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APPLICATION OF AQUATIC PLANTS BOKASHI ON THE GROWTH AND

YIELDS OF RED ONION (Allium ascalonicum L.)

Panji Surawijaya Abstract

Melhanah The objectives of the study are to determine the effect of both type and dosage of aquatic
plants bokashi on the growth and yield of red onion in alluvial soil. The research design
Mochammad Anwar used was Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of two factors,
Hastin Ernawati Nur namely type and the dose of aquatic plants bokashi. The first factor consisted of 3 (three)
types of bokashi, i.e., giant Salvinia (Salvinia molesta), water cabbage (Pistia stratiotes)
Chusnul Chotimah*
and water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes), respectively. The second factor were 4 (four)
Raudah levels of bokashi dosage which were 0 tons ha-1, 10 tons ha-1 (0.2 kg/polybag), 20 tons
ha-1 (0.5 kg/polybag) and 30 tons ha-1 (0.8 kg/polybag). The study was conducted
from March to May 2017, located in the greenhouse of the Department of Agronomy,
Universitas Palangka Raya, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Palangka Raya. The results showed that there was
Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, no interaction between the type and dose of bokashi on all variables observed. The
Indonesia dosage of bokashi affected plant height, leaf number, fresh weight and dry weight of
biomass per clump, dry weight of bulbs and tuber diameter, but did not significantly
*email: affect the number of bulbs. The bokashi type did not significantly affect all observed
[Link]@[Link] variables. However, the water hyacinth bokashi tended to be better than other
treatments.

Keywords:
Ameliorant
Bokashi
Red Onion

Accepted
January 2019

Published
June 2019
© 2019 The Authors. Published by Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah
Palangkaraya. This is Open Access article under the CC-BY-SA License ([Link]
DOI: [Link]

INTRODUCTION per hectare (67.51%). This is due to the land in the red
onion production meet nutrient degradation because of
Red onion (Allium ascalonicum L.) belongs to family
the excessive chemical inputs in agricultural activities.
Liliaceae. The plant originating from Central Asia is one
of the horticultural commodities that are often used as The reduced harvested area of the plant in Indonesia
flavoring dishes. In addition, red onion also contains has led to the production of red onion not being able
nutrients and compounds belonging to non-nutritional to meet the increasing needs (Central Kalimantan
substances and enzymes that are useful for therapy, and Bureau of Statistics, 2014). One effort that can be done
can improve and maintain the health of the human body to continuously improve the yield of red onion is the
(Zeng et al., 2017). According to the Central Kalimantan application of amelioration technology. The red onion
Bureau of Statistics, production of red onion in 2014 requires medium-to-clay crumbs soil, good
was 125 tons with 55 ha of harvest area and an average drainage/aeration, rich in organic matter, and non acid
productivity of 2.27 tons per hectare. If compared to soil reaction (soil pH: 5.6 - 6.5). The most suitable soil
2013, there was an increase of 69 tons (123.39%) due for red onion is alluvial or alluvial combined with
to an increase in harvest area of 47 hectares (587.50%) topsoil. The moist soil but no puddles is also fovored
even though the productivity decreased by 4.73 tons by red onion (Rismunandar, 2011).
Surawijaya P, Melhanah, Anwar M, Chotimah HENC, Raudah. 2019. Application of Aquatic Bokashi on The Growth of Red Onion

The city of Palangka Raya is one city that has many was to determine the best type and dosage of the
rivers, lakes, and swamps. But the existence of these aquatic plants bokashi on the growth and yield of red
facilities is not properly maintained. Water bodies are onion.
covered in various types of aquatic plants. The presence
METHODS
of aquatic plants has a very bad effect on the condition
of the waters in the city of Palangka Raya. The growth The study was conducted from March to May 2017 at

rate of aquatic plants is so fast which can cover the Green House of Agronomy Department, Agricultural

surface of the water. The condition can disrupt the Faculty, Universitas Palangka Raya. The soil used as the

activities of the people around the water, the water media was taken from embankment on the edge of the

surface and aquatic biota that live in it because the Kahayan river. The soil was taken at 0-20 cm depth. The

process of entering light to water body is blocked so red onion seed used was Pikatan variety obtained from

that the biota cannot receive light perfectly (Khatri & Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology

Tyagi, 2015). (BPTP) Central Kalimantan. The preparation of bokashi

refers to BPTP Central Kalimantan (2012) where the
The existence of aquatic plants actually not only has a
source of S. molesta is 12 kg, chicken manure 7 kg, husk
negative impact but also has a positive impact. The
charcoal 1.2 kg, rice husk 1.8 kg, bran 1.5 kg, dolomite
aquatic plants population in each of these water bodies
6 oz., brown sugar 2 oz, 100 ml EM4 and 28 liters of
is abundant, but the people have no knowledge how to
water. The P. stratiotes and E. crassipes bokashi
use these wild plants (Thomaz & da Cunha, 2010). One
composition were the same as S. molesta bokashi. The
alternative technology is by making compost or organic
bokashi making begins with chopping all ingredients
fertilizer, better known as bokashi. The use of organic
until smooth then drying the ingredients under the sun's
materials as organic fertilizer is one alternative in an
heat to reduce water content. The mixing of chicken
effort to increase the ability of the soil to hold water
manure, bran, rice husk, husk charcoal, dolomite,
and simultaneously supply nutrients. The administration
brown sugar, EM4 and water was done immediately
of organic matter is expected to increase soil fertility
after drying. The bokashi mixture was then covered
and productivity since one of the benefits of organic
using thick plastic and fermented for 14 days. The
matter to both soil and plants are to improve soil
cooked and ready-to-use bokashi was characterized by
structure, increase soil structure, increase soil uptake
a dark brown color that was not smelly.
of water as well as a source of nutrients for plants
(Lingga & Marsono, 2001). The research design used was Factorial Completely
Randomized Design. The first factor was aquatic plants
Salvinia molesta, Pistia stratiotes, and Eichhornia crassipes
as a source of bokashi consisting of S. molesta, P.
are wild plants species whose growth is fast and easy to
stratiotes and E. crassipes. The second factor was the
live floating on the surface of the water (Wang et al.,
dosage of bokashi used involve 0 ton ha-1 (control), 10
2018). The plants contain elements needed by crop.
tons ha-1 (0.2 kg per polybag), 20 tons ha-1 (0.5 kg per
The plants are source of organic matter that can be
polybag) and 30 tons ha-1 (0.8 kg per polybag),
given to crops either in fresh form or in the form of
respectively. The entire treatment units were
compost or bokashi. The principle of making bokashi is
replicated three times. The application of bokashi was
the same as compost making which is made through
at the beginning of planting by immersing it into soil in
fermentation by assistance of Effective Microorganisms
polybag. After the administration of bokashi, the soil in
(EM4) (Lasmini et al., 2018). The purpose of this study
polybag was also treated with dolomite 5.79 g per

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Anterior Jurnal, Volume 18 Issue 2, June 2019, Page 168 – 174 p-ISSN: 1412-1395; e-ISSN: 2355-3529

polybag and NPK Yaramila 0.87 g per polybag, then the According to Table 1, the dose of bokashi 20 tons ha-1
planting media was incubated for one week. is the dose which can cause the higest plant height
(40.06 cm) and significance difference with both 10 tons
The planting was done immediately after the incubation
ha-1 and control but this is not the case with the 30 tons
period was completed by cutting ½ part of the tuber
ha-1. This is presumably because the dose of bokashi 20
and treated first with the Antracol fungicide to avoid
tons ha-1 is the optimal dose for the red onion plant
the seeds from being exposed to the fungus. The plant
height grown on mineral soils. The use of bokashi type
maintenance included watering, fertilizing, weeding and
was not able to provide a significant increase in plant
controlling pests and diseases. The pests of red onion
height even though there was a tendency that the type
was caterpillar, Spodoptera litura, Lyriomiza chinensis, and
of bokashi from E. crassipes was proven to provide the
mites, for their control using pesticides Lannate 25 WP,
highest plant height compared to P. stratiotes and S.
whilst diseases that often affect were Coletotrichum
molesta. The result is in line with Arbiwati (2000), who
gloesporioides, Fusarium oxysporum, and Alternaria porri,
reported that bokashi from E. crassipes and P. stratiotes
for controlling using Dhitane M45, and Cabrio top 60
were the best ameliorant compared to S. molesta and
WG. The watering was carried out twice a day until the
Azolla, however, Azolla bokashi can increase the supply
age of 30 day after planting (DAP), then watering was
of nutrients particularly nitrogen.
done once a day in the morning. The harvest at the age
of 60 DAP marked by the leaves have turned yellowish Table I. Plant height of red onion at 40 DAP
Dose of Plant height per type of Bokashi (cm)
green and the stem became hardened. The variables Age
Bokashi S. P. E.
(DAP) Average
(ton ha-1) molesta stratiotes crassipes
observed comprised of plant height, the number of
0 31.67 35.17 36.40 34.41 a
leaves, the fresh and dry weight of biomassa per clump, 10 36.23 36.80 36.17 36.40 ab
40
20 39.67 38.67 41.83 40.06 c
the number of tubers per clump, the diameter of tubers 30 40.00 37.83 38.50 38.78 bc
Average 36.89 37.12 38.23
and weight of dry cloves per clump. To find out the Note: The average value followed by the same letter in the column
show not significantly different according to the BNJ 5% test.
effects of treatment and dosage were undertaken
analysis of variance (F Test) at the level of α = 5% and Leaf Number
α = 1%. If there was a significance effects, it would be
The was no interaction between type of bokashi and
followed by LSD test with α 5 %.
dosage of bokashi used on all the age of observed. The
bokashi dose treatment had a significant effect on the
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION age of 30 and 40 DAP, whilst the type of bokashi did
not significantly affect all ages of observations. The
Plant Height
average number of leaves at 40 DAP is presented in
Based on ANOVA test, there was no interaction
Table 2. The treatment which did tend to have the best
between the type and dose of bokashi used on all age
average number of leaves was seen in the treatment of
observation on plant height. The dose of bokashi
20 tons ha-1 bokashi at 40 DAP with an average value of
resulted the highest plant and significance difference at
47.44 leaves. The treatment, however, did not
both 30 and 40 DAP, meanwhile, the type of bokashi
significantly different from those both of 10 tons ha-1
was not exhibit significance difference at all age
with 42.56 blades and 30 tons ha-1 with 43.78 leaves.
observation. The average of plant height at 40 DAP was
The all treatments were significantly different from the
presented at Table 1.
treatment of 0 ton ha-1 bokashi dose or control with an
average number of leaves 28.78 as shown in Table 2.

