Semestre.

2
Module: Forage 2
Realized by : Mr Moulay Brahim khalil
Ukmo: Feb 2019

02/2020 1
 The drill string is the mechanical linkage
connecting the
drill bit on bottom to the rotary drive system on
the surface.
The drill string serves the the following functions :
1. Transmit and support axial loads - WOB
2. Transmit and support torsional loads - rpm
3. Transmit hydraulics to clean the hole and
cool the bit
4. Guide and control well trajectory

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The Drill String includes all tubular
equipment between the Kelly Swivel
or top drive and the bit:
The drill string is divided in two
parts:
Drill Pipe string: drill pipes
Bottom hole assembly:
Heavy Walled Drill Pipe
Drill Collar
Jars – Shock Subs – Stabilizers–
Junk Baskets – Accelerators etc…

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1 - Drill pipe
A pierced, seamless tube of forged steel or extruded
Aluminum
Tool Joints attached to each end of the seamless
tube
-Provide connections for the drill string
-Thick enough to have pin or box cut into them
Function
transmit rotation
suspension of BHA
Circulation of fluide

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The DP is classified based on the following points:
1. Length
2. Size
3. Grade
4. Weight
5. Class

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 Lenght
Range-1: 18 to 22 ft (5.48 – 6,71 m)
Range-2: 27 to 30 ft (8,23-9,15m) (Most Common)
Range-3: 38 to 45 ft (11,58-13,72m)
Size
From 2 3/8” to 6 5/8” – refers to OD of pipe body

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 Weight
Depending upon the size of pipe different weight ranges in lb/ft
When referring to Drill Pipe Weights, there are four important
ones:
Plain end Weight – Refers to the weight per foot of the pipe
body.
Nominal Weight - Refers to an obsolete standard. ( Weight
of Range I pipe with connections ) Is used today to refer a
class of Drill pipe.
Adjusted Weight – Refers to the weight per foot of pipe
including the upset but excluding the tool joint based on a
length of 29.4 ft
Approximate Weight – The average weight per foot of pipe
and tool joints of Range II pipe. This approximate weight is
the number to use in Design calculations
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 Grade:
There are four grades of pipe commonly used today

Min yield stress: When DP is stretched, it goes through a region of elastic

deformation
Min tensile stress: Beyond yield strength, there exists a region of plastic
deformation

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 Class:
Unlike casing and tubing, which are normally run new, drill
pipe is normally used in a worn condition. It therefore has
Classes
New: No wear, has never been used (one white Bond)
Premium: Remaining wall not less than 80%. (two white Bonds)
Class 2: Remaining wall not less than 70%. (Yellow Bond)
Class 3: Remaining wall less than 60%.(Orange Bond)
There is other details such as, dents and mashing, slip area
mechanical damage, stress induced diameter variations,
corrosion cuts and gouges (scratches),

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 YIELD STRENGTH (in pounds) = Yield Strength (in psi) x
/4 (OD2 - ID2)
Example:
5" grade G-105, class 1 (new) drill pipe has a nominal
weight of 19.5 Ib/ft and an ID of 4.276”
...therefore:
Min Yield Strength in pounds = 105,000 x /4 x (52 -4.2762)

= 553,833 lbs.

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Where the pipe joins the tool joint, the pipe wall thickness is
increased or “upset”.
This increased thickness is used to decrease the frequency of pipe failure at
the point where the pipe meets the tool-joint.
The drill-pipe can have
Internal upsets (IU), ( OD stays the same )
External upsets (EU), ( ID stays the same )
Internal and External Upsets (IEU).

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 Tool joints are short sections of pipe that are attached to the
tubing portion of DP by means of using a friction
welding process (see video)
All API tool joints have a minimum yield strength of 120,000
psi regardless of the grade of the drill pipe they are used on
(E, X,G, S)
API sets tool joint torsional strength at minimum 80% of the
tube torsional strength
Make up torque is determined by pin ID or box OD.
The make up torque is 60% of the tool joint torsional capacity.

