ENCE 454: Concrete
Structure
Design Project
Section 0101: Grace Russell, Sonia Sarre
Section 0102: Diana Dorsie, Natdanai Wongsaeng
Dr. Amde M. Amde
December 7, 2020
Table of Contents
1. Introduction 3
1.1. Problem Statement 3
1.2. Building Overview 3
1.3. Preliminary Value Estimations 5
1.4. Assumptions 7
2. Calculations 8
2.1. T-Beam D1-D8 on Floor 5 Design: 13
2.4. Column D3 15
2.6. Footing for Column D3 17
3. Analysis of Design Results 21
4. Conclusion 22
5. References 24
Table of Tables
Table 1: Preliminary Loads for the Roof. 5
Table 2: Preliminary Loads for the Floor. 6
Table 3: Preliminary Values for the Footings. 6
Table 4: Flexural Strength of Rectangular Sections with Tension. 8
Table 5: Design Parameters at Strain Limit of 0.05 for Tension-Controlled Sections. 9
Table 6: Air Density for Specific Temperatures. 12
Table of Figures
Figure 1: Office Building Plan View with Column D3 Highlighted. 4
Figure 2: Office Building Elevation View - South Face. 4
Figure 3: 3-D Rendering of Office Building with Highlighted 5th Floor. 5
Figure 4: Ultimate Design Wind Speeds. 10
Figure 5: 3-D Rendering of T-Beam D1-D8. 14
Figure 6: 3-D Rendering of Column D3. 16
Figure 7: 3-D Rendering of the Footing for Column D3. 17
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1. Introduction
1.1. Problem Statement
A six-story office building in College Park, Maryland needs to be designed using a
reinforced concrete frame with a one-way slab and beam floor system. The amount of steel
required at the maximum moments of the T-beam D1-D8 on the fifth floor needs to be
designed. Additionally, the section required for column D3 on the third floor and its footing
needs to be calculated and designed. Architectural and structural requirements need to be met,
along with ACI 318 Building Code and Commentary.
1.2. Building Overview
Several parameters were given in the project statement. The building is to be a six-story
structure with a reinforced concrete frame with a one-way slab and beam floor system. The
column locations and framing arrangements obtained in the preliminary design satisfy both
architectural and structural requirements. Additionally, shear walls will resist lateral loads on
office building. The following figures depict the floor plans of the building and overall structure
of the building.
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Figure 1: Office Building Plan View with Column D3 Highlighted.
Figure 2: Office Building Elevation View - South Face.
3
Figure 3: 3-D Rendering of Office Building with Highlighted 5th Floor.
1.3. Preliminary Value Estimations
I. Roof
Table 1: Preliminary Loads for the Roof.
Preliminary Loads Unfactored Load (psf)
Snow 35
Roofing Material 20
Mechanical Equipment, Ceilings, etc. 20
Slab (assume 6 inches) 75
4
II. Floor
Table 2: Preliminary Loads for the Floor.
Preliminary Loads Unfactored Load (psf)
Live Load 100
Mechanical Equipment, Ceilings, etc. 25
Partitions 35
Slab (assume 6 inches) 75
III. Footings
Table 3: Preliminary Values for the Footings.
Preliminary Values Unfactored Value
Average Weight of Soil and Concrete 120 pcf
Above the footing
Permissible Soil Pressure 5.5 ksf
Frost Line Distance Below Grade 5 ft
1.4. Assumptions
There are several assumptions that are needed before proceeding with the design of the T-
beam, column, and footing.
I. Normal weight concrete, γ = 150 lb/ft3
II. Compressive strength of concrete, fc’= 5,000 psi; and yield stress, fy’= 60,000 psi
III. Unit weight of soil and concrete above the footing γ = 120 lb/ft3
IV. Permissible soil pressure = 5.5 kips/ft3
V. Minimum reinforcement cover, d’ = 3 in
5
VI. Average wind speed in College Park area is 110mph = 161.3ft/sec
VII. LRFD Load Combination: U = 1.2DL + 1.0W + 1.0L + 0.5S (ACI Code Eq 9-4)
2. Calculations
The first step in the calculations process was to find the required strength from the
factored loads. From there, we were able to calculate the rest of the initial parameters for the
building. Once that was completed, the T-Beam’s positive and negative moment designs could
be calculated, along with their respective reinforcements. Then, we moved on to the column
design and its ties, as well as the footing and footing reinforcements. The tables used for
various calculations follow below.
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Table 4: Flexural Strength of Rectangular Sections with Tension.
