Correlation Between Sexual and Reproductive Awareness, and

Perception Towards Sexual Intercourse among the First Year

College Students of Pamantasan ng Lungsod
ng Maynila, A.Y. 2019 – 2020

Biazon, Janna Mikaela B.

Concepcion, Aila Janelle C.
Español, Chunelle Maria Victoria C.
Pomasin, Darla Kate T.
Valencia, Crishia Belle L.

A Research Proposal Submitted to the Department of Psychology, College of Science,

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
Introduction to Psychology

BS Psychology 1-3

Prof. Gian Derick Sevilla, RPm.

November 2019
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Adolescence is a stage in life wherein the development and establishment of

sexual behaviors is occurring. According to Tulloch (2013), puberty marks the obvious

physical development in early to middle adolescence and is seen as the time for

potential onset of sexual thoughts and experimentation. On average, middle

adolescence is a time when teens begin to be interested in more intimate relationships

and experimentation. There is an increment for both sexual ideation and engagement in

a spectrum of sexual behavior. Even though these are all normal, it is inevitable for

adolescents to place themselves at risk for undesired consequences: unintended

pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections.

As stated in the research title, the respondents of the study are first year college

students – adolescents approximately aged from 17 to 20; young adults need to know

how to perceive sexual activities correctly in the biological context, and know how to

protect themselves from sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and unplanned

pregnancies, as claimed by the cross-sectional study of Anu Bhardwaj, Anmol Goyal

and others. (Bhardwaj et. al, 2017).

In the Philippines, according to the data report conducted by the Guttmacher

Institute in 2013, some 15% of adolescent women reported ever having had sexual

intercourse. Additionally, among women aged eighteen (18) to twenty-four (24) years

old, 19% said they had had sex before age eighteen (18). However, sexual and

reproductive awareness are still not prevalent in the country. In line with these reports,
the Guttmacher Institute (2015) also stated that adolescents were far more likely than all

women of reproductive age to be using traditional methods of contraception (e.g.

calendar method, withdrawal method, and abstinence), which have far higher failure

rates than most modern methods (e.g. condoms and hormonal pills. High levels of

unmet need for contraception can lead to high levels of unintended births and

transmission of infections.

Perception towards sexual intercourse varies from person to person. These

perceptions are often influenced by the environment they were exposed to. In a study

by Eyal and Kunken (2008), teenagers who were exposed to television dramas that

portrayed sexual intercourse had positive and negative effects on their perception.

Exposure to the negative consequences of premarital sex lead to a negative attitude

and moral judgement towards the character who engaged in it. Meanwhile, teenagers

who were exposed to the positive consequences of premarital sex had no significant

change towards sexual intercourse. Eyal and Kunken (2008) added that this change in

behavior is associated with the social cognitive theory, stating that “associating negative

reinforcement with an observed behavior will lead to more negative dispositions toward

the behavior”.

Sex Education has always intended to educate individuals, especially the youth

regarding health and sexual reproduction, however it remains as a sensitive topic for a

number of individuals. According to Mueller et al. (2007). Receiving sex education did

not result to young adults to engage in sexual intercourse shortly after learning, thus

males who goes to school and received formal sex education were most likely to use

birth control before engaging for the first time in sexual intercourse. This makes up for
the fact that sex education also has an effect on the perception of an individual towards

sex.

How sexual and reproductive awareness affects one’s perception of sexual

behavior has not been elucidated; however, this topic remains interdicted and avoided,

which causes unwanted consequences and a lot of misconceptions. Therefore, the

goals of this study are to promote proper study and exploration of this topic, especially

to children and young adults, and to uncover the reality underlying the mass’ stigma and

abstraction about the effects of being sexually aware and well-educated through

gathering data using descriptive survey.

Statement of the Problem

The study deals with the correlation between sexual and reproductive

awareness, and perception towards sexual activties among the first-year college

students of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila for the academic year 2019-2020.

With that said, the study aims to answer the following:

1. What is the level of sexual and reproductive awareness of the first-year

college students of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila of the academic year

2019-2020?

2. What is the perception of first-year college students of Pamantasan ng

Lungsod ng Maynila towards sexual intercourse in a cultural, social, and

scientific or biological context?

 3. How significant is the correlation between the level of sexual and reproductive

awareness of the students, and the perception towards sexual activities of

first-year college students of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila?