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Design
Heavier wall and longer tool joints, Has the same OD of drill
pipe and reduced ID
Manufactured in four sizes: 3 ½, 4, 4 ½, 5 in. and in length 0f
30.5 ft
Center wall pad
Also available in spiral design
Function
Used in transition zones between DC and DP
This prevents the DP from buckling
Used in place of DC sometimes To keep Drill Pipe in tension
Not to be used for Weight on Bit in normal circumstances

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HWDP can be run both in tension and in compression
BUT!!!
Manufacturers recommend not to run HWDP in
compression in hole sizes larger than 12 ¼”
Experience shows that they should not be run in
compression in Vertical Holes
If run in compression, rules of thumb are:
TJOD + 6” > OH diameter
2 x TJOD > OH diameter

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Description
They are heavy walled metal tubes
The predominant components of the BHA
Functions
To put weight on bit (WOB)
To keep the drill string from buckling
Minimize bit stability problems from vibrations, and jumping
Minimize directional control problems by providing stiffness to the BHA
Types
Comes in many OD and ID sizes typically 4 ¾” to 9 ½” OD
Most commonly in lengths of 30-31 feet
Spiral collars where there is chance of getting stuck by differential
pressure
non-magnetic steel for survey instrument

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Definition:
A short sub with blades attached which is of outside
diameter equal to, or slightly smaller than the diameter of
the hole being drilled. the blade arrangement allows fluid
returns while supporting the drill string against the walls
of hole.
Role
Stabilizers are used as a means of controlling the
location of the contact point between the hole and drill
collars.
Minimize bending and vibrations which cause tool joint
wear and damage to BHA components such as MWDs
Allow the bit to rotate perpendicular to the hole which
Increases bit life by reducing wobble

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Position
Placed above the bit (ex:near bit stab NBS) to control
hole deviation, minimize dog-leg and prevent differential
sticking
Between DC, depends on the BHA design
Types
Rotating or non-rotating
Rotating includes: integral blades, sleeve, and welded
blades
Non-rotating comprises a rubber sleeve and mandrel

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Mandrel Sleeve

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Drilling jar
Defined as a mandrel slides within a sleeve
The free end of the mandrel is shaped in the form of
a hammer to provide a sticking action against the
force of an anvil
Jarring is used to free stuck pipe
Can provide up word or down word forces
Recommended to be run in tension
Placed above the neutral point

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Position
In zones where differential sticking is anticipated, locate the
jar relatively high in the BHA to minimize the chance of
becoming stuck above the jar.
Where mechanical sticking is more common, the jar may be
located lower in the BHA for increased jarring efficiency.
To avoid any unexpected jarring downhole, the jar should be
kept in tension located above the neutral point of the drill
string.
The jar should be placed a minimum of two joints above or
below a cross over
the drill string above must not exceed the jar diameter

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 Rules :
• Place 5-6 singles of (HWDP) between the jar and
accelerator for maximum impact (fishing jar)
• Place at least one stand of HWDP or DC above the
accelerator
• Avoid placing STB or other BHA tools above the tool,
that have a larger Outer Diameter (OD) than the jar
• Replacing the jar after 350 hours (max drilling hours
standard temperature) is recommended. However - in
scenarios with higher temperatures, meaning 150+
degrees, the recommended limit is reduced to 200
hours.

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Mechanical jar
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Hydraulic jar
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Rotary reamers are provided with tungsten
carbide rollers set vertically in the body of the
reamer
Can be three or six reaming cutters
Run behind the bit to provide gauge hole

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 Types:
Underreamers
An underreamer is device designed to run in conjunction with a
drill bit. It has cutters that can be expanded or contracted by
mechanical or hydraulic means and used to enlarge or ream a
borehole below the casing
Roller reamers
Roller reamers significantly improve performance with chronic
stick-slip or whirl-induced borehole which commonly limit drilling
in hard formation and extended reach wells. Historically roller
reamers are also used for conditioning the borehole.

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RFID reamers
An RFID reamer uses radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology
to active the reamer.
The electronically activated reamer provides increased flexibility for
hole-enlargement-while-drilling (HEWD) operations. Weatherford’s
RipTideTM RFID tags are inserted into the DP ID at surface level and
carried downhole in the drilling fluid.
RFID features enables operators to activate and deactivate the tool at
any time while drilling or tripping (see video).

