Advance Power System Protection
Books:
1) Fundamentals of Power System Protection
By
Y.G. Paithankar and S.R. Bhide
2) Protective Relaying; Principles and Application
By
J. Lewis Blackburn, Thomas J. Domin
Course Outlines
• Fundamental of Power System Protection
• Characteristic of Power System Protection
• Principle and Elements of Protection
• Protection Devices
• Fuses and Circuit breakers
• Protective Relays
• Over-Current Protection
• Differential Protection
• Protection of Transmission Lines
• Protection of Generators
• Protection of Buses
• Protection of Transformer etc.
Power System Protection
Fundamentals
What should we teach students
about power system protection?
Agenda
Why protection is needed
Principles and elements of the protection
system
Basic protection schemes
Digital relay advantages and enhancements
What is Electrical Power System
Protection?
Electrical Power System protection is the art and science of
detecting problems with power system components and isolating
these components.
or
A series of devices whose main purpose is to protect persons and
primary electric power equipment from the effects of faults
The “Sentinels”
Problems on the power system include:
1.Short circuits
2.Abnormal conditions/Disturbances
3.Equipment failures
Purpose of System Protection
•Protect the public
•Improve system stability
•Minimize damage to equipment
•Protect against overloads
What Components (Equipment) Do
We Protect?
•Generators
•Transformers, Reactors
•Lines
•Buses
•Capacitors
What Components (Equipment) Do
We Protect?
Disturbances: Light or Severe
The power system must maintain acceptable
operation 24 hours a day
Voltage and frequency must stay within certain
limits
Small disturbances
The control system can handle these
Example: variation in transformer
Severe disturbances require a protection
system
They can jeopardize the entire power system
They cannot be overcome by a control system
Power System Protection
Operation during severe disturbances:
System element protection
System protection
Automatic reclosing
Automatic transfer to alternate power
supplies
Automatic synchronization
Electric Power System Exposure to
External Agents
Damage to Main Equipment
Blackouts
Characteristics Main Causes
Loss of service in a Overreaction of the
large area or protection system
population region
Bad design of the
Hazard to human life protection system
May result in
enormous economic
losses
Short Circuits Produce High
Currents
Three-Phase Line
a
b
c
I
Substation Fault
Thousands of Amps I
Wire
Electrical Equipment Thermal Damage
t
Damage Damage Curve
Time
I
In Imd Short-Circuit
Rated Value
Current
Mechanical Damage During
Short Circuits
Very destructive in busbars, isolators, supports,
transformers, and machines
Damage is instantaneous
Mechanical
Forces
f1 f2
i1
i2
Rigid Conductors f1(t) = k i1(t) i2(t)
The Fuse
Fuse
Transformer
Protection System Elements
Protective relays
Circuit breakers
Current and voltage transducers
Communications channels
DC supply system
Control cables
Three-Phase Diagram of the Protection Team
CTs CB
Protected
Control Equipment
Relay
VTs
+ DC Tripping Circuit
Relay
SI
Red
DC Station Lamp
Battery Relay
SI Contact
52a Circuit
Breaker
52
TC
–
Circuit Breakers
Current Transformers
Very High Voltage CT
Medium-Voltage CT
Voltage Transformers
Medium Voltage
Note: Voltage transformers
are also known as potential
High Voltage transformers
Protective Relays
Examples of Relay Panels
Microprocessor-
Based Relay
Old Electromechanical
How Do Relays Detect Faults?
When a fault takes place, the current, voltage,
frequency, and other electrical variables
behave in a peculiar way. For example:
Current suddenly increases
Voltage suddenly decreases
Relays can measure the currents and the
voltages and detect that there is an
overcurrent, or an undervoltage, or a
combination of both
Many other detection principles determine the
design of protective relays
Main Protection Requirements
Reliability
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Speed
System stability
Equipment damage
Power quality
Sensitivity
High-impedance faults
Dispersed generation
Primary Protection
Primary Protection Zone Overlapping
Protection
Zone A
52 Protection
Zone B
To Zone A
Relays
To Zone B
Relays
Protection
Zone A
52 Protection
Zone B
To Zone A
Relays To Zone B
Relays
Backup Protection
Breaker 5
Fails
C D
A E
1 2 5 6 11 12
T
B F
3 4 7 8 9 10
Typical Short-Circuit Type
Distribution
Single-Phase-Ground: 70–80%
Phase-Phase-Ground: 17–10%
Phase-Phase: 10–8%
Three-Phase: 3–2%
Power Line Protection Principles
