Thermalfluid Lab – MEC 554 / LSRC / SCA Rev.

01-2017

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Program : Bachelor of Engineering (Hons.) Mechanical

Course : Thermalfluids Lab
Course Code : MEC 554
Lecturer/Tutor Name : PM DR. RAMLAN ZAILANI
Group : EMD5M2B2

Lab Report

Experiment’s
Tittle

FLOW CHARACTERISTIC THROUGH THE CONVERGENT-DIVERGENT DUCT

Bil Student Name Student ID

1. Ahmad Syamil Bin Shahruddin 2019654456
2. Akmal Syazli Bin A’Aziyuddin 2019689028
3. Alif Ikhwan Bin Khairunnizam 2019452212
4. Alisa Afzan Binti Mohd Rasani 2019695932

Lab Session : 21 Disember 2020 Approved by:

(Date)

Submission of Report : 27 Disember 2020 Received by:

(Date)
 Assessment Rubric: Technical Content. 6 0 marks

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Criteria Poor Acceptable Excellent
1. Introduction • Unable to generate a • Adequately generate • Student capable to generate a
(10 marks) complete theoretical formula theoretical formula with small complete theoretical formula
i.e. only writing the final errors. from the beginning.
formula. • Make some but tolerable • All relevant engineering
• Make many errors in errors in applications of principles and concepts are
applications of engineering engineering principles and accurately and comprehensively
principles and concepts. concepts. demonstrated and applied.
2. Experimental • Unable to produce and • Adequately produce an • Student capable to produce a
Procedure appropriate procedure to run appropriate procedure to run detailed procedure to run the
(10 marks) the experiment. the experiment i.e. missing experiment.
• Having no objective(s). steps in procedure. • Objective clearly defined.
Would not allow experiment • Having objective(s). Would Would allow experiments to
to achieve any goals. allow experiment to achieve achieve goals.
most goals.
3. Data / result and • Unable to present • Adequately present • Students capable to articulate
Sample Calculation experimental result using experimental result using experimental result using
(20 marks) appropriate tables, charts, appropriate tables, charts, appropriate tables, charts,
graphs or other presentation graphs or other presentation graphs or other presentation
formats. formats. formats.
4. Discussion and • Unable to relate theoretical • Adequately relate theoretical • Students capable to relate
Conclusion analysis with experimental analysis with experimental theoretical analysis with
(20 marks) result and their practical result and their practical experimental result and their
implication. implication. practical implication.
• Unable to come out a clear • Conclusion is not clear, but • Student capable to express a
and understandable yet, understandable in such clear and concise conclusion.
conclusion. manner.
 Assessment Rubric: Writing Performance Level. 20 marks

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Criteria Poor Acceptable Excellent
1. Structure • Paragraphs are poorly • Paragraphs are usually well • All paragraphs are well
(5marks) organized; use of sections is organized; use of sections is organized; use of sections is
illogical and hinders logical and generally allows logical and allows easy
document navigation. easy document navigation. navigation through the
document.

2. Graphics, figures, • Figures, tables and equations • Some figures, tables and • All figures, tables and equations
tables and equations. are not clearly or logically equations are logically are clearly and logically
(5marks) identified and fail to support identified and adequately identified and strongly support
the text. support the text. the text.

3. Mechanics • Sentences are poorly written; • Sentences are generally well • Sentences are well written; there
(5marks) numerous incorrect word written; a few incorrect word are no incorrect word choices
choices and errors in choices and errors in grammar, and the text is free of errors in
grammar, punctuation and punctuation and spelling. grammar, punctuation and
spelling. spelling.