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Specific benefits RFID technology offers include:
Prevents activation of the cutter blocks during jarring operations,
significantly reducing the risk of getting the reamer stuck in the hole
and incurring nonproductive time as a result;
Helps protect casing and the tool’s cutting structure from damage
while cleaning the hole at full circulation and rotation;
Permits running of multiple drilling reamers in tandem, all of which
can be independently controlled
Near bit reamer: can be used to drill over sized holes. It is
designed to enlarge the hole while drilling. They have been used in
both conventional mud motor and rotary steerable directional
assembles.

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Also named a vibrating dampener
Placed between the bit and drill collars
Absorb vibrations and impact loads caused by drill
string movement
Steel rubber spring design to absorb torsional and
vertical vibration
Placed normally above the bit
Stabilization requirement dictate placement 30 to
50 above the bit

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 When drilling is being carried out at shallow depths,
intermittent hard and soft streaks, along with broken
formations, can transmit vibrations to the surface, where
they are easily detected
An advantage of this is that it allows for any weight,
pump pressure, and rotary speed to be used- it does not
require and specialized operating techniques

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Subs are short joints of pipe which act as
crossovers (i.e. connect components which
cannot otherwise be screwed together because of
differences in thread type or size).

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There are four basic requirements to design a DS:
The burst, collapse and tensile strength of the DS
components must not be exceeded.
The bending stresses within the DS must be minimized.
The DC must be able to provide all of the weight
required for drilling.
The BHA must be stabilized to control the direction of the
well

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API R7G 1 gives the following design criteria:
1. Anticipated total depth with this drill string
2. Hole size
3. Expected mud weight
4. Desired safety factor in tension and/or margin of overpull
5. Desired safety factor in collapse
6. Length of DC, OD, ID and weight per foot
7. Desired DP sizes and inspection class

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Drill String Design steps
1. Bottom Hole Assembly Selection
2. Drill Pipe Selection

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Drill Collar Selection Principles
DC selection is governed by two major factors:
Weight and Stiffness --- Size!
Usually the largest OD collar that can be safely run is the
best selection:
More weight available for WOB
Greatest stiffness to resist buckling and smooth directional
tendencies
Cyclical movement is restricted due to tighter Clearances
Usually Shortest BHA possible to:
Reduce handling time at surface
Minimize number of Connections in the hole
Minimize total DC in contact with the wall for differential
sticking exposure

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1. BHA Weight must be sufficient for the planned WOB
2. BHA Weight must be sufficient to account for Buoyancy
3. BHA Weight must be sufficient to account for hole
inclination
4. BHA Weight must be sufficient so that the neutral point
of axial loads is within the BHA – with a safety factor of
15%

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Drill Collar Weight & Neutral Point

Hiegh of the neutral point

H= WOB /(Buoyancy factor x linear
weight of DC )

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 Procedure For Selecting Drill Collars:
1. buoyancy factor (BF):
for the mud weight MW the BF is by the formula below:

where
BF =Buoyancy Factor, dimensionless
MW =Mud weight in use, ppg
65.5 =Weight of a gallon of steel, ppg
or (1-MW(sg)/7,85)

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2. Length:
Calculate the required collar length to achieve the desired
weight on bit:
DC Length = 1.15* WOB / (BF*Wdc)
where:
WOB=Desired weight on bit , lbf (x 1000)
BF =Buoyancy Factor, dimensionless
W dc =Drill collar weight in air, lb/ft
1.15 =15% safety factor.
The 15% safety factor ensures that the neutral point
remains within the collars when unforeseen forces
(bounce, minor deviation and hole friction) are present.