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Surawijaya P, Melhanah, Anwar M, Chotimah HENC, Raudah. 2019. Application of Aquatic Bokashi on The Growth of Red Onion

This is presumably because the administration of 20 of ash showed 7.0% phosphorus as P2O5; 28.7%
-1
tons ha bokashi is more suitable for the needs of red potassium as K2O; 1.8% sodium as Na2O; 12.8%
onion plant growth, so that there is an increase in the calcium as CaO and 21.0% CCl4, (Winata, 2011).
number of leaves. The increase in the number of leaves
Dry Weight of Biomassa per Clump
in plants is influenced by nutrients present in the soil.
The both bokashi type and dose did not interact on the
Nitrogen (N) is a macro nutrient for plants and is
increasing of dry weight of biomassa per clump. The
present in the soil. N functions to stimulate leaf growth
bokashi dose had a significant effect on dry weight of
and plant height. According to Lingga and Marsono
biomassa per clump, whereas bokashi type treatment
(2001), N has benefits for plants that stimulate growth
had no significant effect. The average value of dry weight
and formation of leaves and shoot as well as roots.
of biomassa per clump is presented in Table 3. Based
Budianta and Ristiani (2013), further reported that N
on the Table 3, the treatment that producing the
functions is to produce enzymes which plays a role in
highest the dry weight of biomassa per clump was 20
leaf formation. If N is given excessively, it can actually
tons ha-1 dose bokashi with an average value of 59.94 g.
lead to decreased crop production, this is, because the
The result was not significant affect with both 10 ton
administration of N elements in a large amounts or
ha-1 and 30 tons ha-1 but this was not the case with 0
exceeding plant needs could result in a longer
ton ha-1. The dry weight of plants is considered an
vegetative phase of plants with the result that the
indicator of plant growth, because basically the dry
formation of generative organs is not optimal. The
weight of these plants is the result of clean
consequence was in addition to decreasing productivity,
accumulation during plant life (Huang et al., 2019). Blok
the quality produced also decreases.
et al. (2017) added that plant growth expressed in dry
Table 2. The Number of Leaves at 40 DAP
weight was a manifestation of mineral supplies because
Dose of Number of leaves per type of Bokashi
Age
Bokashi S. P. E. almost 90% of fresh weight of plants are water and the
(DAP) Average
(ton ha-1) molesta stratiotes crassipes
0 24.67 29.67 32.00 28.78 a rest (10%) in the form of dry matter consisting of three
10 42.00 44.00 41.67 42.56 b
40 elements, namely carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen
20 49.67 48.00 44.67 47.44 b
30 45.33 39.33 46.67 43.78 b
Average 40.42 40.25 41.25 (O), respectively. A small portion of dry matter is an
Note: The average value followed by the same letter in the column
show not significantly different according to the BNJ 5% test.
important fraction consisting of several other elements
which are absolutely needed for plant growth.
The E. crassipes bokashi tended to produce the highest
Table 3. The Dry Weight of Biomassa per Clump
number of leaf (41.25) compared to other bokashi as Dose of Dry Weight of Biomassa per Clump per type of
Bokashi Bokashi (g)
shown in Table 2. The E. crassipes bokashi as a source (ton ha-1) S. molesta P. stratiotes E. crassipes Average
of organic material can improve soil physical properties 0 27.67 30.00 37.33 31.67 a
10 54.67 58.33 54.83 55.94 b
such as aeration and soil infiltration. The results of 20 53.50 57.67 68.67 59.94 b
30 62.67 49.67 60.83 57.72 b
research conducted in India, showed that fresh E. Average 49.63 48.92 55.42
Note: The average value followed by the same letter in the column
crassipes contained 95.5% water; 3.5% organic matter; show not significantly different according to the BNJ 5% test.