4. Formatting and • Report is formatted poorly • Formatting of the report is • Formatting of the report is
references and lacks a quality cover genarally consistent and professional and includes a
(5marks) page and index. adequate,includes a quality professional cover page and
• Fails to correctly report any cover page and index. index.
sources or to utilize • Most sources are correctly • All sources are correctly
appropriate citation forms. reported; appropriate citation reported; appropriate citation
forms are genarally utilized. forms are utilized thoughout.
 FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
40450 SHAH ALAM
SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN
Tel: 03-55435190 Fax: 03-55435160

_ _

REPORT ASSESSMENT FORM

Experiment’s Title:

_ FLOW CHARACTERISTIC THROUGH THE CONVERGENT-DIVERGENT DUCT _

Prepared by:

Bil Name Matrix No

1. Ahmad Syamil Bin Shahruddin 2019654456
2. Akmal Syazli Bin A’Aziyuddin 2019689028
3. Alif Ikhwan Bin Khairunnizam 2019452212
4. Alisa Afzan Binti Mohd Rasani 2019695932

Assessment
No Technical Report Course Outcome FULL MARK GIVEN MARK
1 Introduction CO2 10
Experimental
2 C02 10
Procedures
Data/result/sample of
3 CO2 20
calculation
Discussion and
4 CO2 20
Conclusion
TOTAL 60 /60
Assessment
No Writing Performance Course Outcome FULL MARK GIVEN MARK
1 Structure CO3 5
2 Graphics/Figures/Tabl C03 5
es
3 Mechanics CO3 5
Formatting and
4 CO3 5
references
TOTAL 20 /20
TOTAL 80 /80
MARKS
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................. 2

2.0 OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................................................... 2

3.0 THEORY ............................................................................................................................... 2

4.0 APPARATUS ........................................................................................................................ 7

5.0 PROCEDURE ....................................................................................................................... 7

6.0 RESULT ................................................................................................................................ 8

7.0 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ................................................................................ 14

8.0 REFERENCES.................................................................................................................... 23
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In a duct, the cross section where the direction the fluid flow experience converging because it
is decreasing until the minimum area is reached. In the other hands, after the convergence zone,
the cross section of the duct increasing and the flow becomes converges. During the
convergence and divergence conditions, the air flow pressure and velocity were changed.
According to the Bernoulli’s Principle, it is stated that when the speed of the air increase, the
pressure will decrease and the its potential energy also decrease. This principle is valid for any
type of fluid.

Figure 1: Bernoulli's Theorem.

The sum of the potential energy and the kinetic energy in this system is constant. That is why
when the fluid flow from larger cross section into the smaller section, its velocity and pressure
changes because the change in kinetic energy.

2.0 OBJECTIVES
The objective of this experiment is;
i. To study the pressure-mass flow rate characteristic for convergent-divergent duct.

3.0 THEORY
In a converging nozzle, the highest velocity is limited to the sonic velocity (Ma = 1), which
arises at the nozzle escape plane (throat). Only by adding a diverging flow segment to the
subsonic nozzle at the throat (a converging-diverging nozzle), which is common equipment in
supersonic aircraft and rocket propulsion, can accelerating a fluid to supersonic velocities (Ma
> 1) be achieved.

2
For the past few decades, converging-diverging nozzles have been commonly used in many
engineering contexts, from civil and mechanical to aerospace systems. At the nozzle outlet,
they are expected to propel fluids to supersonic speeds. This fact is used by nearly all rockets
to create a powerful propulsion device to arrive at high speeds. The mixture of flows achieved,
both subsonic and supersonic, and the resulting variety of properties such as force per unit area,
density and temperature, though their performance is of a clear appearance, make the
fundamental investigation of their performance more difficult than first expected. Their action
depends on the ratio between the pressures of inlet stagnation and back pressure release.

The most important thing in compressible flow is the Mach number, Ma = V/a, where V is the
flow velocity and a is the sound velocity [a = (kRT) 1/2 for an ideal gas]. The compressibility
effects are unimportant if the Mach number is minimal (less than about 0.3). For 0.3 < Ma <
1.0, the flow is still subsonic (meaning velocity V is smaller than sound velocity), but the
consequences of compressibility (i.e., density changes) are significant. The flow is called sonic
at Ma = 1.0, since V = a. The movement is called supersonic at Mach numbers greater than 1.0,
because the velocity is greater than the speed of sound. Bullets fired at supersonic velocities
from a gun fly, as do some piston aircraft. The flow is considered hyper-sonic as the Mach
number gets very high (greater than around 3.0).

