Factors Affecting the Academic Performance of a Working Student in the Local

Government Unit of El Salvador City

An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to the Faculty of

City College of El Salvador

El Salvador City

In partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Degree Bachelor in Office Administration

By:

Ms. Mary Grace Payla

Subject Facilitator

November 2020
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Performance of employees is influenced by various components at work place. It is

characterized as the best approach to play out the employment undertakings as per the

endorsed work description. Performance is the craftsmanship to finish the errand

inside the characterized limits. There are loads of elements that influence the

exhibition of employees.

Many people are familiar with the concept of “work-life balance”- the

ongoing struggle to keep a healthy split between times spent on your professional

time. For grad students who work full-time, it’s more accurate to talk about “work-

study-life balance.” And that’s a mouthful; it’s even more of a handful. While it is

technically possible to work full-time while studying full-time, it can be a bit like

fighting a two-front war- both areas important and require constant attention, and

ignoring either is something you do at your own peril- and meanwhile, you can ever

forget your obligations on the “home front” either.

Some previous research has examined this subject matter, currently no

consensus exists as to the effect that youth employment has on such educational
outcomes. If working during high school has a harmful effect on academic
performance, it might be reasonable to strengthen laws that regulate the number of
hours that youth can work. Similarly, if working during college is detrimental,
individuals who need to work during college in order to pay tuition costs may be at a
disadvantage as compared with students from wealthier back-grounds, and work-
study based financial aid programs may have certain undesirable side effects. Ralph
Stinebrickner and Todd R. Stinebrickner.

The problem statement is about factors affecting the efficiency and

effectiveness of a working student at work place of the Local Government Unit of El
Salvador City. This study will focus on the working students employed in
government sector to know about their performance and factors affecting them. The
variables that are determined to affect the performance at work place include
motivation to work, Stress, and time management. These variables are described in
different studies that affect the performance of employees at work place.

The problem has been developed with the question as to have the
corresponding workloads and required working hours of working students affect their
academic performance. Working in full time while attending school creates time
shortages and the students requires highly developed time management skill in order
to handle school and work.

The study aims to find out the factors of affecting the academic performance of
working student. It will examine if the motivation to learn, stress, and time
management has a significant effect in the academic performance of the students, as
they are officially enrolled in City College of El Salvador.
1.2 Theoretical/Conceptual framework

Academic Performance of the working students have attracted increased attention

among the university teachers and students with the aim of knowing and
understanding the reasons, problems and other factors affecting them. This may
empower them for lifelong learning to their journey to success hindered by their busy
schedule and always no time to their study and academic performance.

Determining the concepts of this research the study comes up with different
theories. The theories that could be used are transactional model of stress and coping
it is how a person copes with stressful events.

According to Lazarus & Folkman cognitive-relational theory defines stress as

a particular relationship between the person and the environment that is appraised by
the person as taxing or exceeding his or her resources and endangering his or her
well-being.

According to Albert Bandura is well regarded for his Social Cognitive Theory.
It is a learning theory based on the ideas that people learn by watching what others
do, and that human thought processes are central to understanding personality. This
theory provides a framework for understanding, predicting and changing human
behavior.

Another theory is the theory of planned behavior and reasoned action (AJ Zen
& Fishbein 1980); It is a theory that predicts deliberate behavior, because behavior
can be deliberate and planned.
 Motivation to Learn

Working
Stress
Student

Time Management

Fig. 1 Conceptual Framework of the Study

The research paradigm illustrates the conceptual framework of the study that shows
the relationship of the input, process and output of the topic. This framework
embodies the specific direction by which the research will have to be undertaken by
describing the relationship between specific variables identified in the study.

1.3 Statement of the Problem

This study aims to answer the following questions:

1. What is the effect of working performance to the work of the working

students?
2. Is there a significant difference between the motivation to learn and working
student performance?
3. Is there a significant difference between stress and working student
performance?
4. Is there a significant difference between time management and working
student performance?
1.4 Hypothesis

H1: There is no significant difference between the motivation to learn and

working student performance.
H2: There is no significant difference between the stress and working student
performance.
H3: There is no significant difference between time management and working
student performance.

