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APPSC GROUP 1 MAINS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 100

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND SAMPLE ANSWERS

1. Critically analyse the impact of draft environmental

impact assessment norms 2020 on environmental
protection.

2. What is coronavirus explain its structure and mode of

transmission symptoms diagnosis and its prevention?
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3. In the wake of covid-19 one of the treatment is conversion

plasma therapy. In this context discuss what is Convalescent
plasma therapy what are advantages and disadvantages of
this therapy?

4. Write a short note on endemic epidemic pandemic with

examples
What is herd immunity

5. What are zoonotic diseases? Why many emerging disease

are zoonotic? How these diseases are controlled

6. From the past years there has been a significant decrease

in malaria cases in this context discuss the steps taken by
the government to control malaria and challenges involved
in eliminating malaria by 2030

7. Analyse the working of NGT in environmental

jurisprudence
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8. What is 5G technology what are the opportunities and

challenges for India

9. Explain the impact of plastic pollution what are the

challenges in preventing it

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10. What are the reasons for increasing man animal conflict
in India? What are the measures need to take to decrease the
conflict?

11. What is social forestry? examine its potential as a

measure of sustainable rural development and issues in the
social forestry

12. Write a short note on ICMR, ICAR

13. What is wetland? Why do we have to conserve the

wetlands and what are the challenges involved in
conservation?

14. How does Biodiversity vary in India? how is the

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biological diversity act 2002 helpful in conservation of flora

and fauna

15. Recent tiger census shows and increase in tiger

population in this context what are the measures taken by
the government and challenges still involved in tiger
conservation

16. In atmanirbharta package government declared

privatisation of space. in this context why private
participation is important and what are the benefits and
challenges involved in it?

17. What is gene editing what are the pros and cons of gene
editing
Or
What is CRISPR- cas9? What are the advantages and issues
involved in this
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Or
What are designer babies? What are the benefits and ethical
issues involved in it?

18. What are the objectives and criticism of science and

technology and innovation policy 2013

19. What is darknet? What are the dangers involved in it?

Suggest the measures to decrease the impact of darknet

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20. What are stem cells? What are the advantages and why
stem cells are advantages compared to other procedures?

21. What are different types of vaccines and explain with

examples

22. What do you understand by intellectual property rights

discuss how India should manage intellectual property rights
issues in India

23. What is plant tissue culture? What are the types and
applications of plant tissue culture

24. What are transgenic animals what are the applications of

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transgenic animals with emphasis on animal husbandry

25. Critically analyse the role of biotechnology in improving

the conditions of farmers in India
Or
How can biotechnology improve the living standards of
farmers
Or
Critically analyse the role of biotechnology in food security

26. What is tuberculosis explain its types transmission,

pathogenesis and diagnosis

27. Biotechnology has a lot of advantages but there are

concerns about this technology among the
environmentalists, NGOs and people. Discuss

28. What are the government initiatives to combat climate

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change and discuss the impact of climate change on India

29. In natural farming or organic farming biofertilizers play a

crucial role. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of
biofertilizers.

30. Critically analyse the national biofuel policy 2018

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31. Coastal sand mining, whether legal or illegal poses one of

the biggest threats to our environment, analyse the impact
of sand mining along the Indian coast citing specific
examples

32. Write in detail about the production of hepatitis vaccine

by using the modern techniques.

33. What are the applications of nanotechnology in defence

and space sectors? Discuss

34. Explain about the different diagnostic test used to detect

the coronavirus

35. What are the implications of disposing the huge

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quantities of discarded solid waste which are continuously

being generated? how do we can remove safely the toxic
waste that has been accumulated in our habitable
environment?

36. What is microplastic? Discuss harmful effects, effective

measures to tackle it

37. What are drones? what are the applications of drones in

social economic development of the country?

38. Discuss the role of IT in environment management

39. Write a short note on national digital health mission and

discuss the importance of information technology in
healthcare?

40. What is green pharmacy? What are the effects of the

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drugs on environment? What are the steps need to take to

achieve green pharmacy?

41. What are the achievements of ISRO in the area of

indigenization of technology?

42. Write a short note on hypersonic technology vehicle

demonstrator, what are the advantages and challenges
involved in it.

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43. What is the importance of Gaganyaan mission to India?

Discuss various challenges related to the mission ?