The volume flow rate rises as this ratio is brought down from unity, until a maximal value is
achieved where the Mach number in the throat turns sonic (Mach no = 1). This is described as
"Choked flow". The flow becomes supersonic in the diverging nozzle as the ratio is further
reduced, before the specification pressure ratio is reached (0.53 for air) with supersonic flow
occurring at the outlet of the nozzle. The flow becomes more complex after this, and regular
and oblique shock waves continue to take place inside and outside the nozzle. The aim of this
study is to advance an interpretation of the existence of this flaw by analyzing the impact of
pressure ratios on the mass flow rate of aviation through the device and the various
concentrations of pressures that come through the nose at differing distances.

3
 Figure 2: Convergent-Divergent Duct.

By referencing the above figure, the equation of steady energy between 0 and 2 is defined by:

For gas with small elevations differences, ∆gz ≈ 0

'0' indicates the conditions of stagnation for the Isentropic Flow where there is no work
exchanged, so Vo= 0.0.
Equation 1 now, then, is,

4
 𝑃
But 𝑃 = ƿ𝑅𝑇, so 𝑇 = ƿ𝑅

Substitute (3) and (4) into (2),

For isentropic flow,

5
Substitute (6) in (5),

6
4.0 APPARATUS
Convergent divergent duct, inclined manometer and U-tube manometer.

5.0 PROCEDURE
1. Switch off all the electrical supply.

2. Tube must be connected to the compressor inlet.

3. The air flow into the duct should be not any blockage/object around the duct.

4. The throat valve at the compressor exhaust must be closed to avoid an unnecessary
manometers fluid drawn into the compressor.

5. To read (Po – PI), the inclined manometer must be connected and to read (Po – P2), (Po – P3)
the U-tube manometer must be connected.

6. Speed control been set to 0 and ‘Run’ button should be push on (the indicator light will be
turn on). Then, slowly rotate the speed control knob clockwise until the desired level to increase
the motor speed.

7. The motor speed or the exhaust valve must be adjusted to give approximately 30 sets of
readings.

8. The reading of barometric pressure P0 and the atmospheric temperature must be taken.

7
6.0 RESULT
Given Data;
𝑑1 = 𝑑3 = 24𝑚𝑚
𝑑2 = 9.5𝑚𝑚
𝑃0 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 101.325𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃1 = 0.08𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝜌ℎ𝑔 = 13000𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.225𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝐾𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.4

Sample Calculation;
From the equation of 𝑃 = 𝜌ℎ𝑔,
When 𝜌𝑔ℎ = 13600𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 , ℎ2 = 0.005𝑚, ℎ3 = 0.002𝑚, 𝑔 = 9.81𝑚/𝑠,
So;
𝑃2 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ ℎ2 𝑔32
= (13600)(0.005)(9.81)
= 0.667𝑘𝑃𝑎
and,
𝑃3 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ ℎ3 𝑔
= (13600)(0.002)(9.81)
= 0.267𝑘𝑃𝑎

Relative Pressure;
𝑃0 = 101.325𝑘𝑃𝑎,
𝑃1 = 0.08𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑃0 − 𝑃1 = 101.325 − 0.08
= 101.245𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑃0 − 𝑃2 = 101.325 − 0.667
= 100.658𝑘𝑃𝑎

8
 𝑃0 − 𝑃3 = 101.325 − 0.267
= 101.058𝑘𝑃𝑎

It is known that;
𝑟 = 𝑃2 /𝑃0 ,
𝐴2 = 𝜋(4.75 × 10−3 )2
= 7.088 × 10−5 𝑚2,
and,

2𝑘 𝑃0 2 𝑘+1
𝑚̇ = 𝜌0 𝐴2 √ (𝑟 𝑘 − 𝑟 𝑘 )
𝑘 − 1 𝜌0

So;
0.667
𝑟 =
101.325
= 0.0066
and,

2(1.4) 101325 2 1.4+1

𝑚̇ = (1.225)(7.088 × 10−5 )√ (0.00661.4 − 0.0066 1.4 )
1.4 − 1 1.225

= 1.597 × 10−3 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

While for Theoretical Values;

