Factors Affecting the Academic Performance of a Working Student in the Local

Government Unit of El Salvador City

An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to the Faculty of

City College of El Salvador

El Salvador City

In partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Degree Bachelor in Office Administration

By:

Ms. Mary Grace Payla

Subject Facilitator

November 2020

1
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Performance of employees is influenced by various components at work place. It is

characterized as the best approach to play out the employment undertakings as per the
endorsed work description. Performance is the craftsmanship to finish the errand
inside the characterized limits. There are loads of elements that influence the
exhibition of employees.

Many people are familiar with the concept of “work-life balance”- the
ongoing struggle to keep a healthy split between times spent on your professional
time. For grad students who work full-time, it’s more accurate to talk about “work-
study-life balance.” And that’s a mouthful; it’s even more of a handful. While it is
technically possible to work full-time while studying full-time, it can be a bit like
fighting a two-front war- both areas important and require constant attention, and
ignoring either is something you do at your own peril- and meanwhile, you can ever
forget your obligations on the “home front” either.

Some previous research has examined this subject matter, currently no

consensus exists as to the effect that youth employment has on such educational
outcomes. If working during high school has a harmful effect on academic
performance, it might be reasonable to strengthen laws that regulate the number of
hours that youth can work. Similarly, if working during college is detrimental,
individuals who need to work during college in order to pay tuition costs may be at a
disadvantage as compared with students from wealthier back-grounds, and work-

2
study based financial aid programs may have certain undesirable side effects. Ralph
Stinebrickner and Todd R. Stinebrickner.

The problem statement is about factors affecting the efficiency and

effectiveness of a working student at work place of the Local Government Unit of El
Salvador City. This study will focus on the working students employed in
government sector to know about their performance and factors affecting them. The
variables that are determined to affect the performance at work place include
motivation to work, Stress, and time management. These variables are described in
different studies that affect the performance of employees at work place.

The problem has been developed with the question as to have the
corresponding workloads and required working hours of working students affect their
academic performance. Working in full time while attending school creates time
shortages and the students requires highly developed time management skill in order
to handle school and work.

The study aims to find out the factors of affecting the academic performance of
working student. It will examine if the motivation to learn, stress, and time
management has a significant effect in the academic performance of the students, as
they are officially enrolled in City College of El Salvador.

1.2 Theoretical/Conceptual framework

Academic Performance of the working students have attracted increased attention

among the university teachers and students with the aim of knowing and
understanding the reasons, problems and other factors affecting them. This may
empower them for lifelong learning to their journey to success hindered by their busy
schedule and always no time to their study and academic performance.

3
 Determining the concepts of this research the study comes up with different
theories. The theories that could be used are transactional model of stress and coping
it is how a person copes with stressful events.

Motivation to Learn

Working
Stress
Student

Time Management

Fig. 1 Conceptual Framework of the Study

The research paradigm illustrates the conceptual framework of the study that shows
the relationship of the input, process and output of the topic. This framework
embodies the specific direction by which the research will have to be undertaken by
describing the relationship between specific variables identified in the study.

1.3 Statement of the Problem

This study aims to answer the following questions:

1. What is the effect of working performance to the work of the working

students?
2. Is there a significant difference between the motivation to learn and working
student performance?
3. Is there a significant difference between stress and working student
performance?

4
 4. Is there a significant difference between time management and working
student performance?

1.4 Hypothesis

H1: There is no significant difference between the motivation to learn and

working student performance.
H2: There is no significant difference between the stress and working student
performance.
H3: There is no significant difference between time management and working
student performance.

1.5 Significance of the study

The result of this study will provides basis to the students for awareness and
better understanding of how their current work affect their academic performance.
This study may also help the other students to understand the situation of colleagues
who work and study.

This research is concerned about working student performance within higher

educational institutions in El Salvador City that could be significant to the following:

Government – The Local Government Unit of El Salvador City

School – City College of El Salvador

Constituents – The people living in El Salvador City

The Future Researchers may be able to use the findings of the study for
further research and investigation particularly related to the academic performance of

5
working students since there are very limited local studies that can be found exploring
this particular subject or concern.

1.6 Scope and Limitation

The researcher examined the working student performance in Local

Government Unit of El Salvador City. This study was only limited to students who
are officially enroll in this academic year 2020-2021 working with the Local
Government Unit of El Salvador City.

6
1.7 Definition of Terms

Performance - refers to how better the student has grabbed the substantial to present
and performed in the work place.

Working Students – Students enrolled at City College of El Salvador employed at

Local Government Unit of El Salvador

Motivation - is a basic recipe for student working performance

Stress - is a feeling of emotional or physical tension. It can come from any event or
thought that makes you feel frustrated, angry, or nervous

Time management – is the ability to use one's time effectively or productively,

especially at work.

Government - the political direction and control exercised over the actions of the
members, citizens, or inhabitants of communities, societies, and states; direction of
the affairs of a state, community, etc.; political administration

7
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The researchers have consulted a number of related literature and studies to

examine what factors and variables were considered by other researchers in doing
their respective studies, including the methods used and findings.

According to the national Statistics Coordination Board (NSCB) published

that the full-time workers in July 2010 recorded a share of 64.3 percent of the total
employed while the part-time workers, 35.0 percent. The number of underemployed
persons in July 2010 was estimated at 6.5 million, placing the current
underemployment rate at 17.9 percent. More than half (58.1%) of the total
underemployed were reported as visibly underemployed or working less than 40
hours during the reference week. Those working for 40 hours or more accounted for
40.4 percent. Most of the underemployed were working in the agriculture sector
(46.7%) and services sector (37.8%). The underemployed in the industry sector
accounted for 15.5 percent.

