) The share income of each such co-owner should be determined in accordance with sections
22 to 25 and included in his individual assessment.
(3) Where the house property owned by co-owners is self-occupied by each of the co-owners,
the annual value of the property of each co-owner will be Nil and each co-owner shall be
entitled to a deduction of ` 30,000 / ` 2,00,000, as the case may be, under section 24(b) on
account of interest on borrowed capital.
(4) Where the house property owned by co-owners is let out, the income from such property shall
be computed as if the property is owned by one owner and thereafter the income so
computed shall be apportioned amongst each co-owner as per their specific share.

5.11 DEEMED OWNERSHIP [SECTION 27]

As per section 27, the following persons, though not legal owners of a property, are deemed
to be the owners for the purposes of section 22 to 26.

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 5.26 DIRECT TAX LAWS

(1) Transfer to a spouse [Section 27(i)] – In case of transfer of house property by an individual
to his or her spouse otherwise than for adequate consideration, the transferor is deemed to
be the owner of the transferred property.
Exception– In case of transfer to spouse in connection with an agreement to live apart, the
transferor will not be deemed to be the owner. The transferee will be the owner of the house
property.
(2) Transfer to a minor child [Section 27(i)] – In case of transfer of house property by an
individual to his or her minor child otherwise than for adequate consideration, the transferor
would be deemed to be owner of the house property transferred.
Exception– In case of transfer to a minor married daughter, the transferor is not deemed to
be the owner.
Note - Where cash is transferred to spouse/minor child and the transferee acquires property
out of such cash, then the transferor shall not be treated as deemed owner of the house
property. However, clubbing provisions will be attracted.
(3) Holder of an impartible estate [Section 27(ii)] – The impartible estate is a property which is
not legally divisible. The holder of an impartible estate shall be deemed to be the individual
owner of all properties comprised in the estate.
After enactment of the Hindu Succession Act, 1956, all the properties comprised in an
impartible estate by custom is to be assessed in the status of a HUF. However, section 27(ii)
will continue to be applicable in relation to impartible estates by grant or covenant.
(4) Member of a co-operative society etc. [Section 27(iii)] – A member of a co-operative
society, company or other association of persons to whom a building or part thereof is allotted
or leased under a House Building Scheme of a society/company/association, shall be
deemed to be owner of that building or part thereof allotted to him although the co-operative
society/company/ association is the legal owner of that building.
(5) Person in possession of a property [Section 27(iiia)] – A person who is allowed to take or
retain the possession of any building or part thereof in part performance of a contract of the
nature referred to in section 53A of the Transfer of Property Act shall be the deemed owner of
that house property. This would include cases where the –
(i) possession of property has been handed over to the buyer
(ii) sale consideration has been paid or promised to be paid to the seller by the buyer
(iii) sale deed has not been executed in favour of the buyer, although certain other
documents like power of attorney/agreement to sell/will etc. have been executed.
In all the above cases, the buyer would be deemed to be the owner of the property although it
is not registered in his name.

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 INCOME FROM HOUSE PROPERTY 5.27

(6) Person having right in a property for a period not less than 12 years [Section 27(iiib)] –
A person who acquires any rights in or with respect to any building or part thereof, by virtue
of any transaction as is referred to in section 269UA(f) i.e. transfer by way of lease for not
less than 12 years, shall be deemed to be the owner of that building or part thereof.
Exception – In case the person acquiring any rights by way of lease from month to month or
for a period not exceeding one year, such person will not be deemed to be the owner.

5.12 CASES WHERE INCOME FROM HOUSE PROPERTY

IS EXEMPT FROM TAX
Sl. Section Particulars
No.

1 10(1) Income from any farm house forming part of agricultural income.

2 10(19A) Annual value of any one palace in the occupation of an ex-ruler.

3 10(20) Income from house property of a local authority.

4 10(21) Income from house property of an approved scientific research

association.

5 10(23C) Property income of universities, educational institutions, etc.

6 10(24) Property income of any registered trade union.

7 11 Income from house property held for charitable or religious purpose.

8 13A Property income of any political party.