Table 5: Design Parameters at Strain Limit of 0.05 for Tension-Controlled Sections.
U roof =1.2 D+1.0 W + 1.0 L+0.5 ( Lr∨S)
Where: D = Dead Load, W = Wind Load, L = Live Load, S = Snow Load
Assumptions:
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D=35 psf +20 psf +75 psf =130 psf , W =p d , p d =1/ 2∗⍴∗v 2
V =110 mph∈College Park area,∧⍴=0.081 lbm/ f t 3
W =1/2∗(0.081/32.2)(lb f 2 / f t 4 )∗¿
L=0 , S=35 psf
U roof =1.2(130 psf )+1(32.72 psf )+1( 0)+ 0.5(35 psf )¿ 206.22 psf
Equation 9-3: U floor=1.2 D+ 1.6(Lr , S ,∨R)+(1.0 L∨0.5W )
U roof =1.2(130 psf )+1.6 (35 psf )+0.5(32.72 psf ) ¿ 228.36 psf
To be conservative, use U roof = 228.36 psf
U floor=1.2 D+ 1.6 L+ 0.5 S (9-2)
D=25 psf +35 psf +75 psf =135 psf , W =32.72 psf
L=100 psf +32.72 psf , S=35 psf
U floor=1.2(135 psf )+1.6 (132.72 psf )+0.5(35 psf )=391.852 psf
So, U floor= 391.852 psf
At =18 ft∗18 ft =324 f t 2
P=U roof∗A t +(5 floors)∗U floor∗A t =228.36 psf ∗324 f t 2 +5∗391.852 psf ∗324 f t 2
P=708.78888 kips
ɸ=0.9 , β 1=0.8 ,∧⍴t =0.02125(from Table 5),
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M D =w d l 2 /8
w d =(25 psf +35 psf +75 psf )∗18 ft=2430 lbf /ft
M D =2430 lbf /ft∗¿
M L =wL∗l 2 /8
w L =(32.72 psf +100 psf ) 18 ft =2388.96 psf
M L =2388.96 psf∗¿ ¿ 96.75288 kips−ft
M U =1.2∗M D +1.6 M L =1.2∗98.415 kips−ft +1.6∗96.75288 kips−ft
M U =272.9 kips−ft .=3274831.296 lbf −¿
Assuming d=18∈¿ b w =12∈¿
M u /(Φf ' c b d 2 )=3274831.296 lbf −¿/¿
ω=0.0807(from Table 4)
a=1.18 ω d= A s f y /0.85 f ' c b
a=1.18 ω d=1.714 <2.5∈¿
A s required =ω f ' c bd / fy=1.4526 i n2
Use 2 #9 bars, As = 2 in2
9
Figure 4: Ultimate Design Wind Speeds.
10
Table 6: Air Density for Specific Temperatures.
2.1. T-Beam D1-D8 on Floor 5 Design:
Assumptions:
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Beam width and column dimension (assuming square column) should be equal to each
other in order for a flush design.
Beam dimensions:
Depth d t =18, height of flange h f =¿ 6 in, Width b w =¿12 in
w u=U floor∗l=(391.852)(18)=7.053336 kips/ft
d clear l
b e =min {8 t slab , , }
2 4
t slab =6
∴ b E=8 (6)=48
2.2. Design for (+) Moment
163.234∗12
¿¿ =0.02798
0.9∗5∗48∗1 82
ω=0.0275
a=1.18 ω d t =0.5841i n❑
a< hf →Rectangular section design
a 0.5841
c= = =0.73∈¿
β1 0.8
12
c 0.73
= =0.0405<0.375 →Tension controlled
d t 18
0.85 f c ' a b❑ 0.85∗5∗0.5841∗12
A s= = =0.496i n2
fy 60
→Use 1 #9 bars, As = 1 in2
As 0.6
⍴= = =0.00277
b d t 12∗18
⍴min =0.0018
∴ ⍴>⍴ min
2.3. Design for (-) Moment
228.528∗12
¿¿ =¿0.03919
0.9∗5∗48∗1 82
ω=¿0.0381
a=1.18 ω d t =0.809∈¿
a< hf →Rectangular section design
a 0.809
c= = =1.012
β1 0.8
c 1.012
= =0.056<0.375 →Tension controlled
dt 18
0.85 f c ' a b❑ 0.85∗5∗0.809∗48
A s= = =2.7506 i n2
fy 60
→Use 3 #9 bars, As = 3 in2
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ρ=0.00833
200 √❑
ρmin =max { ,3
fy ❑
∴ ⍴>⍴ min
Figure 5: 3-D Rendering of T-Beam D1-D8.