Overcurrent (50, 51, 50N, 51N)
Directional Overcurrent (67, 67N)
Distance (21, 21N)
Differential (87)
Application of Inverse-Type
Relays
Relay t
Operation
Time
I
Radial Line
Fault Load
Inverse-Time Relay Coordination
Distance
t
T T T
Distance
Addition of Instantaneous OC
Element
Relay t
Operation
Time
I
Radial Line
Fault Load
50/51 Relay Coordination
Distance
t
T T T
Distance
Directional Overcurrent Protection
Basic Applications
L
Directional Overcurrent Protection
Basic Principle
V I
F2 F1
Relay
Reverse Fault (F2) Forward Fault (F1)
I
V
V I
Overcurrent Relay Problem
E
I SETTING
Z S1 (0.8) Z L1
Relay operates when the following condition
holds:
I FAULT I a I SETTING
As Z s1 changes, the relay’s “reach” will change,
since setting is fixed
E
I FAULT ( LIMIT )
Z S1 (0.8) Z L1
Distance Relay Principle
L
d
I a , Ib , I c
Radial
21 Three-Phase
Line
Va ,Vb ,Vc Solid Fault
Suppose Relay Is Designed to Operate
When:
| Va | (0.8) | Z L1 || I a |
The Impedance Relay Characteristic
R 2 X 2 Z r21
X Plain Impedance Relay
Operation Zone
Z Z r1 Radius Zr1
Zr1
R
Need for Directionality
F2 F1
1 2 3 4 5 6
RELAY 3 X
Operation Zone
F1
F2 R
Nonselective
Relay Operation
Directionality Improvement
F2 F1
1 2 3 4 5 6
RELAY 3 X
Operation Zone Directional Impedance
F1 Relay Characteristic
F2 R
The Relay Will
Not Operate for
This Fault
Mho Element Characteristic
(Directional Impedance Relay)
Operates when: V I Z M cos MT
X Z Z M cos MT
ZM
Z
MT
R
Three-Zone Distance Protection
Time
Zone 3
Zone 2
Zone 1
1 2 3 4 5 6
Time
Zone 1 Is Instantaneous
Line Protection With Mho Elements
X
A
R
D
E
Circular Distance Relay Characteristics
X X
PLAIN OFFSET
IMPEDANCE MHO (2)
R
X
X
LENS
MHO (RESTRICTED MHO 1)
R R
X X
OFFSET TOMATO
MHO (1) (RESTRICTED MHO 2)
R R
Semi-Plane Type Characteristics
X X
DIRECTIONAL
RESTRICTED
DIRECTIONAL
R
X X
REACTANCE RESTRICTED
REACTANCE
R R
X X
OHM
QUADRILATERAL
R
R
Distance Protection
Summary
Current and voltage information
Phase elements: more sensitive than 67
elements
Ground elements: less sensitive than 67N
elements
Application: looped and parallel lines
Directional Comparison
Pilot Protection Systems
L IL IR R
T Communications R
Relays Relays
R Channel T
Exchange of logic information
on relay status
Permissive Overreaching
Transfer Trip
Bus A Bus B
1 2 3 4 5 6
FWD
FWD
Basic POTT Logic
Key XMTR
Zone 2 Elements
AND Trip
RCVR
Directional Comparison
Blocking Scheme
Bus A Bus B
1 2 3 4 5 6
RVS FWD
FWD RVS
Basic DCB Logic
Zone 3 Key XMTR
Carrier Coordination
Time Delay
CC
Zone 2 0
Trip
RCVR
Differential Protection Principle
Balanced CT Ratio
CT CT
Protected
Equipment External
Fault
50 IDIF = 0
No Relay Operation if CTs Are Considered Ideal
Differential Protection Principle
CTR CTR
Protected
Equipment
Internal
Fault
50 IDIF > ISETTING
Relay Operates
Problem of Unequal CT Performance
CT CT
Protected
Equipment External
Fault
50 IDIF 0
False differential current can occur if a CT
saturates during a through-fault
Use some measure of through-current to
desensitize the relay when high currents are
present
Possible Scheme – Percentage
Differential Protection Principle
ĪSP ĪRP
CTR CTR
Protected
Equipment
ĪS ĪR
Relay
(87)
Compares: I OP I S I R
| IS | | IR |
k I RT k
2
Differential Protection Applications
Bus protection
Transformer protection
Generator protection
Line protection
Large motor protection
Reactor protection
Capacitor bank protection
Compound equipment protection
Differential Protection
Summary
The overcurrent differential scheme is simple
and economical, but it does not respond well to
unequal current transformer performance
The percentage differential scheme responds
better to CT saturation
Percentage differential protection can be
analyzed in the relay and the alpha plane
Differential protection is the best alternative
selectivity/speed with present technology
Multiple Input Differential Schemes
Examples
Differential Protection Zone
ĪSP ĪRP
ĪT
I1 I2 I3 I4
OP
Bus Differential: Several Inputs
Three-Winding Transformer
Differential: Three Inputs
Advantages of Digital Relays
Compatibility with
Low maintenance
Multifunctional digital integrated
(self-supervision)
systems
Highly sensitive,
Highly reliable
secure, and Adaptive
(self-supervision)
selective
Reduced burden
Programmable
on Low Cost
Versatile
CTs and VTs
Synchrophasors Provide a
“Snapshot” of the Power System
The Future
Improvements in computer-based
protection
Highly reliable and viable communication
systems (satellite, optical fiber, etc.)
Integration of control, command,
protection, and communication
Improvements to human-machine
interface
Much more