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 5.28 DIRECT TAX LAWS

EXERCISE
Question 1
People Housing Ltd. is engaged in the business of constructing residential and commercial
properties. One of the building properties was included in the closing stock in the Balance Sheet.
The said building was let out for a monthly rent as suitable buyers could not be found. All other
buildings had been sold by the company. Examine with reasons whether the income by way of rent
from the unsold property is assessable as income from business or income from house property.
What would be your answer, if the main objective of the company was to hold properties and earn
income by letting out of these properties?
Answer
(a) Under section 22, the charging section for “Income from house property”, the only exception
provided is the income derived from property used/occupied by the assessee for his own
business. Therefore, income derived from letting out of house property will be taxable under
the head “Income from house property”. It will be so taxable even if property is held by the
assessee as stock-in-trade of his business.
This has been further substantiated by insertion of new sub-section (5) of section 23,
according to which income from house property held as stock-in-trade would be exempt for a
period of one year from the end of the financial year in which certificate of completion was
obtained from the competent authority. However, for availing such exemption, the property
should not be let out during the said period. Insertion of sub-section (5) in section 23
providing for exemption in respect of house property held as stock-in-trade for a certain
period subject to fulfilment of the condition stated therein implies that income from house
property held as stock-in-trade –
(i) beyond the said period; or
(ii) not eligible for such exemption even during the said period due to non-fulfilment of the
stated condition,
would be taxable under the same head of income i.e., “Income from house property”.
In effect, where exemption provisions are provided under a particular head of income, it can be
inferred that the income, but for such exemption, would be taxable only under that head of income.
Note –In the case of New Delhi Hotels Ltd. v. ACIT (2014) 360 ITR 187, the Delhi High Court
followed its own decision in the case of CIT vs. Discovery Estates Pvt. Ltd/CIT vs. Discovery
Holding Pvt. Ltd., wherein it was held in the case of rental income derived from unsold flats
which were shown as stock-in trade in the books of the assessee should be assessed under
the head “Income from house property” and not under the head “Profits and gains from
business and profession”.

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 INCOME FROM HOUSE PROPERTY 5.29

This decision is in sync with the intent of the provisions of section 22 and 23(5) discussed
above.
(b) The Supreme Court, in Chennai Properties and Investments Ltd. v. CIT (2015) 373 ITR 673,
held that where holding of properties and earning income by letting out of these properties is
the main objective of the company as laid out in its Memorandum of Association and the
entire income of the company as per its return of income accepted by the Assessing Officer
comprises of income from letting out of such properties, such income would be assessable as
“Profits and gains of business or profession.”
Further, in case of Rayala Corporation (P) Ltd. v. Asstt. CIT (2016) 386 ITR 500, the
Supreme Court held that since the business of the company is to lease out its property and
earn rent therefrom, the rental income earned by the company is chargeable to tax as its
business income and not income from house property.
Question 2
A Hindu undivided family owns a property which has been let out to a firm carrying on
business. The family is a partner of the firm through its Karta. No rent has been charged by
the HUF from the firm for use of the premises by the firm. The Assessing Officer, however,
has taxed the family on the notional income from property based on municipal valuation. Is
this decision justified?
Answer
Under section 22, the annual value of a property is chargeable to tax under the head “Income
from house property” in the hands of the owner. However, this section specifically excludes
property occupied for the purposes of own business or profession of the assessee, the profits
of which are chargeable to income-tax. In CIT v. Shri. Champalal Jeevraj (1995) 215 ITR 289
(Mad), it was observed that where the Karta of the HUF is a partner in the firm in his
representative capacity and the firm occupied a portion of the house belonging to the HUF,
the benefit of exclusion under section 22 was available to the HUF. Hence, the income from
the said property shall not be chargeable to tax under the head “Income from house property”.
Therefore, in this case, the action of the Assessing Officer is not correct.
Question 3
In the following cases, examine under which head of income the receipt would be assessed-
(a) Anirudh let out his property to Abhinav. Abhinav sublets it. How is sub-letting receipt to be
assessed in the hands of Abhinav?
(b) Anish has built a house on a leasehold land. He has let-out the above property and has
considered the rent from such property under the head "Income from other sources" and