Hypothesis

There is no significant correlation between the sexual and reproductive

awareness, and perception towards sexual activities of first-year college students of

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila at 0.05 level of significance.

Significance of the Study

This section will emphasize whom this study is significant to by highlighting how

this particular research will affect or impact their lives.

To the students, this study will give additional understanding with regards to

sexual education and its possible correlation and connection with their perception

towards sexual activities. The findings of the research will help them establish and instill

correct and appropriate notions about sexual activities, which may result to them having

safer sex, developing better understanding of the reproductive health, and finding

acceptable ways of sexual expression.

To the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila administration, the result of this

study will help you for the improvement of your agenda towards the implementation of

quality sex education seminars or programs for the students’ awareness.

To the future researchers, this study will serve as your future reference when

conducting related studies and researches.

 To the Bachelor of Science in Psychology students, this research will give

you knowledge regarding the current level of awareness, number of information, and

quality of education about sex the students have; it might help you educate and propose

solutions for the development of appropriate perception of individuals about sexual

activities, especially in the psychological or scientific aspect.

Definition of Terms

Sexual behaviors are behaviors or actions deemed sexual & intimate which are

made to arouse a partner.

Sexual ideation, otherwise known as sexual fantasies or day-dreaming, is a

common outlet for pleasurable & satisfying sexual feelings. It is also plausible that these

may also involve violent imagery or fantasies, but all to result of sexual arousal. These

are normally maintained as nothing more than personal mental images but if acted upon

can be harmful.

Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) are infections caused by bacteria & virus

during sexual intercourse. They are, according to the WHO, “a major global cause” of

infertility, acute illnesses, & death with serious psychological consequences of millions

of people & medical consequences on their wallets.

Reproduction Age is the age range for women from age 12 to age 51.

Contraception These are artificial birth control methods designed to prevent

women from having to go through unwanted pregnancies.

 Perception, according to Wudt, is a “creative synthesis” but it is by psychological

terms, a way that sensory information is organized & interpreted which is thereby

consciously experienced.

Premarital sex is an intimate sexual behavior that is done between partners that

is done before they are tied down and married to each other.

Associative Negative Reinforcement are reinforcements used that help shape

behavior through learning by means of negative reinforcements such as scolding & etc.

Social Cognitive Theory is a theory that states that learning is developed

through social context by means of dynamic & reciprocal interaction between a person

and the community & his/her environment.

Sexual Awareness is the amount of knowledge one has with regards to sexual

activities, sexual intercourse primary and secondary sex characteristics, and the like.

Sex toys are aids used to achieve high sexual pleasures during masturbation or

sexual exploits between partners or by an individual.

Vaginal sex is a coitus done by means of penis or sex toy penetrating a vagina.

Anal sex is a type of coitus is done when one’s penis or sex toy penetrates one’s

anus.

Oral sex is a type of coitus is done dne by stimulating a person’s genitals by

means of using one’s mouth & its subsequent body parts.

Scope and Limitations

The study will focus on the correlation between sexual and reproductive

awareness, and perception towards sexual activities of the first-year college students of
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila (PLM) of the academic year 2019-2020 by using

two (2) sets of survey questionnaires that will merely concentrate on the two variables

mentioned. The responses that will be gathered from each questionnaire will be the

basis during the interpretation.

Moreover, the researchers will only conduct the study among thirty (30) college

students of PLM who are in the first year of their bachelor’s degree. The degree or

program, major, department or college where the respondent came from will not be

considered. Another factor that will be disregarded is the socioeconomic status of the

respondents.

Furthermore, the researchers will not consider different factors that might arise

throughout the study, specifically on the accumulation of data -- such factors include the

honesty of the respondents, since the researchers are not able to find out whether the

respondents are telling the truth or not; and the status of the students – whether they

are regular, irregular, or newly transferred.

In addition, the sexual activities that the researchers will refer to is limited to

vaginal sex – insertion and thrusting of the penis or sex toy into the vagina for sexual

pleasure, reproduction, or both; anal sex, which is the penetration of the anus using a

penis or sex toy; and oral sex – stimulation of one’s genitals (vagina, penis or anus) with

one’s mouth, lips or tongue.

