Matrix – HSSC Exams
Matrix: A matrix is an arrangement of numbers in rows and columns. A
matrix of order m × n is of the form
𝐚𝟏𝟏 𝐚𝟏𝟐 𝐚𝟏𝟑 … 𝐚𝟏𝐧
𝐚𝟐𝟏 𝐚𝟐𝟐 𝐚𝟐𝟑 … 𝐚𝟐𝐧
𝐀= … … … …
𝐚𝐦𝟏 𝐚𝐦𝟐 𝐚𝐦𝟑 𝐚𝐦𝐧 𝒎×𝒏
𝐚𝐢𝐣 is the element in the ith row and jth column.
If 𝐦 = 𝐧, then matrix is a square matrix. In a square matrix A, the diagonal
elements are 𝐚𝟏𝟏 , 𝐚𝟐𝟐 , 𝐚𝟑𝟑 , … . , 𝐚𝐧𝐧 .
Important Definitions
1. If all elements of a matrix are zero, then it is called a null or zero
matrix.
0 0
𝐴=
0 0
2. A matrix which has only one row and any number of columns is called
a row matrix and if it has only one column and any number of rows,
then it is called a column matrix.
Row Matrix → 𝑅 = [1 2 3]
1
Column Matrix → 𝐶 = 2
3
3. If in a matrix, the number of rows is less / greater than the number of
columns, then it is called horizontal / vertical matrix.
1 2 3
Horizontal Matrix → 𝐻 =
4 5 6
1 2
Vertical Matrix → 𝑉 = 3 4
5 6
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4. If all elements except the principal diagonal in a square matrix are zero,
it is called a diagonal matrix. The number of zeroes in a diagonal
matrix is given by 𝐧𝟐 − 𝐧, where n is the order of matrix.
𝒙 0 0
𝐴= 0 𝒚 0
0 0 𝒛
Here x, y, z are diagonal elements of the diagonal matrix A.
5. In a square matrix, if non-diagonal elements are zero and diagonal
elements are all same real numbers, then it is called a scalar matrix.
𝒌 0 0
𝐴= 0 𝒌 0
0 0 𝒌
6. In a square matrix, if non-diagonal elements are zero and diagonal
elements are all unity(1), then it is called a unit (identity) matrix.
𝟏 0 0
𝐈= 0 𝟏 0
0 0 𝟏
𝐚𝐢𝐣 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐢 ≤ 𝐣
7. Upper Triangular Matrix → 𝐔𝐢𝐣 =
𝟎 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐢 > 𝐣
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
Example: U= 0 𝟒 𝟓
0 0 𝟔
𝐚𝐢𝐣 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐢 ≥ 𝐣
Lower Triangular Matrix → 𝐋𝐢𝐣 =
𝟎 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐢 < 𝐣
𝟏 0 0
Example: L= 𝟓 𝟒 0
𝟐 𝟑 𝟔
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8. Equality of matrices: Two matrices 𝐀 and 𝐁 are said to be equal, if
they are of same order and all the corresponding elements are equal.
1 2 1 2
A= 3 4 and B = 3 4 ⇒ 𝐀=𝐁
5 6 5 6
Algebra of Matrices
1. Addition of matrices Let A = [a ] × and B = [b ] × are two matrices
of same order m × n, then
𝐀 + 𝐁 = 𝐚𝐢𝐣 + 𝐛𝐢𝐣
𝒎×𝒏
2. Subtraction of matrices Let A = [a ] × and B = [b ] × are two
matrices of same order m × n, then
𝐀 − 𝐁 = [𝐚𝐢𝐣 −𝐛𝐢𝐣 ]𝐦×𝐧 .
3. Multiplication of matrix by a scalar: Let A = [a ] be a 𝐦 × 𝐧 matrix and
𝐤 be any scalar. Then, the matrix obtained by multiplying each element of
A by k is called the scalar multiple of A by k.
1 2 3 k 2k 3k
k. A = k . 4 5 6 = 4k 5k 6k
7 8 9 7k 8k 9k
4. Multiplication of matrices Let A = [a ] × and B = [b ] × be any two
matrices such that number of columns of A is equal to the number of rows
of B, then the product matrix is C = [c ] × .
1 2
1 2 3
Let, 𝐴 = ,𝐵 = 3 4
4 5 6
5 6
1 2
1 2 3
Then 𝐶 = 𝐴. 𝐵 = . 3 4
4 5 6
5 6
(1 × 1 + 2 × 3 + 3 × 5 ) (1 × 2 + 2 × 4 + 3 × 6) 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟖
𝐶= =
(4 × 1 + 5 × 3 + 6 × 5 ) (4 × 2 + 5 × 4 + 6 × 6) 𝟒𝟗 𝟔𝟒 𝟐×𝟐
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Transpose of a Matrix
Let A be m × n matrix. Then, n × m matrix obtained by interchanging the
rows and columns of A is called the transpose of A and is denoted by A′ or
A or A .