The Zero-sum model was incorporated by Warren, et al (2007) in his study of

the relation between student employment and academic outcomes. It may be,
however, according to Warren, that the time and energy that students devote to
employment can also be considered as a decrease in time and energy allotted to
socialization, television watching, delinquency, or other less academically beneficial
activities.

8
 Using time as the measure or basis of the theory, it can be said that it tends to
ignore the conscious and deliberate decision-making process that students (and
perhaps parents) use when deciding whether and how intensively students should
work. Work schedules (and employment status) may affect schooling outcomes, but
employment activities may conceivably be affected by how well students are doing in
school.

In a review and criticism about the flaws of the zero-sum measure as a tool to
describe the work-school relationship, Warren (2007) presented his alternative theory,
the Primary Orientation Model. Unlike the zero-sum model, this holds that students
who are primarily oriented toward school do relatively well in school, regardless of
how much they work; and students who are primarily oriented toward employment do
poorly in school because formal education is only of secondary importance.

Warren concluded in view of this perspective, employment intensity only

matters if it is accompanied by disinterest in or disengagement from school. This
means that schooling outcomes can also be due to students’ social psychological
orientation toward work (vs. toward school). Students’ employment intensity is
merely an important indicator of the extent to which they are work oriented. Further,
the alternative theory implied the following hypotheses:

1. Students who are oriented toward work are more likely to work. That is, if work is
a central aspect of students’ lives, then they are more likely to work and to work more
intensively. Conversely, students who are oriented toward school will work less
frequently and less intensively.

2. Students who are oriented toward work do less well in school. On the other hand,
students are likely to do better in school if they are oriented toward school.

9
3. The association between employment intensity and school performance mostly or
entirely disappears after controlling for whether school or work are central aspects of
students’ lives.

This concludes that employment not only limits the time one has for academic
studies, it also severely limits one’s opportunities for interaction with other students
and faculty. As a consequence, one’s social integration as well as one’s academic
performance suffers.

It also noted that the simple act of leaving (“dropping out”) can have
“multiple and quite disparate meanings” (p. 4). While typically seen as negative,
dropping out can be positive for both the student and the institution if the goals of the
student and the institution are not consonant. Tinto suggested that dropping out might
reflect a student’s mature recognition that the college experience has not met his or
her needs.

Stressors are demands made by the internal or external environment that upset
balance, thus affecting physical and psychological well being and requiring action to
restore balance. (Lazarus & Cohen, 1977)

The work is a stressor that upset balance affecting the academic performance.
Actions that may require restoring the balance may require the dropping of other
subjects that they can focus on the others or just enroll the subjects suited to their
schedules. Time management and proper approach on every situation are also helpful.

According to Lazarus & Folkman cognitive-relational theory defines stress as

a particular relationship between the person and the environment that is appraised by

10
the person as taxing or exceeding his or her resources and endangering his or her
well-being.

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODS

This chapter presents the research method, research locale, the respondents,
data gathering procedure, instruments and techniques and the statistical treatment to
be used.

3.1 Research design

The study will be a quantitative and descriptive study to see the influence of soft skill
factors (motivation to learn, stress, time management,) towards working student
performance.

3.2 Research Setting/Locale

The researchers choose the City Hall of the Local Government Unit of El Salvador
City to be the locale of their study. The test was conducted in the mentioned
institution.

3.3 Data Gathering Procedure

Random Sampling technique will be done by taking into account the Local
Government Unit of El Salvador so that maximum results can be obtained. As this is
a quantitative research, a survey method will be used to collect data. For survey,

11
closed ended questionnaire will be is designed to collect data. Questionnaire will be
constructed by formulating closed ended so that there is maximum margin to know
about the effect of Motivation to work, Stress and time management on the
performance of working student employed in the Local Government Unit of El
Salvador City.

3.4 Respondents and Sampling

This study will focus on students who are currently enrolled in City College of El
Salvador, SY 2020 – 2021 and are currently working at the Local Government Unit
of El Salvador City.

3.5 Research Instrument

The questionnaire composed of 2 parts. Part I is the profile of the respondents

with regard to their sex, age, and general average. Part II is the academic performance
of the working students.

3.6 Statistical tool

Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques will be used for data analysis.
Descriptive statistics provides us with the techniques of numerically and graphically
presenting information that gives an overall picture of the data collected.

12
References:

Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980; Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975 and its extension, the Theory of
Planned Behavior

Alfan et al., 2005.Study on Factors affecting Part time Students Performance.

 Charemie U. Cui & Debbierante T. Ermac Cebu Normal University – Cebu City.

A study on Life of Working Students: Opportunities and Challenges

Lazarus R.S., Cohen J.B. (1977) Environmental Stress

Warren, et al 2007. A study on Reconsidering the Relationship Between Student

Employment and Academic Outcomes A New Theory and Better Data

Stinebrickner, Todd R. and Stinebrickner, Ralph, (August 2007). The Causal

Effect of Studying on Academic Performance

Web Articles

13
Steven C. Riggert, Mike Boyle, Joseph M. Petrosko, Student Employment and Higher
Education: Empiricism and Contradiction. Published March 1, 2006 
https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543076001063

Name:

Questionnaire on Factor Affecting the Academic Performance of a Working

Student in the Local Government Unit of El Salvador City

1. What are the factors that motivate you to learn while you are working?

2. What are the factors that motivate you to work while you are schooling?

14
3. What are the usual cases of stress in your life at working place?

4. What are the usual cases of stress in your life at school?

5. What is the relationship between Time Management and your academic and
working life?

15