Contents
Chap>1 Introduction
Chap>2 Conservation laws of fluid motion and boundary conditions
Computational Fluid Dynamics Chap>3 Turbulence and its modeling ‐‐ skipped
Chap>4 The finite volume method for diffusion problems
Chap>5 The finite volume method for convection‐diffusion problems
Chap>6 Solution algorithms for pressure‐velocity coupling in steady flows
Dr, Yasser Ben Salah Chap>7 Solution of discretized equations
Chap>8 The finite volume method for unsteady flows
National Engineering School
Monastir
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Contents
Introduction
The staggered grid
The momentum equations
The SIMPLE algorithm
CHAPTER 6: SOLUTION ALGORITHMS FOR Assembly of a complete method
PRESSURE‐VELOCITY COUPLING IN STEADY The SIMPLER algorithm
FLOWS The SIMPLEC algorithm
The PISO algorithm
General comments on SIMPLE, SIMPLER, SIMPLEC and PISO
Worked examples of the SIMPLE algorithm
Summary
3 3 4
Introduction Introduction
The convection of a scalar variable φ depends on the magnitude and direction of the Two (2) new problems
local velocity field. Non‐linearities
How to find flow field? The convective terms of the momentum equations contain non‐linear quantities (ρu2).
In the previous chapter, we assumed that the velocity field was ”somehow ”known. All three equations are intricately* coupled because every velocity component appears in each
momentum equation and in the continuity equation.
In general the velocity field is, however, not known and emerges as part of the overall
solution process along with all other flow variables. The pressure‐velocity linkage
The most complex issue to resolve is the role played by the pressure. It appears in both momentum
equations, but there is evidently no (transport or other) equation for the pressure.
Governing equations (2D steady‐state N‐S eqs.) If the flow is compressible,
continuity eq used as transport eq for density
Energy eq is the transport eq for TT
Pressure may then be obtained by using eq of state, p = p(ρ,T)
If the flow is incompressible the density is constant and hence by definition not linked to the
pressure.
In this case coupling between pressure and velocity introduces a constraint in the solution of
the flow field
– If the correct pressure field is applied in the momentum equations the resulting velocity field should satisfy
continuity.
Both problems can be resolved by adopting an iterative solution strategy such as SIMPLE
Patankar and Spalding
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* (FR)
intricately de façon complexe ! SIMPLE : Semi‐Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations
() Introduction
Principle behind SIMPLE SIMPLE algorithm
• The principle behind SIMPLE is quite simple!
The convective fluxes per unit mass F through cell faces are evaluated from so‐called guessed
• It is based on the argument that fluid flows from regions with high pressure to low pressure.
– Start with an initial pressure field. velocity components.
– Look at a cell. A guessed pressure field is used to solve the momentum equations
– If continuity is not satisfied because there is more mass flowing into that cell than out of the cell, the
A pressure correction equation, deduced from the continuity equation, is solved to obtain a
pressure in that cell compared to the neighboring cells must be too low.
– Thus the pressure in that cell must be increased relative to the neighboring cells. pressure correction field, which is in turn used to update the velocity and pressure fields.
– The reverse is true for cells where more mass flows out than in. To start the iteration process we use initial guesses for the velocity and pressure fields.
– Repeat this process iteratively for all cells. The process is iterated until convergence of the velocity and pressure fields.
• The trick is in finding a good equation for the pressure correction as a function of mass imbalance. These equations
will not be discussed here but can be readily found in the literature.
Improvements on SIMPLE
• SIMPLE is the default algorithm in most commercial finite volume codes.
• Improved versions are:
– SIMPLER (SIMPLE Revised).
– SIMPLEC (SIMPLE Consistent).
– PISO (Pressure Implicit with Splitting of Operators).
• All these algorithms can speed up convergence because they allow for the use of larger underrelaxation factors
than SIMPLE.
• All of these will eventually converge to the same solution. The differences are in speed and stability.