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
Let, 𝐴 = 4 7 5
6 8 9
𝟏 4 6
𝑻 𝐂
Then, 𝑨 / 𝐀 / 𝐀 = 𝟐 7 8
𝟑 5 9
Important Results:
1. If A and B are two matrices of order m × n, then (A ± B) = A ± B
2. If k is a scalar, then (k A) = k A
3. (A ) = A
4. (AB) = B A
5. (A )′ = (A′)
Types of Matrices
The list of types of matrices and the situation in which they may arise is
given below
1. Idempotent matrix: A square matrix A is called an idempotent matrix, If it
satisfies the relation 𝐀𝟐 = 𝐀.
If A and B are idempotent matrices, then A + B is idempotent if and only if
AB = BA.
2. Involutary matrix: A square matrix A is called an involutary matrix, if it
satisfies the relation 𝐀𝟐 = 𝐈.
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3. Symmetric matrix: A square matrix A is called symmetric matrix, if it
satisfies the relation 𝐀 = 𝐀.
Note
If A and B are symmetric matrices of the same order, then
(a) AB is symmetric if any only if AB = BA.
(b) A ± B, AB + BA are also symmetric matrices.
If A is symmetric matrix, then A will also be symmetric matrix.
4. Skew-symmetric matrix: A square matrix A is called skew-symmetric
matrix, if it satisfies the relation 𝐀 = −𝐀.
Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as the sum of
symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices.
𝟏 𝟏
𝐀 = (𝐀 + 𝐀 ) + (𝐀 − 𝐀 )
𝟐 𝟐
Note
If A and B are two skew-symmetric matrices, then
(a) A ± B, AB = BA are skew-symmetric matrices
(b) AB + BA is a symmetric matrix.
Determinant of skew-symmetric matrix of odd order is zero.
5. Orthogonal matrix: A square matrix A is called an orthogonal matrix, if it
satisfies the relation given as 𝐀𝐀 = 𝐈.
If A and B are orthogonal matrices, then AB is also an orthogonal matrix.
Every orthogonal matrix is invertible.
Adjoint of a Matrix
Let 𝐀 = [𝐚𝐢𝐣 ]𝐧×𝐧 be a square matrix of order 𝐧 and 𝐂𝐢𝐣 be the cofactor of a in
the determinant |A|. Then, the adjoint of 𝐀 is defined as the transpose of the
cofactor matrix and is denoted by 𝐚𝐝𝐣(𝐀).
𝟏 𝟐
𝐀=
𝟑 𝟒
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Co-factors of A, 𝑎 = +4, 𝑎 = −3 and 𝑎 = −2, 𝑎 = +1
Transpose of co-factors of A = 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴)
𝑎 𝑎 4 −2
adj(A) = 𝑎 𝑎 =
−3 1
Properties:
Let A be a matrix of order n, then
(i) {𝐚𝐝𝐣 𝐀)𝐀 = 𝐀(𝐚𝐝𝐣 𝐀) = |𝐀|. 𝐈𝐧
(ii) |𝐚𝐝𝐣 𝐀| = |𝐀|𝐧 𝟏, if |𝐀| ≠ 𝟎
(iii) 𝐚𝐝𝐣(𝐀𝐁) = (𝐚𝐝𝐣 𝐁)(𝐚𝐝𝐣 𝐀)
(iv) 𝐚𝐝𝐣 (𝐀𝐓 ) = (𝐚𝐝𝐣 𝐀)𝐓
𝟐
(v) |𝐚𝐝𝐣(𝐚𝐝𝐣 𝐀)| = |𝐀|(𝐧 𝟏)
(vi) Adjoint of a diagonal matrix is a diagonal matrix.
(vii) 𝐚𝐝𝐣(𝐚𝐝𝐣 𝐀) = |𝐀|𝐧 𝟐 𝐀
Equivalent Matrices
Two matrices A and B are said to be equivalent, if one is obtained from the
other by one or more elementary operations and we write A~B.
Following elementary operations are given below
1. Interchanging any two rows (columns). This transformation is indicated
by
R ↔ R (C ↔ C )
2. Multiplication of the elements of any row (column) by a non-zero scalar
quantity is indicated as
R ↔ kR (C ↔ kC )
3. Addition of constant multiple of the elements of any row (column) to the
corresponding element of any other row, indicated as
R ↔ R + kR (C → C + kC ).
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This elementary transformation is used to determine the inverse of a
matrix A. In this transformation, we use either row or column
transformation.
Inverse of a Matrix
Let A be a non-singular (where, |A| ≠ 0) square matrix.
Then, a square matrix B such that AB = BA = I is called inverse of A, i.e.
𝟏 𝟏
𝐀 = |𝐀| 𝐚𝐝𝐣 (𝐀).
Properties
Let A and B be square matrices of same order, then
(i) A square matrix is invertible if an only if It is non-singular.
(ii) (𝐀 ) 𝟏 = (𝐀 𝟏 )′
(iii) (𝐀𝐁) 𝟏 = 𝐁 𝟏 𝐀 𝟏
(iv) |𝐀 𝟏 | = |𝐀| 𝟏
Solution of a System of Linear Equations
Let system of linear equations in three variables be
a x+ b y + c z = d ,
a x+ b y + c z = d
and a x+ b y + c z = d
It can be written in the matrix form
a b c x d
a b c y = d or AX = B
a b c z d
a b c x d
Where, A = a b c , X= y and B = d
a b c z d
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