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 5.30 DIRECT TAX LAWS

deducted expenses on repairs, security charges, insurance and collection charges in all
amounting to 50% of receipts.
Answer
(a) Sub-letting receipt is to be assessed as “Income from Other Sources” or as “Profits and gains
of business or profession” in hands of Mr. Abhinav, depending upon the facts and
circumstances of each case. It is not assessable as income from house property, since one of
the conditions for assessing an income under this head is that the assessee should be the
owner of the property i.e. owner of the building and the land appurtenant thereto. In this case,
since Abhinav is not the owner of the house property, sub-letting receipt cannot be assessed
under the head “Income from house property”.
(b) Since Anish is the owner of the property (building), in this case, the receipt would be
assessable as “Income from house property”. The ownership of land is not a pre-requisite for
assessment of income under this head. 30% of Net Annual Value is allowed as a deduction
under section 24.
Question 4
Rajesh owns a house in Hyderabad. During the previous year 2017-18, 3/4th portion of the house
was self-occupied and 1/4th portion was let out for residential purposes at a rent of
` 12,000 p.m. The tenant vacated the property on February 28th2018. The property was vacant
during March, 2018. Rent for the months of January 2018 and February 2018 could not be realised
in spite of the owner’s efforts. All the conditions prescribed under Rule 4 are satisfied.
Municipal value of the property is ` 4,00,000 p.a., fair rent is ` 4,40,000 p.a. and standard rent is
` 4,80,000. He paid municipal taxes @10% of municipal value during the year. A loan of `
30,00,000 was taken by him during the year 2009 for acquiring the property. Interest on loan paid
during the previous year 2017-18 was ` 1,48,000. Compute Rajesh’s income from house property
for the A.Y. 2018-19.
Answer
There are two units of the house. Unit I with 3/4th area is used by Rajesh for self-occupation
throughout the year and no benefit is derived from that unit, hence, it will be treated as self-
occupied and its annual value will be nil. Unit 2 with 1/4th area is let-out during the previous
year and its annual value has to be determined as per section 23(1).

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 INCOME FROM HOUSE PROPERTY 5.31

Computation of Income from house property of Mr. Rajesh for the A.Y. 2018-19

Particulars `
Unit I (3/4th area – self-occupied)
Annual Value Nil
Less: Deduction under section 24(b)
3/4th of ` 1,48,000 1,11,000
Income from Unit I (self-occupied) (1,11,000)
Unit II (1/4th area – let out)
Computation of GAV
Step 1 – Computation of Expected Rent (ER)
ER = Higher of municipal valuation (MV) and fair rent (FR), but restricted to
standard rent (SR). However, in this case, standard rent of ` 1,20,000
(1/4th of ` 4,80,000) is more than the higher of MV of
` 1,00,000 (1/4th of ` 4,00,000) and FR of ` 1,10,000 (1/4th of
` 4,40,000). Hence the higher of MV and FR is the ER. In this case, it is the
fair rent. 1,10,000

Step 2 – Computation of actual rent received/ receivable

` 12,000×9 = 1,08,000 1,08,000
[The property was let-out for 11 months. However, rent for 2 months
i.e., January and February, 2018 could not be realized. As per
Explanation to section 23(1), actual rent should not include any amount
of rent which is not capable of being realized. Therefore, actual rent has
been computed for 9 months]
Step 3 – GAV is the higher of ER and actual rent received/receivable.
However, as per section 23(1)(c), where the let-out property is vacant 1,08,000
for part of the year and owing to vacancy, the actual rent is lower than
the ER, then the actual rent received would be the GAV of the property.
In this case, the actual rent is lower than the ER owing to vacancy,
since had the property not been vacant in March 2018, the actual rent
would have been ` 1,20,000 (i.e. ` 1,08,000 + ` 12,000), which is
higher than the ER of ` 1,10,000. Therefore, in this case, section
23(1)(c) would apply and the actual rent of ` 1,08,000 would be the
GAV, since it is lower than the ER owing to vacancy.

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 5.32 DIRECT TAX LAWS

Gross Annual Value (GAV) 1,08,000

Less: Municipal taxes paid by the owner during the previous year
relating to let-out portion
1/4th of (10% of ` 4,00,000) =` 40000/4 = `10,000 10,000
Net Annual Value(NAV) 98,000
Less: Deductions under section 24
(a) 30% of NAV = 30% of ` 98,000 29,400
(b) Interest paid on borrowed capital (relating to let out 37,000 66,400
portion) [1/4th of ` 1,48,000]
Income from Unit II (let-out) 31,600
Loss under the head “Income from house property” (-1,11,000 + 31,600) -79,400

Question 5
During the financial year 2017-18, Mr. A received a sum of ` 1,80,000 ( ` 60,000 p.a.) by way
of arrears for the last three years as the Government department (tenant) enhanced the rate
of rent with retrospective effect. Will the sum of ` 1,80,000 be taxable in the assessment year
2018-19? Can it be spread over the last three years?
Answer
As per section 25A, the arrears of rent shall be taxable in the previous year in which such
arrears are received. The assessee shall be allowed deduction @ 30% of such amount
received. Further, it is not necessary that the assessee should be owner of such house
property in the previous year in which such arrears are received.
As the arrear rent of ` 1,80,000 is received in the previous year 2017-18, the same is taxable
in the A.Y.2018-19. Thus, the net sum of ` 1,26,000 (i.e. ` 1,80,000 – ` 54,000) shall be
chargeable to tax under the head “Income from house property”.
There is no provision in the Income-tax Act, 1961, enabling the assessee to spread over the
arrears of rent over the last three years.