• Which algorithm is fastest depends on the flow and there is no single algorithm that is always faster than the other
ones.
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Contents The staggered grid
Introduction Where to store the velocities?
The staggered grid If you stagger, you walk very unsteadily, for If the velocities and the pressures are both defined at the nodes of an ordinary CV a
The momentum equations example because you are ill or drunk. highly non‐uniform pressure field can act like a uniform field in the discretized
CV Faces values
The SIMPLE algorithm momentum equations.
Checker board problem
Assembly of a complete method
The pressure at the central node (P)
The SIMPLER algorithm
does not appear
The SIMPLEC algorithm dp/dx, dp/dy
The PISO algorithm Zero at all the nodal points
General comments on SIMPLE, SIMPLER, SIMPLEC and PISO even with the oscillations
Zero momentum source
Worked examples of the SIMPLE algorithm
Summary
This behaviour is obviously Checker board pressure field
non‐physical.
Solutions
Use a staggered grid
Rhie‐Chow interpolation
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() The staggered grid
The idea is : Harlow and Welch (1965)
Scalar variables
Pressure
to evaluate scalar variables, such as pressure, density, temperature etc., at ordinary Stored at
nodal points Velocities
Stored at and
x‐direction:
but to calculate velocity components on staggered grids centred around the cell faces. y‐direction:
Scalar node
The arrangement for a two‐dimensional flow calculation is shown in Figure 6.2. (I,J)
Velocity node
(i,J)
(I,j)
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The staggered grid The staggered grid
Harlow and Welch (1965) Harlow and Welch (1965)
Scalar variables Scalar variables
Pressure Pressure
Stored at Stored at
Velocities Velocities
Stored at and Stored at and
x‐direction: x‐direction:
y‐direction: y‐direction:
Scalar node Scalar node
(I,J) (I,J) intersection of 2 grid lines
Velocity node Velocity node
(i,J) (i,J)
(I,j) (I,j)
intersection of :
a line defining a cell boundary
and a grid line mix of subscripts
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The staggered grid Contents
In the staggered grid arrangement Introduction
Pressure gradient The staggered grid
At (i,J) and (I,j) The momentum equations
The SIMPLE algorithm
Assembly of a complete method
The SIMPLER algorithm
Advantages The SIMPLEC algorithm
No checkerboard problem
The PISO algorithm
No interpolation to
calculate velocities at cell
General comments on SIMPLE, SIMPLER, SIMPLEC and PISO
faces Worked examples of the SIMPLE algorithm
Summary
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The momentum equations The momentum equations
On staggered grid Discretized momentum equation
Scalar grid: I-1, I, I+1, …. , J-1, J, J+1, …. Unbroken grid lines ____ x‐directional momentum eq.
Velocity grid: i-1, i, i+1, …. , j-1, j, j+1, …. Dashed lines that construct cell faces ------
Backward staggered grid
1 1
xi xI xu y j y J y v
2 2
Fig . 6.3
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The momentum equations The momentum equations
Discretized momentum equation Discretized momentum equation
x‐directional momentum eq. x‐directional momentum eq.
1 I 1,J I ,J I ,J I 1,J
Fe u e ui1,J ui, J
2 2 2
1 I ,J I 1,J I 1,J I 2, J
Fw u w ui,J ui1, J
2 2 2
1
Fn vn vnw une
2
1 I 1,J 1 I 1,J vI 1, j 1 I ,J 1 I ,J vI , j1
2 2 2
1 Fig . 6.3
Fs vs vsw u se
2
1 I 1,J I 1,J 1 I ,J I ,J 1
vI 1,j
vI , j
2 2 2 19 20
The momentum equations The momentum equations
Discretized momentum equation Discretized momentum equation
x‐directional momentum eq. x‐directional momentum eq.
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The momentum equations The momentum equations
Discretized momentum equation
Discretized momentum equation
x‐directional momentum eq.
x‐directional momentum eq.