2.4. Column D3
At =18 '∗18' =324 f t 2
P=U roof∗A t +(5 floors)∗U floor∗A t =228.36 psf ∗324 f t 2 +5∗391.852 psf ∗324 f t 2
P=708.78888 kips
M U =272.9 kips−ft .=3274.831 kips−¿
MU
e= =4.6203
P
b E =48∈¿, b w =12∈¿, d = 18 in, and d’= 3 in
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∴Use 4 #9 bars, As = As’ = 4 in2
2.5. Checking for Tension Control
c=0.375(d t )=0.375∗18=6.75∈¿
a=β 1 c=0.8∗6.75=5.4∈¿
d'
ε s '=0.003 (1− )=0.003 ¿
c
f s '=E s ε s ' =29000∗0.001667=48.333 ksi
f s=60 ksi
C c =0.85 f c ' b E a=0.85∗5 ksi∗48 ∈¿ 5.4 ∈¿ 1101.6 kips
C s= A s '∗f s '=4 i n2∗48.333 ksi=193.332 kips
T = A s∗f y =4 in 2∗60 ksi=240 kips
Pn=C s +C c −T =1101.6 kips+ 193.332kips−240 kips=1054.932 kips
a
M n=C c ( ȳ − )+C s ( ȳ −d ')−T ( d '− ȳ )=4935.276 kips−¿
2
Mn
et = =4.678∈¿ 4.62∈¿ , so tension controlled
Pn
Pu=0.9(Pn)=949.44 kips>708.788 kips
M u=0.9( M n)=4441.75 kips−¿> 3274.83 kips−¿
Spacing of ties
For no.3 ties, s= min{48(0.375in), 18(1in), 18 in)}, ∴s = 18 in
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Figure 6: 3-D Rendering of Column D3.
2.6. Footing for Column D3
q net =qallow −γ below (D)=5.5−0.120(5)=4.9 kips/f t 2
At =18 ft∗18 ft =324 f t 2
U floor +U roof 228.36+391.852
A f (req)= = =126.57 f t 2
qnet 4.9
A f =144 f t 2 → x=12 ft
U roof =1.2(130 psf )+1.6 (35 psf )+0.5(32.72 psf )=228.36 psf
U floor=1.2(135 psf )+1.6 (132.72 psf )+0.5(35 psf )=391.852 psf
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P=U roof∗A t +(5 floors)∗U floor∗A t =228.36 psf ∗324 f t 2 +5∗391.852 psf ∗324 f t 2
P=708.78888 kips
P 708.788
q s= = =4.922 kips/f t 2
Af 144
Figure 7: 3-D Rendering of the Footing for Column D3.
2.7. Checking for Wide Beam Action
V u=qs∗Tributary Area
assuming overall footing thickness=33∈, d=28∈, b w =144∈¿
Tributary Area=d∗b w =28 f t 2
V u=4.922 kips/f t 2∗28 f t 2=137.816 kips
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Φ V n =Φ ¿
Φ V n >V u =O. K .
2.8. Checking for Two Way Action
V u=qs∗Tributary Area
Assuming c 1=c 2=12∈¿
(12+28)∗2
Tributary Area=[12 ft∗12 ft − ]=137.33 f t 2
144
V u=4.922 kips/f t 2∗137.33 f t 2=675.95 kips
Vc
λ √❑
b o=4(12+28)=160∈¿
bo
β=12/12=1, =160 /28=5.71, α s=40(for interior columns )
d
Vc
λ √❑
Φ V c = λ √❑
Φ V c =0.75∗4∈¿ 1∗√❑
Φ V c >V u=O . K .