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 INCOME FROM HOUSE PROPERTY 5.33

SIGNIFICANT SELECT CASES

1. Would income from letting out of properties by a company, whose main object as per
its memorandum of association is to acquire and let out properties, be taxable as its
business income or income from house property, considering the fact that the entire
income of the company as per its return of income was only from letting out of
properties?
Chennai Properties and Investments Ltd. v. CIT (2015) 373 ITR 673 (SC)
Facts of the Case: The assessee-company was incorporated under the Companies Act,
1956. Its main objective, as stated in the memorandum of association, is to acquire properties
in the city of Madras and let out those properties. The company had rented out such
properties and the rental income was shown as its business income in the return filed by the
assessee.
The Assessing Officer, however, assessed the rental income under the head “Income from
house property”. On appeal, the Commissioner (Appeals) concurred with the assessee’s
view that the rental income, in this case, was the company’s business income. The Appellate
Tribunal also supported the view of the Commissioner (Appeals).
High Court’s Opinion: The High Court allowed the Department’s appeal holding that income
derived from letting out of properties has to be assessed as income from house property. It
held so on the basis of the Supreme Court ruling in East India Housing and Land
Development Trust Ltd. v. CIT (1961) 42 ITR 9, wherein it was decided that income from
letting out of shops and stalls was to be assessed as income from house property, in the case
of a company whose main object of was buying and developing landed properties and
promoting and developing markets.
Supreme Court’s Observations: The Supreme Court observed that the High Court had
pronounced its ruling on the basis of the decision of the Apex Court in East India Housing
and Land Development Trust Ltd.’s case, wherein the letting out of property was not the
object of the company at all. Therefore, in that case, the Apex Court was of the opinion that
the character of the income which was from house property had not changed merely because
it was received by the company formed with the object of developing and setting up
properties.
The Supreme Court further observed the law laid down authoritatively and succinctly by it in
Karanpura Development Co. Ltd. v. CIT [1962] 44 ITR 362. In that case, the assessee-
company was formed with the object of, inter alia, acquiring and disposing of the underground
coal mining rights in certain coal fields and it had restricted its activities to acquiring coal
mining leases over large areas, developing them as coal fields and then sub-leasing them to
collieries and other companies. Thus, in that case, the leasing out of the coal fields to the

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 5.34 DIRECT TAX LAWS

collieries and other companies was the business of the assessee. The income which was
received from letting out of those mining leases was shown as business income. Department
took the position that the same was to be treated as income from the house property. Thus, in
similar circumstances, an identical issue arose before the Apex Court. The Apex Court
pointed out that the deciding factor as to the head under which the income was to be
assessed is not the ownership of land or leases but the nature of the activity of the assessee
and the nature of the operations in relation to them. It was highlighted and stressed that the
objects of the company must also be kept in view to interpret the activities. In support of the
aforesaid proposition, a number of judgments of other jurisdictions, i.e., Privy Council, House
of Lords in England and the US Courts were taken note of.
After applying the aforesaid principle to the facts, the Apex Court had arrived at the
conclusion that such income had to be treated as income from business and not as income
from house property.

Supreme Court’s Decision: The Supreme Court opined that the aforesaid judgment in
Karanpura Development Co. Ltd.'s case squarely applied to the facts of the present case,
where letting of the properties is in fact the business of the assessee. The main objective of
the company as per its memorandum of association is to acquire and hold properties in
Chennai and let out these properties. Therefore, holding of the properties and earning
income by letting out these properties is the main objective of the company. Further, in the
return of income filed by the company and accepted by the Assessing Officer, the entire
income of the company comprised of income from letting out of such properties. The
Supreme Court, accordingly, held that the assessee had rightly disclosed the income derived
from letting out of such properties under the head "Profits and gains of business or
profession".