1.5 Significance of the study

The result of this study will provides basis to the students for awareness and
better understanding of how their current work affect their academic performance.
This study may also help the other students to understand the situation of colleagues
who work and study.

This research is concerned about working student performance within higher

educational institutions in El Salvador City that could be significant to the following:

Government – The Local Government Unit of El Salvador City

School – City College of El Salvador

Constituents – The people living in El Salvador City

The Future Researchers may be able to use the findings of the study for
further research and investigation particularly related to the academic performance of
working students since there are very limited local studies that can be found exploring
this particular subject or concern.
1.6 Scope and Limitation

The researcher examined the working student performance in Local

Government Unit of El Salvador City. This study was only limited to students who
are officially enroll in this academic year 2020-2021 working with the Local
Government Unit of El Salvador City.
1.7 Definition of Terms

Performance - refers to how better the student has grabbed the substantial to present
and performed in the work place.

Working Students – Students enrolled at City College of El Salvador employed at

Local Government Unit of El Salvador

Motivation - is a basic recipe for student working performance

Stress - is a feeling of emotional or physical tension. It can come from any event or
thought that makes you feel frustrated, angry, or nervous

Time management – is the ability to use one's time effectively or productively,

especially at work.

Government - the political direction and control exercised over the actions of the
members, citizens, or inhabitants of communities, societies, and states; direction of
the affairs of a state, community, etc.; political administration
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The researchers have consulted a number of related literature and studies to examine
what factors and variables were considered by other researchers in doing their
respective studies, including the methods used and findings.

2.1 Foreign Literature

The literature begins with the vast area of numerous factors that may affect
the performance of employees in the working area. According to some researchers
and practitioners, the factors that may affect the performance of employees at work
place are the exclusive nature and function of job satisfaction change, or systematic
development or weakening in job satisfaction over spell. The researcher sought to
find out the impact of job satisfaction on employee turnover. There are lots of other
factors that may enhance or lower the employees’ performance. There are certain
factors that individually and collectively effect on the performance of employees. A
relationship among them is found out in this study. Independent variables are
conscientiousness, loyalty, customer satisfaction, employee involvement, work
environment, extraversion. Dependent variables include employee work performance
and customer outcomes. Data was collected through questionnaire either direct or
through e-mail. Multiple regression analysis used to determine the relationship along
with Independent T-Test. Sample of fifty restaurants of different cities in Pakistan
was used to complete the study. Individual factors i.e. conscientiousness and
extraversion imposed a significant impact on employees performance, while
contextual factors i.e. work environment and employee involvement placed a
moderate impact on the study. The results showed that the employees performance
level correlated with customer satisfaction and loyalty but not with the customer
evaluation of overall service quality provided to the customers (Middle-East J. Sci.
Res., 17 (9): 1200-1208, 2013).

Zero-sum model

The Zero-sum model was incorporated by Warren, et al (2007) in his study of the
relation between student employment and academic outcomes. It may be, however,
according to Warren, that the time and energy that students devote to employment can
also be considered as a decrease in time and energy allotted to socialization,
television watching, delinquency, or other less academically beneficial activities.

Primary Orientation model

In a review and criticism about the flaws of the zero-sum measure as a tool to
describe the work-school relationship, Warren (2007) presented his alternative theory,
the Primary Orientation Model. Unlike the zero-sum model, this holds that students
who are primarily oriented toward school do relatively well in school, regardless of
how much they work; and students who are primarily oriented toward employment do
poorly in school because formal education is only of secondary importance.

Warren concluded in view of this perspective, employment intensity only matters if it

is accompanied by disinterest in or disengagement from school. This means that
schooling outcomes can also be due to students’ social psychological orientation
toward work (vs. toward school). Students’ employment intensity is merely an
important indicator of the extent to which they are work oriented.

Tinto Model

This concludes that employment not only limits the time one has for academic
studies, it also severely limits one’s opportunities for interaction with other students
and faculty. As a consequence, one’s social integration as well as one’s academic
performance suffers.