 CHAPTER 2

Related Literature

Perception of Adolescents Towards Sexual Intercourse:

Oral versus Vaginal Sex Among Adolescents: Perceptions, Attitudes, and Behaviors

In a study conducted by Felsher, Cornell, Kropp, et al (2001), it was reported that

adolescents had mostly engaged and perceives oral sex as more acceptable than

vaginal sex. They have perceived having oral sex as being less risky and more

prevalent in encountering conflicts such as health related problems like HIV,

Chylamydia, and pregnancy. They also evaluated a number of social and emotional risk

such as getting into trouble and feeling guilty as less likely to occur, although they have

said that vaginal sex would preferably bring them more pleasure. For males, having

vaginal sex would make a relationship better, while girls believe that pleasure was most

likely to occur with vaginal sex.

Adolescent sexual behavior and attitudes: A costs and benefits approach

The prevalence of sexual intercourse and birth rate among teenagers have declined in

the United States, however recent survey indicates that there is a rising number of

adolescents who engage in sexual intercourse even before ending high school (Deptula
et al, 2006). In the study conducted by Deptula et al. (2006) it aimed to examine the

independent influence of attitudes of adolescents towards the cost and benefits of

sexual intercourse. These two dimensions of attitude, cost and benefits, would help

indicate predicted sexual activity. As discussed in the results, it showed that the cost

weighed more than the benefits that adolescents consider in sexual intercourse, these

costs include the potential embarrassment from peers and pregnancy, while benefits

include such feelings of pleasure. Therefore, the cost and benefits is a large factor that

adolescents consider in engaging in sexual intercourse. 

Perception of Adolescents Towards Premarital Sex:

Based on a study conducted by Bocar (2013), it was found that the insights of

males on premarital sex is different from the females. Males expressed their perception

as slightly conservative towards pre-marital sex, while females, on the other hand,

conveyed their opinion of conservativeness. There is also a difference in the

respondents’ source of information about sex. Males expressed that they got much of

their information about sex from mass media while the females stated they got theirs

from the sex education class in the school. Furthermore, quite a lot of the respondents

do not agree to pre-marital sex because the inherited values of conservativeness are

still ingrained in their minds. The mass media and the school were rated significantly by

the respondents as a source of their information on sex issues.

How Young People Seek for Sexual Health Information

According to a study conducted by Whitfield (2013), youths find informal sources

increasingly valuable and experience more elevated levels of solace getting to informal
support particularly from their closest companions and mothers. Of formal arrangement,

school‐based sources are preferred; in any case, sexual health information seeking is

gendered and changes crosswise over year gatherings. The scope of sexual health

information sources young people get to increments with age, and how they get to these

data sources changes as sexual action increments and the data turns out to be

increasingly significant. The findings bolster the focusing of sexual health provision in

connection to age and sex and propose a youth‐focused way to deal with formal

arrangement, including outreach working and a collaborative relationship with youths

and parents.

Another study related to this, conducted by Rosengard (2013), claimed that

wellsprings of sexual well-being information apply solid effect on youths' sexual conduct.

Participants distinguished family members as sources of sexual well-being information,

with varieties by sex. Negative/preventative messages expect adolescents to look for

extra sexual information somewhere else (basically companions/media). Guys,

specifically, appear to regularly need familial direction/instruction. Numerous

respondents recognized family as sexual well-being information sources. Essential

messages reviewed: dangers of sex, security, and relationship counsel. Numerous

youths depicted learning encounters as negative, preventative, lacking point of interest

and not constantly offset with positive messages. Members who detailed at least four

sexual dangers were the only group to distinguish erotic entertainment as a sexual well-

being information source. Respondents who detailed less than four sexual dangers

were most likely to recognize family sexual well-being information sources.

Gaps of Sex Education

 Lack of Credible Educators

The importance of training teachers to assist students on issues of sex education

is of great importance. According to the study conducted by Justice (2016), all of his

respondents, who are teachers, are all in favor for the provision of sex education to

students. Sex education may bring more benefits to students and the community in

general. Provision of sex education was viewed as very essential for it will allow

students to understand the benefit and detriment of engaging in sexual activities.

However, the knowledge of teachers regarding sex education is also a problem to be

dealt with. Teachers want to educate their students regarding this important matter, but

they themselves are not well equipped with necessary tools to do so. Additionally, the

study found that due to the lack of education of teachers and parents regarding sex

education, students are most likely to engage in sexual activities that can lead to

undesirable consequences, such as unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted

diseases.