2. Would rental income from the business of leasing out properties be taxable under the head
“Income from house property” or “Profits and gains from business or profession”?
Rayala Corporation (P) Ltd. v. Asstt. CIT (2016) 386 ITR 500 (SC)
Facts of the case: The assessee company was in the business of renting its properties and
received rent which it claims as its business income chargeable under the head “Profits and Gains
from business or profession”. The Assessing Officer, however, brought to tax the rental income
under the head “Income from house property”.
Appellate Authorities’ views: The Appellate Tribunal and the High Court affirmed the view of the
Assessing Officer holding that the rental income from letting out of properties is to be taxed under
the head “Income from house property”.
Supreme Court’s Observations: The Apex Court took note of the specific finding by the
authorities that the assessee had stopped its other business activities and continued only the
business of leasing out its properties and earning rent therefrom. Thus, it noted that the assessee

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 INCOME FROM HOUSE PROPERTY 5.35

was engaged only in the business of renting its properties and earning rental income. It made
reference to law laid down by it in Chennai Properties & Investments Ltd v. CIT (2015) 373 ITR
673 (SC) that if an assessee is engaged in the business of letting out house property on rent,
then, the income from such property, even though in the nature of rent, should be treated as
business income. The Court held that the judgment in Chennai Properties & Investment Ltd.’s
case would squarely apply in this case also, since the company is engaged in the business of
letting out properties and earning rental income therefrom. It did not concur with the contention of
the Revenue that rent should be the main source of income or that the purpose for which the
company was formed/incorporated should be to earn rental income, so as to make the income
taxable under the head ‘Profits and gains of business or profession”.

Supreme Court’s decision: The Apex Court, thus, held that since the business of the
company is to lease out its property and earn rent therefrom, the rental income earned by the
company is chargeable to tax as its business income and not income from house property.

3. Whether the rental income derived from the unsold flats which are shown as stock-in-
trade in the books of the assessee would be taxable under the head ‘Profits and gains
from business or profession’ or under the head ‘Income from house property’, in a
case where the actual rent receipts formed the basis of computation of income?
New Delhi Hotels Ltd. v. ACIT (2014) 360 ITR 0187 (Delhi]
High Court’s Observations: On this issue, in CIT v. Ansal Housing Finance and Leasing Co.
Ltd. (2013) 354 ITR 180, where the deemed rent (i.e., Expected Rent) formed the basis of
computation of income from unsold flats held as stock-in-trade, the Delhi High Court held that
such rent was taxable under the head “Income from house property”. Further, in CIT v.
Discovery Estates Pvt. Ltd. and CIT v. Discovery Holding Pvt. Ltd. (2013) 356 ITR 159, the
same issue emerged when the actual rent formed the basis of computation of income from
unsold flats held as stock-in-trade. In that case also, the Delhi High Court held that the
income was taxable under the head “Income from house property”.

High Court’s Decision: In this case, the Delhi High Court followed its own decision in the
case of CIT vs. Discovery Estates Pvt. Ltd / CIT vs. Discovery Holding Pvt. Ltd., wherein it
was held that rental income derived from unsold flats which were shown as stock-in-trade in
the books of the assessee should be assessed under the head “Income from house property”
and not under the head “Profits and gains from business or profession”.

Note – This has been further substantiated by insertion of new sub-section (5) of section 23,
according to which income from house property held as stock-in-trade would be exempt for a
period of one year from the end of the financial year in which certificate of completion was
obtained from the competent authority. However, for availing such exemption, the property
should not be let out during the said period. Insertion of sub-section (5) in section 23
providing for exemption in respect of house property held as stock-in-trade for a certain

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 5.36 DIRECT TAX LAWS

period subject to fulfilment of the condition stated therein implies that income from house
property held as stock-in-trade –
(i) beyond the said period; or
(ii) not eligible for such exemption even during the said period due to non-fulfilment of the
stated condition,
would be taxable under the same head of income i.e., “Income from house property”.
In effect, where exemption provisions are provided under a particular head of income, it can
be inferred that the income, but for such exemption, would be taxable only under that head of
income.
4. Under what head of income should income from letting out of godowns and provision
of warehousing services be subject to tax - “Income from house property” or “profits
and gains of business or profession”?
CIT v. NDR Warehousing P Ltd (2015) 372 ITR 690 (Mad)
Facts of the case: The assessee engaged in the business of warehousing, handling and
transport business claimed income from letting out of buildings and godowns as business
income. The Assessing Officer assessed such income as “Income from house property”.
Appellate Authorities’ Observations: The Commissioner (Appeals) observed that the
assessee’s activity was not merely letting out of warehouses but storage of goods with
provision of several auxiliary services such as pest control, rodent control and fumigation
service to prevent the goods stored from being affected by vagaries of moisture and
temperature. Further, service of security and protection was also provided to the goods
stored. There is, therefore, no dispute that the assessee carries on the activity in an
organised manner. These activities are more than mere letting out of the godown for tenancy.
The Tribunal noted that the objects clause of the memorandum of association of the company
clearly shows that the assessee-company was incorporated with the object of carrying on the
business of warehousing and letting/renting of godowns and providing facilities for storage of
articles or things and descriptions whatsoever. The profit and loss account of the assessee-
company shows that its main source of income is storage charges and maintenance or user
charges. Even substantial part of the expenses also relate to the salaries of employees
engaged in the maintenance and upkeep of the godowns and warehouses. Based on these
facts, Tribunal concurred with the findings of the Commissioner (Appeals) and held that the
income of the assessee from letting out of warehouses and godowns is chargeable under the
head "Profits and gains of business or profession" and not “Income from house property”.