𝑚̇ = 𝜌0 𝐴2 √𝑘𝑅𝑇0

= (1.225)(7.088 × 10−5 )√(1.4)(287)(293)

= 0.0298𝑘𝑔/𝑠

1.4
𝑟 = ( 2 )1.4−1
1.4 + 1
= 0.5283

9
 h2 h3 P2 P3 P0-P1 P0-P2 P0-P3 ṁ
No ʅ R
(mm) (mm) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kg/s)
1 0.08 5 2 0.667 0.267 101.245 100.658 101.058 0.0066 0.00159
2 0.16 10 2 1.334 0.267 101.165 99.991 101.058 0.0132 0.00253
3 0.24 17 4 2.268 0.534 101.085 99.057 100.791 0.0224 0.00356
4 0.32 22 4 2.935 0.534 101.005 98.390 100.791 0.0290 0.00420
5 0.4 26 5 3.469 0.667 100.925 97.856 100.658 0.0342 0.00467
6 0.48 34 6 4.536 0.800 100.845 96.789 100.525 0.0448 0.00551
7 0.56 29 7 3.869 0.934 100.765 97.456 100.391 0.0382 0.00499
8 0.64 48 9 6.404 1.201 100.685 94.921 100.124 0.0632 0.00679
9 0.72 51 10 6.804 1.334 100.605 94.521 99.991 0.0672 0.00704
10 0.8 57 10 7.605 1.334 100.525 93.720 99.991 0.0751 0.00751
11 0.88 66 12 8.805 1.601 100.445 92.520 99.724 0.0869 0.00818
12 0.96 78 16 10.406 2.135 100.365 90.919 99.190 0.1027 0.00899
13 1.04 90 17 12.007 2.268 100.285 89.318 99.057 0.1185 0.00973
14 1.12 102 19 13.608 2.535 100.205 87.717 98.790 0.1343 0.01040
15 1.2 115 20 15.343 2.668 100.125 85.982 98.657 0.1514 0.01108
16 1.28 124 22 16.544 2.935 100.045 84.781 98.390 0.1633 0.01151
17 1.36 134 24 17.878 3.202 99.965 83.447 98.123 0.1764 0.01196
18 1.44 143 25 19.078 3.335 99.885 82.247 97.990 0.1883 0.01235
19 1.52 156 27 20.813 3.602 99.805 80.512 97.723 0.2054 0.01287
20 1.6 167 28 22.280 3.736 99.725 79.045 97.589 0.2199 0.01327
21 1.68 180 31 24.015 4.136 99.645 77.310 97.189 0.2370 0.01372
22 1.76 193 32 25.749 4.269 99.565 75.576 97.056 0.2541 0.01413
23 1.84 206 35 27.484 4.670 99.485 73.841 96.655 0.2712 0.01451
24 1.92 222 39 29.618 5.203 99.405 71.707 96.122 0.2923 0.01494
25 2 236 41 31.486 5.470 99.325 69.839 95.855 0.3107 0.01528
26 2.08 253 43 33.754 5.737 99.245 67.571 95.588 0.3331 0.01564
27 2.16 273 46 36.423 6.137 99.165 64.902 95.188 0.3595 0.01602
28 2.24 298 50 39.758 6.671 99.085 61.567 94.654 0.3924 0.01640
29 2.32 NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL
30 2.4 NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL
Table 1: Complete result.

10
 Mass Flow Rate Vs (P0-P2)
120

100

80
(P0-P2), kPa

60

40

20

0.012
0.000

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.010

0.014

0.016

0.018
Mass Flow Rate, kg/s

Figure 3: Mass Flow Rate Vs (P0-P2) graph.

Mass Flow Rate VS P2

45

40

35

30

25
P2, kPa

20

15

10

0
0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018
Mass Flow Rate, kg/s

Figure 4: Mass Flow Rate Vs P2 graph.