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The momentum equations Contents
Discretized momentum equation Introduction
y‐directional momentum eq. The staggered grid
The momentum equations
The SIMPLE algorithm
Assembly of a complete method
The SIMPLER algorithm
The SIMPLEC algorithm
x‐directional momentum eq:
The PISO algorithm
General comments on SIMPLE, SIMPLER, SIMPLEC and PISO
Worked examples of the SIMPLE algorithm
Summary
Fe , Fw , Fn , Fs : include the velocity, non‐linear part, use the previous iteration values
Iterative solution method is required.
Given a pressure field p, discretized momentum equations of the form can be written for
each u‐ and v‐control volume and then solved to obtain the velocity fields.
If the pressure field is correct the resulting velocity field will satisfy continuity.
As the pressure field is unknown, we need a method for calculating pressure. 25 26
The SIMPLE algorithm The SIMPLE algorithm
SIMPLE = Semi‐Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations Semi‐Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations
Patankar and Spalding
Guess‐and‐correct procedure for the calculation of pressure on the staggered grid
arrangement
ai,J ui,J anbu nb p I 1,J pI ,J Ai,J bi,J
Initiation of the SIMPLE calculation
Guess: p*
Solve the discretized momentum equations
Intermediate velocity
– Two systems of equations
– For u* and v*
Pressure correction, velocity corrections
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The SIMPLE algorithm The SIMPLE algorithm
Semi‐Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations Semi‐Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations
Omission of these terms
Express u and v using p’
For simplicity, the following two terms are dropped. Is the main approximation
of SIMPLE
a '
u
nb nb a '
v
nb nb
'
ai, J ui,J
pI' 1,J p 'I ,J Ai,J
a I , j vI' ,j p '
I ,J 1
p'
I ,J
A I ,j
Express u and v using p’
Solve the momentum equations with guessed pressure and guessed velocities for non‐linear
terms.
The predicted velocity should satisfy continuity equation.
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The SIMPLE algorithm The SIMPLE algorithm
Semi‐Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations Semi‐Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations
Continuity equation on scalar node Continuity equation on scalar node
u A uA uA vA vA
f
e w n s
uA
uAi,J vAI , j1 vAI ,j 0
i1,J
uAi1,J uAi,J vAI , j1 vAI ,j 0
Express u and v using p’
Derive the pressure correction eq.
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The SIMPLE algorithm The SIMPLE algorithm
Semi‐Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations Semi‐Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations
Continuity equation on scalar node Continuity equation on scalar node
Rearrange Cell pressure correction equation
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The SIMPLE algorithm The SIMPLE algorithm
Semi‐Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations Semi‐Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations
Continuity equation on scalar node Solve the pressure correction equation
Collect the cell pressure equations for all cells Pressure correction p’ can be obtained.
System pressure correction equation
'
p I ,J 1
pI' 1,J
p I ,J b I , J Not the final solution. Why?
a I ,J 1 a I 1,J a I 1,J a I ,J 1 ' '
a I ,J
pI' 1, J
'
ai, J ui,J
pI' 1,J p'I ,J Ai,J
p'I ,J 1 a v '
I , j I ,j p '
I ,J 1 p 'I ,J A
I ,j
Fe , Fw , Fn , Fs
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The SIMPLE algorithm The SIMPLE algorithm
Semi‐Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations Semi‐Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations
Under relaxation Discretize momentum equations from the second iteration
Pressure under‐relaxation factor
0 p 1
u‐ and v‐ velocity under relaxation factors
A correct choice of under‐relaxation factors α is essential for cost‐effective simulations.
Too large a value of α may lead to oscillatory or even divergent iterative solutions, and a value
which is too small will cause extremely slow convergence.
Unfortunately, the optimum values of under‐relaxation factors are flow dependent and must be
sought on a case‐by‐case basis.
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The SIMPLE algorithm The SIMPLE algorithm
Semi‐Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations
Pressure correction equation from the second iteration
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