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3. For directional wells:

DC Length = DC Length Vertical / Cos I

where:
I= Well inclination
Ex:Determine the number of 9 inch OD by 3 in ID drill
collars required to provide a weight-on-bit of 55,000 lbf
assuming
Hole deviation = 0°, Mud density = 12 ppg

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4. Bending Strength Ratio ( BSR)
BSR is the relative stiffness of the box to the pin of a given
connection.
Describes the Balance between two members of a connection and
how they are likely to behave in a rotational cyclical environment
A Connection is said to be balanced if the BSR is 2.5
Where:
Zbox = box section modulus
Zpin = pin section modulus
D = Outside diameter of pin and box
b = thread root diameter of box
threads at
end of pin.
R = Thread root diameter of pin
threads ¾
of an inch from shoulder of pin.
d= inside diameter or bore.
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5, Bending resistance ratio BRR (Stiffness Ratio)
• The SR measures the stiffness of a connection in a transition
between 2 types of pipe
BRR = Section Modulus of lower section tube /Section modulus of
upper section tube
•Based on field experience, in a transition from one collar or pipe to
another the BRR should not exceed:
• 5.5 for routine drilling
• 3.5 for severe or rough drilling

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EXAMPLE: bending resistance ratios
A proposed BHA consists of 9” X 3” drill collars. Is it acceptable to
make this up directly to 5” X 3” HWDP?
BRR = ([ 9.04 - 3.04 ] * 5.0) / ([ 5.04 - 3.04 ] * 9.0) = 6.62 which is
unacceptable (greater than 5.5)
Is it acceptable to make this up directly to 8” X 3” drill collars?
BRR = ([ 9.04 - 3.04 ] * 8.0) / ([ 8.04 - 3.04 ] * 9.0) = 1.44 which is
acceptable (less than 5.5)
Is it acceptable to make the 8” collars to the 5” X 3” HWDP?
BRR = ([ 8.04 - 3.04 ] * 5.0) / ([ 5.04 - 3.04 ] * 8.0) = 4.61 which is
acceptable (less than 5.5)
Therefore, if 9” X 3” drill collars are required on bottom, one
acceptable BHA would include both 8” X 3” drill collars and 5” X 3”
HWDP above them .

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6, Drill Pipe Selection Principles
1. DP selection is based on: Size + Weight and Strength
2. The Drill Pipe selection must address the following:
Drill Pipe must allow to drill to TD
Drill Pipe must support all weight below it (BHA+DP)
Drill Pipe must provide Over pull capacity
Drill Pipe must withstand slip crushing force
Drill Pipe must resist burst and collapse loads
Drill Pipe might have to work in H2S environment

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Tension Design
Total weight, Tsurf, carried by the top joint of drill pipe when the drill
bit is just off bottom ;

Ldp = length of Drill Pipe

Wdp = weight of Drill Pipe per unit length
Ldc = weight of Drill Collars
Wdc = weight of Drill Collars per unit length

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 The drill string is not designed according to the minimum yield
strength!!!
If Drill Pipe reaches yield:
• Drill Pipe can have permanent deformation.
To prevent deformation damage to DP, API recommends the use of
maximum allowable design load

Tmax = DF x Tyield ….(2)

Tmax = Max. allowable design load in tension , lb

Tyield = theoretical yield strength from API tables , lb
DF= Design Factor relating proportional limit to yield strength

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 Margin of Over pull
Margin of over pull is nominally 50-100k, or in the limit of the
difference between the maximum allowable load less the actual load
Choice of MOP should consider:
• Overall drilling conditions
• Hole drag
• Likelihood of getting stuck
• Slip crushing
• Dynamic loading

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Length Of Drill pipe
1. Determine max design load (Tmax) :
(maximum load that drill string should be designed for)

Tmax = DF x Minimum Yield Strength … lb.

Note: DF= 0,9 is recommended by the API, but each company

can use its propre factor

2. Calculate total load at surface using

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3. Minimum tension force above expected working load to account for
any drag or stuck pipe

4. The maximum length of Drill Pipe that can be used is obtained

by combining equations 1 and 3 and solving for the length of Drill
Pipe

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Example:
Drill Collars length : 600’ and weight in air is 150 lb/ft.
MOP = 100,000 lbs. 5” / 19.5 lb/ft Premium G-105 DP with
NC50 connections.
Calculate the maximum hole depth that can be drilled ?
Assume BF= 0.85
Carry out calculations without MOP and with MOP of
100,000 lb
Use API - RP7G Tables for the values of Approximate
Weight (Wdp) and for Minimum Yield Strength

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Shock Loading
The additional tensile force generated by shock loading
represent slow running speeds is given by:

Where Wdp = weight of drillpipe per unit length,

Design Factor for Shock loading
A design factor of 1.6 should be applied to the tension
loads calculated above if shock loading is not accounted
for. If the shock loading is quantified and included in the
load calculation, a design factor of 1.3 can be used.