11
 P3, kPa

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
(P0-P3), kPa
0.002

90
92
94
96
98
100
102

0.003
0.002
0.004
0.003
0.004 0.004
0.005 0.004
0.006 0.005
0.005 0.006
0.007 0.005
0.007 0.007
0.008 0.007
0.008 0.008
0.009 0.008
0.010 0.009
0.010 0.010

12
0.010
0.011
0.011
0.012
0.012
0.012

Mass Flow Rate, kg/s

0.012

Mass Flow Rate, kg/s

Mass Flow Rate VS P3

0.012
Mass Flow Rate VS (P0-P3)

0.012
0.013
0.013
0.013

Figure 6: Mass Flow Rate Vs P3 graph.

0.013

Figure 5: Mass Flow Rate Vs (P0-P3) graph.

0.014 0.014
0.014 0.014
0.015 0.015
0.015 0.015
0.015 0.015
0.016 0.016
0.016 0.016
0.016 0.016
 (P0-P2) VS (P0-P3)
102

100

98
(P0-P3), kPa

96

94

92

90
101100 99 98 98 97 97 95 95 94 93 91 89 88 86 85 83 82 81 79 77 76 74 72 70 68 65 62
(P0-P2), kPa

Figure 7: (P0-P2) Vs (P0-P3) graph.

13
 7.0 DISCUSSION
AND CONCLUSION

14
AHMAD SYAMIL BIN SHAHRUDDIN 2019654456

DISCUSSION
Based on the result that was recorded during the experiment, graph had been plotted
and the theoretical value had been compared to the experimental values. From the graph, it is
shown that the pressure had connection with the mass flowrate. This can be concluded that the
theory of the experiment was proved by looking into the characteristic of the fluid when moving
through the convergent/divergent fluid, when the velocity increases, the pressure decreases.
From first, second and third graph, the graph declined shows the when the pressure decreases,
the mass flow rate increases.
By comparing the theoretical value with the experimental value, there are large
percentage of error. This is because during conducting the experiment there are maybe some
error. For example, systematic error, where the error may come from the equipment itself. The
wear and tear of the error by repeating uses may degrade the performance of the equipment. In
order to reduce the error, maintenance must be conducted by following the manufacturer
recommendation and recalibration must be done commonly. After that, random errors that
comes from reading the scale. When reading the scales of the U-tube manometer and inclined
manometer, eyes must be perpendicular to the scales and read the bottom meniscus of the water.
In addition, the step must be repeated and the average of the data were recorded.

15
AHMAD SYAMIL BIN SHAHRUDDIN 2019654456

CONCLUSION
For the conclusion, the experiment was successfully done because all the objective of the
experiment was achieved. From the graph, the characteristic of the fluid when flowing through
the converging/diverging nozzle can be seen and analyzed. By using the formula, the mass flow
rate of the fluid was calculated and recorded. From the result and the calculation, it is shown
the connection between the pressure and the mass flow rate, where when the velocity of the
fluid increases, the pressure is decreased.

16
AKMAL SYAZLI BIN A’AZIYUDDIN 2019689028

DISCUSSION
The findings were determined from the average raw data of two experiment
experiments using a formula derive based on the common portion of previous history
and theory. It can be observed that we were able to record the pressure flow in the
inlet, throat and outlet pressure from the compressible flow bench, C1-MKII. We are
also able to measure the mass flow rate for each pressure flow from the reported data.
The pattern of the graph from graph 1 to graph 5 is almost distinct from the graph.
Problems experienced were a pressure sensor error not showing zero at the diverging
section, and to fix the problem, data needed to be deducted. In addition, at the moment,
only one pressure sensor may be used, which can influence the precision of the
measurements since the tube has to be plugged and unplugged. Due to broken pressure
digital sensor, however, manometer must be used for converging and throat section.
The trend demonstrates inversely proportionally where mass flow increases when
the value pressure decreases for the first and third graphs. In the second and fourth
plots, the mass flow rate value increases as the pressure value increases. The pattern
of the graph grows steadily. For the last graph, the value pressure at the throat section
is seen as opposed to the pressure at the diverging section, which is often raised as the
pressure at the throat increases. The maximum value mass flow rate, is 0.01640 while
the minimum value P2/P0 is 6.583x10-6. The value concludes that the P2/P0 value
often increases as the mass flow rate increases.
In order to prevent data failures for the next experiment, future maintenance of
the machine had to be performed. Repeating the test with more detailed results may
also be achieved. Last but not least, in converging-diverging nozzles, the experiment
lets one grasp the compressible flow.