2.9. Footing Steel Reinforcement
q s∗b w∗[(b w −d w )/2] 2
M u=
2
18
Assuming width of footing (b w) = 12 ft, width of column (d w ) = 12 in (1 ft)
M u=¿ 4.922 kips /ft 2∗12∗¿ ¿906.05 k-ft
Mu 906.05∗12∈¿ 1000 lb
Rn = 2
= =107 psi (assuming tension controlled, Φ=0.9)
Φb d 0.9∗144∗282
0.85 f ' c
ρ= ¿
fy
ρ(gross area) =(d /h)∗0.001806=(28/33)∗0.001806=0.00153
ρ(gross area) <0.0018 ( ρmin for Grade 60 reinforcements)
Use ρmin : 0.0018∗33 /28=0.00212 instead
Required A s=ρ bd=0.00212∗144∗28=8.54 ¿2
So, use 9-No.9 bars ( A s=9 ¿2 )
2.10. Check Net Tensile Strain
As f y 9∗60
a= = =0.882, c=a/ β 1=0.882/0.8=1.103
0.85 f ' c b 0.85∗5∗144
ε t + 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003
= → ε t=( ) d t−0.003=( )28−0.003=0.0731
dt c c 1.103
ε t >0.005=O. K .initial assumption valid, use 7-No.10 bars each way
2.11. Check Development
d b∗3 f y Ψ t Ψ e Ψ s
ld =
40 λ √ ❑
144 48
− =48∈¿; l d =32.86∈¿ 48∈→No.10 bars can be fully developed
2 2
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3. Analysis of Design Results
According to our calculations, the required strengths from the roof and floor are 228.36
psf and 391.852 psf, respectively. These values prove the need for reinforcements within the
concrete, both at the columns and footings in the design. Our initial calculations showed a need
for three #7 bars to satisfy the area of steel reinforcement required. However, to be consistent
with rebars, two #9 bars are selected instead. Upon solving for an effective length of 48 inches
for the t-beams D1-D8 on the fifth floor, the reinforcements at both the positive and negative
moments could be found. The positive moment required one #9 bar, while the negative
moment, being the larger of the two, required three #9 bars to effectively reinforce the area.
From there, the column section for D3 and footings could be found. Keeping square
columns, dimensions were found to be 48in by 48in. Four #9 bars were needed to meet the
steel requirements found from these dimensions. In order to fully support this column, #3 ties
at a spacing of 18 inches were necessary. Footings were also designed for this column,
producing a 12ft by 12ft square footing to support its load. Reinforcements were necessary at
the base of the footing, utilizing nine #9 bars to meet the required steel area.
These designs were chosen to maximize cost-effectiveness and space available for the
building site. The fewest amount of reinforcements were chosen to satisfy the area required at
each location. Additionally, the same type of rebar was chosen at each location to remain
consistent throughout the building.
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4. Conclusion
This design project involves designing three different concrete structures of a six story
building, which includes one row of T-beams on the fifth floor, one column of the entire
building, and a foundation of that same column. The location of these structures can be seen on
Figure 1, Figure 2, and Figure 3. In order to design a concrete structure, some assumptions have
to be made initially to compute the initial calculations. Multiple iterations of calculations may
be needed to achieve the desired strength to meet the required safety specifications.
The dead load and the live load are two of the most important parameters on all the
structures designed. An extra wind load was added to the initial given live load data to be more
conservative. This wind load is calculated using the average wind speed and average
temperature in the College Park area. After that, the calculations for maximum load and
moment load where the structure has to withstand was computed.
From that initial calculations, required steel reinforcement in concrete was calculated.
Number 9 rebar was selected throughout the whole structure to keep consistency, which
makes some of the lighter bearing structures more conservative.
The T-beam from D1 to D8 on the fifth floor dimensions are calculated based on the
dead load with the assumed dimensions of the beam, dt = 18 in, height of flange = 6in, and
bw=12 in. Maximum of both positive and negative moments were computed in order to figure
out the section design shape, which the result is rectangular in this case. The total of four #9
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rebars are required at 3 inches above the bottom, and another four #9 rebars 3 inches down
from the top. The spacing of ties was calculated to be s= 18 in.
For the footing, the depth of it has to be 5 ft below grade since that’s the frost line of
that area. This is to avoid heave in soil in the winter. This depth is used to calculate the footing
design and there was no need for an adjustment. The dimensions for the footing is calculated to
be 12 ft by 12 ft with the thickness of 33 inches. The average effective thickness was assumed
to be 28 inches. A total of nine #9 reinforcement bars were required at 5 inches above the
bottom of the bottom of the footing.
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5. References
ACI Committee 318. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete : (ACI 318-95) ; and
Commentary (ACI 318R-95). Farmington Hills, MI :American Concrete Institute, 1995.
“Air - Density, Specific Weight and Thermal Expansion Coefficient at Varying Temperature and
Constant Pressures.” Engineering ToolBox, www.engineeringtoolbox.com/air-density-
specific-weight-d_600.html.
Chapter 16 Structural Design, section 1609 Wind Loads. Retrieved from
https://up.codes/viewer/maryland/ibc-2015/chapter/16/structural-design#1609.
(Accessed Dec 6 2020).
Fanella, David A., et al. “Recommended Details for Reinforced Concrete Construction.”
STRUCTURE Magazine, www.structuremag.org/?p=14801.
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