0.04% nitrogen; 1% ash; 0.06% phosphorus as P2O5 and

Dry Weight of Biomassa per Clump
0.20% potassium as K2O. Furthermore, it was also
stated that the chemical analysis experiments of According to Anova test, combination of both dose of
[Link] based on dry matter produced 75.8% bokashi and type have not gave rise to interaction on
organic matter; 1.5% nitrogen and 24.2% ash. Analysis the number of bulbs per clump. The both of single

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Anterior Jurnal, Volume 18 Issue 2, June 2019, Page 168 – 174 p-ISSN: 1412-1395; e-ISSN: 2355-3529

factor had not also affected on the number of bulbs per Table 5 shows that the bokashi dose of 20 tons ha-1
clump. The average value of the number of bulbs per produced the dry weight of bulbs per clump of 58.67 g,
clump is presented on the Table 4. which was significantly different from the control
treatment, but not significantly different from the
Although the two factors did not show a significant
treatment of 10 tons ha-1 and 30 tons ha-1. According to
effect, the highest number of bulb per clump was
Putrasamedja and Soedomo (2007), besides the
obtained in the treatment of 20 tons ha-. The absence
environment, bulb weight was also influenced by genetic
of the influence of the two factors on red onion is in
factors so there was a possibility that the bulb weight
line with the results of research by Napitupulu and
was high due to the genetic expression of the variable
Winarto (2010) that the administration of organic
which was only appeared in the treatment of 20 tons
fertilizer or NPK fertilizers does not affect the number
ha-1.
of bulbs. The number of tillers is more determined by
the variety than the fertilizing factor. The P. stratiotes The environment that affects the onion plant when
bokashi produced the highest number of bulbs as shown entering the generative period is nutrient of potassium.
in Table 4. The C organic content and total N which The potassium elements play a role in enzyme activity
are quite high in P. stratiotes (40.5% and 1.8%) expected in the synthesis of carbohydrates and proteins, as well
to contribute nutrients to the soil so as to reduce the as increase photosynthate translocation of leaves so
use of inorganic fertilizers (Tripathi et al., 2010). The that it can improve photosynthesis and increase bulb
results of the analysis (Putri et al., 2013) showed that weight. The potassium plays an important role in plant
the organic matter of P. stratiotes compost was 22.8%, metabolism such as in several physiological processes
while the content of fresh P. stratiotes organic matter (Taiz and Zeiger, 2002). Potassium is also important for
was 19.6%. These results indicate that both of fresh and maintaining cell turgor pressure and water content in
compost of P. stratiotes can be used as a source of plants, increasing plant resistance to disease and
organic matter in the soil. drought, and improving yields and quality of crops. Lack
of potassium can cause plants be easy to fall down,
Table 4. The Number of Bulbs per Clump
Dose of Number of bulbs per Clump per type of Bokashi sensitive to diseases, low yield and quality, and can
Bokashi (clove)
(ton ha-1) S. molesta P. stratiotes E. crassipes Average cause symptoms of poisoning ammonium. But the
0 11.67 12.33 13.33 12.44
10 13.67 14.67 13.67 14.00 excess potassium causes plants lack nutrients Mg and
20 15.00 17.67 13.67 15.44
30 16.00 12.00 14.33 14.11
Ca where nutrient Ca is the compilation of cell walls
Average 14.08 14.17 13.75 and important in the growth of meristem tissue, while
Note: The average value followed by the same letter in the column
show not significantly different according to the BNJ 5% test. nutrient Mg has an important function in the enzyme
system and is a constituent of chlorophyll (Wang et al.,
Dry Weight of Bulbs per Clump
2013).
Based on the Anova test, there was no interaction
Table 5. Dry Weight of Bulbs per Clump
between both the type and the dose of bokashi on the Dose of Dry weight of bulbs per Clump per type of Bokashi
Bokashi (g)
variable of dry weight of bulbs per clump. Between the (ton ha-1) S. molesta P. stratiotes E. crassipes Average
0 26.33 28.67 35.83 30.28 a
two factors, only dosage of bokashi had been an effect 10 52.00 52.33 52.50 52.28 b
on dry weight of bulbs per clump. The average value of 20 51.17 58.50 66.33 58.67 b
30 60.33 47.67 58.33 55.44 b
the dry weight of bulbs per clump is presented on the Average 47.46 46.79 53.25
Note: The average value followed by the same letter in the column
Table 5. show not significantly different according to the BNJ 5% test.