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 INCOME FROM HOUSE PROPERTY 5.37

High Court’s Decision: The High Court observed that the Commissioner (Appeals) as well
as the Tribunal had not only gone into the objects clause of the memorandum of the
assessee but also individual aspects of the business to come to the conclusion that it was a
case of warehousing business, and, therefore, the income would fall under the head “Profits
and gains of business or profession”.

Accordingly, the High Court held that the income earned by the assessee from letting out of
godowns and provision of warehousing services is chargeable to tax under the head “Profits
and gains of business or profession” and not under the head “Income from house property”.
5. Can benefit of self-occupation of house property under section 23(2) be denied to a
HUF on the ground that it, being a fictional entity, cannot occupy a house property?
CIT v. Hariprasad Bhojnagarwala (2012) 342 ITR 69 (Guj.) (Full Bench)
Facts of the case: The assessee, being a Hindu Undivided Family (HUF), claimed the
benefit of self-occupation of a house property under section 23(2). However, the Assessing
Officer did not accept the said claim and denied the benefit of self-occupation of house
property to the HUF contending that such benefit is available only to the owner who can
reside in his own residence i.e., only an individual assessee, who is a natural person, and not
to an imaginary assessable entity being HUF or a firm, etc.

High Court’s Observations & Decision: On the abovementioned issue, the Gujarat High
Court observed that a firm, which is a fictional entity, cannot physically reside in a house
property and therefore a firm cannot claim the benefit of this provision, which is available to
an individual owner who can actually occupy the house. However, the HUF is a group of
individuals related to each other i.e., a family comprising of a group of natural persons. The
said family can reside in the house, which belongs to the HUF. Since a HUF cannot consist of
artificial persons, it cannot be said to be a fictional entity. Also, it was observed that since
singular includes plural, the word "owner" would include "owners" and the words "his own"
used in section 23(2) would include "their own".
Therefore, the Court held that the HUF is entitled to claim benefit of self-occupation of house
property under section 23(2).

6. Can notional interest on interest-free deposit received by an assessee in respect of a

shop let out on rent be brought to tax as business income or income from house
property?
CIT v. Asian Hotels Ltd. (2010) 323 ITR 490 (Del.)
Facts of the case: The assessee had received interest-free deposit in respect of shops given
on rent. The Assessing Officer added to the assessee's income notional interest on the

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 5.38 DIRECT TAX LAWS

interest free deposit at the rate of 18 per cent simple interest per annum on the ground that
by accepting the interest free deposit, a benefit had accrued to the assessee which was
chargeable to tax under section 28(iv).

High Court’s Observations & Decision: The High Court observed that section 28(iv) is
concerned with business income and brings to tax the value of any benefit or perquisite,
whether convertible into money or not, arising from business or the exercise of a profession.
Section 28(iv) can be invoked only where the benefit or amenity or perquisite is otherwise
than by way of cash. In the instant case, the Assessing Officer has determined the monetary
value of the benefit stated to have accrued to the assessee by adding a sum that constituted
18% simple interest on the deposit. Hence, section 28(iv) is not applicable.
Section 23(1) deals with the determination of the expected rent of a let out property for
computing the income from house property. It provides that the expected rent is deemed to
be the sum for which the property might reasonably be expected to be let out from year to
year. This contemplates the possible rent that the property might fetch and certainly not the
interest on fixed deposit that may be placed by the tenant with the landlord in connection with
the letting out of such property. Thus, the notional interest is neither assessable as business
income nor as income from house property.

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