17
AKMAL SYAZLI BIN A’AZIYUDDIN 2019689028

CONCLUSION
In the converging-diverging nozzle, the experiment appeared to demonstrate
compressible flow. The pressure-mass flow rate typical of the convergent-divergent
duct has also been found. Furthermore, this experiment reveals the choking
phenomenon where the conservation of mass theory allows the fluid velocity to rise
as it passes through the narrower cross-sectional area of the constraint under initially
subsonic upstream conditions.

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ALIF IKHWAN BIN KHAIRUNNIZAM 2019452212

DISCUSSION
The experiment shows the calculation based on theory and experiment result have a
difference between them. This may due to some errors that cannot be avoid during the
experiment. For theoretical value, the mass flow rate is 0.0298kg/s and mass flow rate in
experiment is 0.00159kg/s for 1 cycle. This shows the value for experiment is smaller than
theoretical value. Based on the data, the minimum mass flow rate is 0.00159kg/s and the
maximum mass flow rate is 0.01640kg/s.
Next, there is some errors during the experiment that is affects the calculation in the
experiment. To avoid this problems, participants should conduct the experiment that has no
sort of vibration at the place. Besides, the data should be taken at least 3 times to get the
averaged and achieved the precision value during calculation. Lastly, participants should avoid
difference manometer for take the pressure value that can cause errors.

19
ALIF IKHWAN BIN KHAIRUNNIZAM 2019452212

CONCLUSION
Based on the experiment, the objectives have been achieved with applying all the theory
knowledge which is regarding pressure-mass flow rate characteristics for convergent-divergent
duct and demonstrate the phenomena of choking. In conclusion, as the flow of gas through the
nozzle increase in velocity, it will affects the drag coefficient of bodies by the formation of
shockwaves.

20
ALISA AFZAN BINTI MOHD RASANI 2019695932

DISCUSSION
Based on the result that had been obtained, it shows that the value of mass flowrate is
decrease in graph one when the pressure is increase. This is because of the high-speed air flow
that enter results to increasing of pressure. This graph proved that the value of pressure will
affect the mass flowrate. For the second graph its than show that the mass flowrate is increasing
along with the value of the pressure. For the third graph, the results are similar to the first graph.
The difference in cross section area might affect the final graph result. The value of mass
flowrate that obtain from the experiment are lower than the value of mass flowrate for the
theoretical. This might be the result of certain error that might be occurred during the
experiment. There are some things to be taken seriously while conducting this experiment
which is make sure to read the measurement precisely as possible. The eye level must be
perpendicular to the measurement scale. Other than that, the reading must be taken at the
bottom of the curve of the liquid.

21
ALISA AFZAN BINTI MOHD RASANI 2019695932

CONCLUSION
For the conclusion, the experiment that had been conducted are successful. From the
experiment the result show that the increase of pressure will results to increase of mass
flowrate. The graph show that the connection between the mass flowrate and the pressure.
Overall, the experiment that had been conducted are successful and the objectives of this
experiment are obtained.

22
8.0 REFERENCES
• Bernoulli Equation. (n.d.). Retrieved December 27, 2020, from [Link]
[Link]/hbase/[Link]

• Bloomer, J. J. (2000). Practical fluid mechanics for engineering applications. New

York, NY: Dekker.

• convergent-divergent duct. (n.d.) An Illustrated Dictionary of Aviation. (2005).

Retrieved December 27 2020
from [Link]

• Imrie, B. W. (1973). Compressible fluid flow. London: Butterworths.

• Murdock, J. W. (1993). Fundamental fluid mechanics for the practicing engineer. New
York: M. Dekker.

• Shargorodsky, E. M., & Toland, J. F. (2009). Bernoulli free-boundary problems.

Providence: American Mathematical Society.

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