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Surawijaya P, Melhanah, Anwar M, Chotimah HENC, Raudah. 2019. Application of Aquatic Bokashi on The Growth of Red Onion

Bulb Diameter Uptakes for Water, Nutrients, and Oxygen

Are Not Always Met by Irrigation Rate and
The average value of higest bulb diameter was obtained Distribution in Water-based Cultivation
Systems. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8(562), 1-
by carrying out of red onion with bokashi 30 tons ha -1
15.
as shown in Table 6. The highest value of bulb diameter
Budianta, D. & Ristiani, D. 2013. Pengelolaan Kesuburan
was obtained with applying of red onion by the 30 tons
Tanah Mendukung Pelestarian Sumberdaya
ha-1 bokashi as shown in Table 6. The bulbs diameter Lahan Dan Lingkungan. Palembang: Universitas
Sriwijaya Press.
reached 1.40 mm and was significantly different from
the control, but not the case with dose of both 10 tons Central Kalimantan Bureau of Statistics. 2014. Data
-1 -1 Strategis BPS Produksi Tanaman Pangan.
ha and 20 tons ha . The increasing of bulbs diameter
Palangka Raya: Bureau of Statistics.
indicate that the administration of bokashi is able to
contribute nutrients needed by plants to increase the Gebretsadik, K. & Dechassa, N. 2018. Response of
Onion (Allium cepa L.) to nitrogen fertilizer
yield of red onion. Gebretsadik and Dechassa (2018) rates and spacing under rain fed condition at
states that the provision of organic fertilizer in sufficient Tahtay Koraro, Ethiopia. Scientific Reports,
8(9495), 1-8.
soil causes more optimal growth of red onion.
Huang, W., Ratkowsky, D.A., Hui, C., Wang, P., Su, J.,
Table 6. The Bulbs Diameter of Red Onion & Shi, P. 2019. Leaf Fresh Weight Versus Dry
Dose of Bulbs diameter per type of Bokashi (mm) Weight: Which is Better for Describing the
Bokashi Scaling Relationship between Leaf Biomass
S. molesta P. stratiotes E. crassipes Average
(ton ha-1)
0 0.94 0.93 1.09 0.99 a
and Leaf Area for Broad-Leaved Plants?
10 1.29 1.33 1.41 1.34 b Forests, 10(256), 1-19.
20 1.36 1.29 1.49 1.38 b
30 1.35 1.44 1.40 1.40 b Khatri, N. & Tyagi, S. 2015. Influences of natural and
Average 1.23 1.25 1.35
Note: The average value followed by the same letter in the column
anthropogenic factors on surface and
show not significantly different according to the BNJ 5% test. groundwater quality in rural and urban areas.
Frontiers in Life Science, 8, 23-29.

CONCLUSION Lasmini, S.A., Nasir, B., Hayati, N., & Edy, N. 2018.
Improvement of soil quality using bokashi
The administration of bokashi can increase the growth composting and NPK fertilizer to increase
shallot yield on dry land. Australian Journal of
of red onion on the number of leaves, fresh and dry Crop Science, 12, 1743-1749.
weight of biomassa per clump, weight of bulb per clump
Lingga, P. & Marsono. 2001. Petunjuk Penggunaan Pupuk.
and bulb diameter. The bokashi of P. stratiotes 10 tons Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya.
ha-1 tends to show better results on fresh and dry
Napitupulu, D. & Winarto, L. 2010. Pengaruh
weight of biomassa per clump and number of bulbs per Pemberian Pupuk N dan K Terhadap
clump compared with bokashi of S. molesta and E. Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Bawang Merah.
Jurnal Hortikultura (Journal of Horticulture), 20,
crassipes. 27-35.

Putrasamedja, S. & Soedomo, P. 2007. Evaluasi Bawang

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