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Bending
The additional tensile force generated by
bending is given by:

where
= dog-leg severity in °/100 ft
D = outside diameter of pipe in inches

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Slip crushing
The maximum allowable tension load must also be designed to
prevent slip crushing of the pipe.
Reinhold and Spini 6 proposed an equation to calculate the
relationship between the hoop stress caused by the action of the
slips and the tensile stress in the pipe resulting from the load of the
pipe hanging in the slips. The equations used are as follows:

TS=TL (SH/ST)
where
TS =Tension load due to slip crushing
TL =Static load tension

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 SH/ST=Hoop stress to tension stress ratio as derived from the
equation below:

where
SH =Hoop stress (psi)
ST =Tensile stress (psi)
D =OD of the pipe (ins)
K = load factor on slips (1/tan (y + z))
y =Slip taper (typically 9.4625 degrees)
z =Arctan
=Coefficient of friction, typically 0.08 -0.25
Ls =Length of slips, usually 12-16 in

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 Design Procedure:
A graphical approach to DS design is recommended. If one section of the
string does not meet requirements it must be upgraded. The procedure is
as follows:
1. Choose a weight and grade of pipe to satisfy the collapse conditions
2. Using the pipe chosen in 1. calculate the tension loading, including
buoyancy effects. Draw the tension loading line and also the maximum
allowable load line.
3. Modify the tension load as given in 2. by applying a design factor,
MOP and Crushing factor. Three design lines are thus generated.
4. If any of these design lines exceed the maximum allowable load, a
higher rated drill pipe must be used for that section of pipe.
5. Calculate the new tension loading line for the new drill string and
repeat steps 3. and 4

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Tension calculations
1. Tensile strength = yield stress x cross area
2. Tmax = DF x Tensile strength, DF=0,9
3. MOP = Tmax – W(DS)= Tmax – ((Ldp x wdp + Ldc x wdc)xBF)
4. Collapse pressure: Pc=0,052 x MW x Ldp
5. Based on Pc choose the the Drill pipe nominal weight and grade
6. Build the tension loading line graph
Static loads
at bottom of DC T1=F1= - Pdc x Adc=0,052xMWxL(drill string)xAdc
at top of DC T2=F1+W1(in air)= F1+ (wdc x Ldc )
at bottom of DP T3= T2 + F2= T2+Pdp x (Adc-Adp)
at Top of DP T4= T3 + W2=T3+ wdp x Ldp

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Calculate shock load tension: Fs=1500xwdp(lb/ft)
Calculate the dynamic load at bottom and top of DP
Dynamic loads = static load + shock load
T3(dynamic) = T3 + Fs
T4(dynamic) = T4 + Fs
Multiply the dynamic load on the top of DP and at the top of DC by
the 1.3 design factor since shock loads have been included (if not
multiply by 1,6)
Add the MOP to static load
Multiply static load by slip crushing factor
If any of these design lines exceed the maximum allowable load
Tmax, a higher rated DP must be used for that section of pipe.

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 Additional Design Variables
1. Torsion
The drill pipe torsional strength, when subjected to pure torsion is
given by:

where:
Q = minimum torsional yield strength (lb-ft)
Ym = minimum unit yield strength (psi)
J = polar moment of yield inertia = /32 x (D 4 - d 4)
D = outside diameter (in)
d = inside diameter (in)

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2. Torsion and tension combination
When drill pipe is subjected to both torsion and tension, as is the
case during drilling operations

QT = minimum torsional yield strength under tension (lb-ft)

P = weight carried, (lb)

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