ASSIGNMENT -1

OF

SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

GURBAKSH PHONSA
GAGANPREET KAUR

ROLL NO: 42

SECTION: B1803

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Ques 1: Describe the different Information System? Distinguish each how they are

used in organizations. Explain briefly with Example?

Ans: - Every business system depends on a more or less abstract entity called an
information system. Information systems serve all the systems of a business, linking the
different components in such a way that they efficiently work toward the same purpose.
types of systems information are as follow:-

 Transaction Processing System

 Management Information System
 Decision Support Systems
 Expert System
 Office Information System

1.) Transaction Processing System (TPS):-

TPS is aimed at improving the routine business activities on which all organizations
depend. A transaction is any event that affects the organization. Common transaction
includes placing orders, billing customers and depositing checks etc.
Transaction processing, the set of procedures for handling the transactions, often
include these activities:
a.) Calculation
b.) Classification
c.) Sorting
d.) Storage and retrieval
e.) Summarization

e.g.: ATM (automated teller machine) allows the teller to use a computer terminal to enter
the details of the transaction while the customer is at the bank window. Transaction
processing systems were among the first computerized systems developed to process
business data – a function originally called data processing.

On-line transaction processing: A transaction processing mode in which transactions

entered on-line are immediately processed by the CPU.

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2.) Management Information System (MIS):-

MIS assist managers in decision making and problem solving. They draw on data stored
as a result of transaction processing, but they may also use other information. It provides
inputs to be used in the managerial decision process. Deals with well supported well-
structured decision situations. Typically information requirement can be anticipated.

e.g. In banking, a management information system will features reports based on

the transactional activities. For instance, regular reports on deposits and
withdrawal in total and by branch office are routinely used by bank officers to
keep informed on the performance of individual branches to monitor the ratio of
loans made to deposits received, the level of cash reserves and other common
performance indicators.

3.) Decision Support System (DSS):-

Decision support system assist manager who must make decision that are not highly
structured, often called unstructured or semi-structured decisions. A decision is considered
unstructured if there are no clear procedures for making the decision and if not all the
factors to be considered in the decision can be readily identified in advance.

e.g. Consider the decision process followed by banking officers who must decide
whether to begin offering cash management accounts or installing automatic teller
machines-both completely new banking services. Many questions are raised: what
will each service cost?

4.) Expert System: -

An expert system is an information system that captures and stores the knowledge of
human experts and then imitates human reasoning and decision-making processes for
those who have less expertise.

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Expert systems are composed of two main components: a knowledge base and inference
rules. A knowledge base is the combined subject knowledge and experiences of the
human experts.

Expert systems are one part of an exciting branch of computer science called artificial
intelligence. Artificial intelligence (AI) is the application of human intelligence to
computers. AI technology can sense your actions and, based on logical assumptions and
prior experience, will take the appropriate action to complete the task. AI has a variety of
capabilities, including speech recognition, logical reasoning, and creative responses.

5.) Office Information System:-

It is an information system that uses hardware, software and networks to enhance work
flow and facilitate communications among employees. Win an office information system,
also described as office automation; employees perform tasks electronically using
computers and other electronic devices, instead of manually. With an office information
system, for example, a registration department might post the class schedule on the
Internet and e-mail students when the schedule is updated. In a manual system, the
registration department would photocopy the schedule and mail it to each student’s house.
An office information system supports a range of business office activities such as
creating and distributing graphics and/or documents, sending messages, scheduling, and
accounting.

The software an office information system uses to support these activities include word
processing, spreadsheets, databases, presentation graphics, e-mail, Web browsers, Web
page authoring, personal information management, and groupware. Office information
systems use communications technology such as voice mail, facsimile (fax),
videoconferencing, and electronic data interchange for the electronic exchange of text,
graphics, audio, and video.

Que 2. Explain Reverse Engineering and Forward Engineering.

Ans: -

1) Forward Engineering: -

Forward engineering is a traditional process of moving from high-level abstractions

and logical, implementation-independent designs to the physical implementation of a
system.

• It builds devices that can do certain useful things for us: bridges, furnaces, cars,
planes.
• It is forward, because we build the devices by applying the principles of physics
and previous engineering. We know how forward-engineered devices work,
because we designed and built them.

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 • "Forward" engineering is the process of constructing a system for a specific
purpose. Reverse engineering is the process of deconstructing a system in order to
learn how it works and how to make it do things it wasn't designed to do.

• As an example, a specification fragment requiring associative retrieval using

numeric keys may be implemented using hash tables, achieving good system
reaction time. These decisions are usually not documented.

2) Reverse Engineering: -

Software reverse engineering involves reversing a program's machine code (the string of
0s and 1s that are sent to the logic processor) back into the source code that it was written
in, using program language statements.