Awareness Regarding STIs and Sexual Behavior in the Philippines

The implementation of sex education programs as part of mandatory school

curricula has always been an ongoing issue and controversy in developing countries.

Reproductive health issues, including government-sponsored mandatory sex education,

have always been a contentious issue in Catholic-majority Philippines. Clarifying

opposing claims surrounding issues about the effect of sex education is an important

aspect of making sexuality and reproductive health information more accessible for

many. According to the study conducted by Abrigo (2017), increasing HIV/AIDS

knowledge among young adults results in better sexual behaviors. Being educated

regarding sex education from credible educators allows young adults to have more

responsible decisions and actions when engaging in sexual activities. The study found

that having more knowledge delays sexual initiation, limits sexual activity, and increases

condom use among some groups in the population. The increasing knowledge

regarding HIV/AIDS may also result to substantial cost-savings for the government from

averted STIs.

According to a study conducted by Maqbool (2019), reproductive health is a

generally new idea that perceives that particularly a little young girl has extraordinary

conceptive wellbeing needs before, during and past the childbearing age. It additionally

lays accentuation on the way that well-being (all the more critically conceptive

soundness) of the present age everlastingly affects the general strength of the people to

come and that both are of vital significance for financial advancement. Reproductive

well-being need of youngsters particularly for little youngsters and ladies incorporates

requirements for conceptive medicinal services, family arranging, HIV/AIDS data, more

secure sex, undesirable pregnancy, early pregnancy, explicitly transmitted illnesses

(STDs), safe fetus removal and safe parenthood. As of late various projects for school

going immature in India have concentrated on data, training, and correspondence with a

constrained spotlight on the arrangement of clinical and advising administrations on

conceptive well-being. Instructive projects can build mindfulness about conceptive

wellbeing however this mindfulness may not generally convert into proper assistance

looking for conduct by young people. The restricted information about regenerative
medical problems makes the youth powerless against different ailments and diseases

including HIV/AIDS/STDs, substance misuse, sexual savagery, and abuse.

Challenges of Sexual Health Promotion

According to the study conducted by Wellings (2016), the greatest challenge to

sexual health promotion in almost all countries comes from opposition from

conservative forces. Governments tend to be wary of controversy that leads to

resistance from groups with strong moral agendas. They also tend to shy away from

supporting interventions other than those with orthodox approaches. Additionally, policy-

makers and program planners need to be able to show that the effect on sexual health

status of providing services to unmarried young women, supplying condoms,

decriminalizing commercial sex and homosexual activity, and prosecuting people who

commit sexual violence is likely to be beneficial rather than detrimental, and that to do

otherwise will force stigmatized behaviors underground, leaving the most vulnerable

people unprotected.

Current Situation of Knowledge Related to Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)

According to a study conducted by Tanaka (2015), notwithstanding the

expanding of explicitly transmitted diseases (STIs) among youth in the Philippines,

significant preventive training programs are not accessible, in view of destitution

furthermore, strict issues. The Purpose of this investigation is to decide the present

information, behavior and frame of mind towards STIs counteractive action among

secondary school understudies in the Philippines. Mysterious self-regulated surveys on

STIs counteractive action were circulated separately to 250 male and 250 female
secondary school understudies. The mean age of the respondents was 16.2±1.2, with

an age extend from 15-26 years. 78.0% of understudies got data on STIs from their

schools. Be that as it may, because of inadequate information, around 30% of students

dreaded STIs disease, and 75% of understudies need to opportunity to have an

examination regarding STI. They are on edge to ensure themselves. Thus, 75.8% of

understudies consulted their folks on STIs avoidance. Nonetheless, even from their

folks, understudies didn't get enough avoidance information. From this, unmistakably

Filipino youngsters need proper wellbeing training, so as to shield themselves from STIs

disease. It is fundamental that wellbeing proficient assume a significant job to advance

STI counteractive action education to understudies and guardians.

Conceptual Framework

SEXUAL AND PERCEPTION

REPRODUCTIVE TOWARDS SEXUAL
AWARENESS OF THE ACTIVITIES OF THE
FIRST YEAR COLLEGE FIRST YEAR COLLEGE
STUDENTS OF STUDENTS OF
PAMANTASAN NG PAMANTASAN NG
LUNGSOD NG MANILA LUNGSOD NG MANILA

The diagram above shows that the study that will be conducted by the

researchers focuses on the correlation between the sexual and reproductive

awareness, and the perception towards sexual intercourse of the first-year college

students of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila, school year 2019-2020.