It also noted that the simple act of leaving (“dropping out”) can have “multiple and
quite disparate meanings” (p. 4). While typically seen as negative, dropping out can
be positive for both the student and the institution if the goals of the student and the
institution are not consonant. Tinto suggested that dropping out might reflect a
student’s mature recognition that the college experience has not met his or her needs.

2.2 Local Literature

According to the national Statistics Coordination Board (NSCB) published

that the full-time workers in July 2010 recorded a share of 64.3 percent of the total
employed while the part-time workers, 35.0 percent. The number of underemployed
persons in July 2010 was estimated at 6.5 million, placing the current
underemployment rate at 17.9 percent. More than half (58.1%) of the total
underemployed were reported as visibly underemployed or working less than 40
hours during the reference week. Those working for 40 hours or more accounted for
40.4 percent. Most of the underemployed were working in the agriculture sector
(46.7%) and services sector (37.8%). The underemployed in the industry sector
accounted for 15.5 percent.

MANILA, Philippines - About 216,000 students in the country are currently

juggling school and work, according to latest data from the Commission on Higher
Education (CHED).The figure is about 8% of the total number of college students in
the country.CHED said working students today are mostly into food service,
entertainment and sales, apart from their usual stints as library and research
assistants."Dahil sa financial crisis, kailangan nila ng extra income," said lawyer
Julito Vitriolo, officer-in-charge at CHED's office of the executive director.Vitriolo
added that these students are forced to work because of higher commodity prices and
tuition fees.Jerry Rontal, who delivers oxygen tanks in a hospital. Rontal is currently
taking up Criminology, and needs to pay a tuition fee of P24,000 for this
semester.The amount does not include expenses for books, uniform and public
transport."Gusto kong umangat sa hirap. Kakayanin po, kailangan po eh. Kung hindi
ako kikilos, walang mangyayari," Rontal said.Despite their efforts, the pressure to
balance work and school is just too much for many working students.The CHED said
that only 50% of working students get to finish college, as many cannot cope and
cannot concentrate on their studies, while some have poor health, while others give
up because of insufficient funds.CHED advised working students to get jobs that are
not that demanding, and that are more closely related to their courses. -- Report from
Bernadette Sembrano, ABS-CBN News.
 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODS

This chapter presents the research method, research locale, the respondents,
data gathering procedure, instruments and techniques and the statistical treatment to
be used.

3.1 Research design

The study will be a quantitative and descriptive study to see the influence of soft skill
factors (motivation to learn, stress, time management, job assignments and working
environment) towards working student performance.

3.2 Research Setting/Locale

The researchers choose the City Hall of the Local Government Unit of El Salvador
City to be the locale of their study. The test was conducted in the mentioned
institution.

3.3 Data Gathering Procedure

Random Sampling technique will be done by taking into account the Local
Government Unit of El Salvador so that maximum results can be obtained. As this is
a quantitative research, a survey method will be used to collect data. For survey,
closed ended questionnaire will be is designed to collect data. Questionnaire will be
constructed by formulating closed ended so that there is maximum margin to know
about the effect of Motivation to work, Stress and time management on the
performance of working student employed in the Local Government Unit of El
Salvador City.
3.4 Respondents and Sampling

This study will focus on students who are currently enrolled in City College of El
Salvador, SY 2020 – 2021 and are currently working at the Local Government Unit
of El Salvador City.

3.5 Research Instrument

The questionnaire composed of 2 parts. Part I is the profile of the respondents

with regard to their sex, age, and general average. Part II is the academic performance
of the working students.

3. 6Statistical tool

Correlation and regression analysis will be to analyze the data. Multiple

regression analysis, will be applied as there are more than one independent variables
affecting dependent variable.
References:

1. (Alfan et al., 2005).

2. (Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 17 (9): 1200-1208, 2013).
3. (Charemie U. Cui & Debbierante T. Ermac Cebu Normal University – Cebu
CityOctober, 2017)
4. (Lazarus & Cohen, 1977)
5. (AJ Zen & Fishbein 1980);
6. Warren, et al (2007)
7. Riggert et al. (2006)
8. Statistics Coordination Board (NSCB