The process of duplicating an existing component or product, without the aid of drawings,
documentation, or computer model is known as reverse engineering. Reverse engineering
can be viewed as the process of analyzing a system to:

• Identify the system's components and their interrelationships

• Create representations of the system in another form or a higher level of
abstraction
• Create the physical representation of that system

Reverse engineering is very common in such diverse fields as software engineering,

entertainment, automotive, consumer products, microchips, chemicals, electronics, and
mechanical designs.

For example, when a new machine comes to market, competing manufacturers may
buy one machine and disassemble it to learn how it was built and how it works. A
chemical company may use reverse engineering to defeat a patent on a competitor's
manufacturing process. In civil engineering, bridge and building designs are copied
from past successes so there will be less chance of catastrophic failure. In software
engineering, good source code is often a variation of other good source code.

BENEFITS:-

a) Reverse engineering enables the duplication of an existing part by capturing the

component's physical dimensions, features, and material properties. Before
attempting reverse engineering, a well-planned life-cycle analysis and cost/benefit
analysis should be conducted to justify the reverse engineering projects.
b) Reverse engineering is typically cost effective only if the items to be reverse
engineered reflect a high investment or will be reproduced in large quantities.
maintenance cost savings
c) quality improvements
d) competitive advantages

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 e) software reuse facilitation

QUES 3. Define the reasons for initiating Information System Project?

Ans: -

Information system:-

Information systems are implemented within an organization for the purpose of improving
the effectiveness and efficiency of that organization. Capabilities of the information
system and characteristics of the organization, its work systems, its people, and its
development and implementation methodologies together determine the extent to which
that purpose is achieved.

The Project Information System is a flexible, comprehensive information system used to

monitor and control project data.

• We can evaluate individual projects, partial projects, or multiple projects. The

system includes overview reports and reports offering various degrees of detail.
The Project Information System is designed to meet the needs of both project
management and ordinary project personnel.

• We can run recurring standard reports and create our own reports to meet specific
information needs and tasks.

• We can display all data in the information system immediately after entering it or
can run the reports in the background.

• Report evaluation includes a wide range of functions. For example, We can branch
to other reports for more detailed information, send reports via Mail, or print them.

• The standard also includes reports offering different degrees of detail,

summarizations, and views of current data, version data, and archive data for:
• Structures
• Controlling
• Progress
• Resources
• Material
An organization may initialize information system project for several reason but the
most important reason is to support the business objective. Providing a good return on
investment at reasonable level of risk is also important, especially in tough
economically times.

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 There may be many reasons for initiating a project such as developing a new
information system, changing an existing system or changing a business process.

Ques 4. Discuss the basic differences between structured designs and object oriented
design.

I). Structured design:

Structures Design is comprised of algorithms and data structures that solve a specific
problem. The problem is solved in a series of steps.

 As the size of the problems being solved by control system software applications
increases, so does the complexity of the program do. With this increase in
complexity, procedural programming has become more cumbersome.

 Software developed using the procedural approach is often difficult to describe,

maintain, and extend.

 From an economic perspective, an obvious way to profit from developing software

is to reduce the amount of software code that needs to be developed.

 Code re-use is one of the easiest ways to achieve this objective. Typically the
amount of code reuse that is achievable using the procedural methodologies is
relatively small.

 Using the procedural approach to develop software eventually became less

attractive.

II) Object oriented design:

It is defined as a design in which software/systems are developed by modeling program

flow, the software is modeled using objects. An object is a unit of structural and
behavioral modularity that has properties inside code. The process of representing a
problem as a set of cooperating objects, and the relationships between the objects is
known as Object Oriented Programming.

Using OOP design techniques, the software architect can abstract the problem domain
with a set of objects. Each object fully encapsulates a portion of the software problem.
Once the problem has been solved, the objects can be re-used to solve other software
problems.

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OOP techniques represent entities in the problem domain with objects in code. This
abstraction can aid in program conceptualization and design communication between
developers

Major Benefits of OOP design over structured design:

 The three tenets of OOP design are encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism;
all three are pillars of code re-use. Encapsulation is a modeling and
implementation technique that separates external aspects of the object from the
internal, implementation details. Encapsulation enables extensibility by enforcing
locality of change to the scope of the changed objects. Inheritance allows existing
objects to be extended without changing the original working code or the context.
Polymorphism (dynamic binding) allows tested algorithms, used with the object,
to be reused with the child class implementations without retesting the algorithm.
These features combine to provide programming constructs that are aligned with
framework design and code extensibility.

 One of the benefits of choosing OOP is the ability to use computer-aided software
engineering (CASE) tools in the design and extension process. Typically CASE
tools enable the developer to rapidly design and capture the architecture of a
product using the standard modeling language