The first variable, level of sexual and reproductive awareness, refers to the

knowledge the students have regarding the reproductive system, sexual activities,
sexually transmitted infections, and the like. On the other hand, the second variable –

perception towards sexual intercourse – is concerned with the how the students discern

or view sexual intercourse on a cultural/religious, and biological/scientific perspective.

CHAPTER 3

METHODS

Research Design

The researchers will use a quantitative non-experimental research design,

specifically the correlational research design. This research design will help the

researchers to define and establish the degree of relationship between sexual

awareness and perception towards sexual intercourse. The data will be collected

through a survey and from there, the researchers will use a statistical treatment to see

whether there is a positive or negative correlation.

Research Local and Sample

The locale of the research will be held inside the campus of Pamantasan ng

Lungsod ng Maynila, which is located inside the walls of Intramuros, Manila. The

sampling method which will help the researchers to reach at least 30 samples is the

convenience sampling method. The researchers chose to use this method since it was
convenient to get sample from the same university where the researchers also attend

and have access.

Instrument

This study used the questionnaire method. Two sets of questionnaires were

given to the selected respondents. The respondents would put a check on the box that

corresponds to their answer. Only one check per question is encouraged by the

researchers.

The first questionnaire includes scientific facts about the reproductive system and

sexually transmitted infections (STIs) to measure the students’ awareness. The second

set of questionnaire includes statements and perceptions that are socially and

biologically appropriate.

The respondents will put a check on the box based on the rating scale of the first

set of questionnaire that follows:

4 — Strongly Agree

3 — Agree

2 — Disagree

1 — Strongly Disagree

The rating scale of the selected respondents’ sexual and reproductive awareness

is as follows:

Extremely Aware: 3.26 - 4.00

 Highly Aware: 2.51 - 3.25

Moderately Aware: 1.76 - 2.50

Least Aware: 1.00- 1.75

The respondents will put a check on the box based on the rating scale of the

second set of questionnaire that follows:

4 — Strongly Agree

3 — Agree

2 — Disagree

1 — Strongly Disagree

The rating scale of the selected respondents’ social and scientific perception is

as follows:

Extremely Appropriate: 3.26 - 4.00

Highly Appropriate: 2.51 - 3.25

Moderately Appropriate: 1.76 - 2.50

Least Appropriate: 1.00- 1.75

Data Gathering Procedures

 The method that will be used to gather data is by means of conducting a 2-part

survey amongst the 1st year students of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila, S.Y.

2019-2020. Thirty (30) students will be selected randomly, and will be given these

questionnaires for them to answer. The aforementioned survey is divided based on the

variables the researchers desired to measure, the respondents’ sexual & reproductive

awareness, and their perceptions about sexual intercourse. After collecting the data

from the answered surveys, it will then be tabulated and computed using a statistical

treatment. In this study, Pearson’s R will be used to find the correlation between the

said variables.

Statistical Treatment

For measuring the level of sexual and reproductive awareness and determining

the type of perception towards sexual intercourse in a cultural, social, and scientific or

biological context of the first-year college students of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng

Maynila, the researchers will compute the mean, from the answers of each respondent,

that has an equivalent rating based from the rating scale generated by Villarido, et. al

(2017). For measuring the level of sexual and reproductive awareness, here is the scale

used: Extremely Aware: 3.26 - 4.00, Highly Aware: 2.51 - 3.25, and Moderately Aware:

1.76 - 2.50. For determining the type of perception towards sexual intercourse in a

cultural, social, and scientific or biological context: Extremely Appropriate: 3.26 - 4.00,

Highly Appropriate: 2.51 - 3.25, Moderately Appropriate: 1.76 - 2.50, and Least

Appropriate: 1.00- 1.75.

For identifying the correlation between the level of sexual and reproductive

awareness of the students, and the perception towards sexual activities of first-year
college students of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila, the researchers will be using

Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient or more commonly referred to as Pearson’s R that

quantifies the relationship between two variables statistically. Also known as the best

method of finding the association between variables, it is based on the method of

covariance. Using this will result to the correlation, the magnitude of the association,

and its direction.

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