44. Discuss the salient features and applications of IRNSS.

45. What is GPS? Write down some of the Application of GPS

using today?

46. Write a short note on 1 mission Shakti 2 Astrosat.

47. Write a short note on 1. GAGAN 2. Aditya L1.

48. Write about Chandrayaan 2 mission, its salient features,

objectives and challenges in this mission.
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49. What is Indian national satellite system? What are the

major applications of INSAT system for socio economic
development of the country?

50. What is IRS satellite system? What are the applications

of Indian remote sensing satellite system?

51. Write a Short note on 1. CARTOSAT 3 2. RISAT-2BR1.

52. Write a Short note on [Link] 30 [Link].

53. India is having the worst air pollution level. In this

context What are the initiatives taken by the government in
talking the air pollution in India?

54. What is bioremediation? What are the different

techniques used in it. What are the pros and cons of
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Bioremediation?

55. What is Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Differentiate between the

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD).

56. What is National Clean Air Programme? What are its

salient features and criticism?

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57. What is Eutrophication? What are its effects and

mitigation strategies?

58. Explain circumstances leading to acid rain. How does

acid rain affect biotic and abiotic things on earth and what
measures are needed to stop acid rain? Examine.

59. What is ocean acidification? What are the causes and

impact of ocean acidification?

60. What is the Chemistry behind ozone depletion? What are

the effects of ozone layer depletion?

61. How is technology emerging as a critical aspect of

governance in India? Illustrate with the help of suitable
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examples.

62. Write about the major research institutes in Andhra

Pradesh

63. Explain the Role of blockchain technology in governance

and industry?

64. Describe about the key achievements and issues of

DRDO?

65. India is going to face an increasing demand for energy as

it grows. Evaluate the significance of renewable energy in
achieving energy security with special emphasis on solar
power?

66. What is ITER project and what are its objectives ? What
is Indias contribution to ITER?
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67. India is a member of MTCR, Wassaner Arrangement,

Australia group, In this context list out the advantages for
India in becoming the member of this groups?

68. What is robotics ? Discuss the types and application of

robotics in different fields with examples?

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69. Discuss about the nuclear science and technology

development in the last sixty two years ?

70. Write about the renewable energy sources and highlight

the problems associated with the renewable energy?

71. What is DNA fingerprinting? What are the steps involved

in it? What are the applications of DNA Finger printing?

72. What are the causes and impact of soil degradation in

India. List down the measures taken by the government to
control soil degradation in India.

73. Write about the salient features of National Disaster

Management Plan 2016. What are the Drawbacks of this plan
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and suggest the measures?

74. What is watershed? Explain watershed management with

suitable examples, discuss its significance in water resource
management in India.

75. Explain the Importance, aim, objectives and drawbacks of

Environment Protection Act 1986?

76. Explain the different methods of mining. What are the

factors affecting mining activity in India. Also, discuss the
concerns associated with mining activity?

77. What are the components of the Green Revolution?

Analyse the Impact of Green Revolution, Discuss about the
need of second Green revolution?

78. What is Genomics? Explain the Human Genome Project

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with its benefits and the potential dangers involved with it?

79. What is UNFCCC? What are the achievements and short

comings of UNFCCC?

80. What is forest resource? What is their ecological

significance? Highlight the impact of rapid deforestation in
different regions of India.

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81. What is CITES? Highlight its Aim and functions. What are
the contributions made by CITES?

82. What is land slide? Analyse various reasons for increase

in landslides and suggest suitable measures for mitigation?

83. Highlight the various anthropogenic activities

contributed for the Environmental degradation?

84. Critically examine the water resources particularly focus

on marine resources of India and discuss the problems
encountered in their development?

85. What are Infectious diseases explain with examples. What

are the steps need to take to prevent the infectious
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diseases?

86. What are floods? Why is there increasing risk of Floods in

India? Suggest measures for flood management.

87. What is Atal Innovation Mission? What are its Objectives

and Significance?

88. What is soil Erosin? Explain the causes of soil erosion

occurring over extensive areas in certain parts of India. What
measures would you suggest for solving this problem?

89. Write about the contribution of Women scientists to the

Science and technology.

90. Examine the seismic risk regions in India. Also, examine

the different Phenomena associated with earthquakes in
these regions
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SAMPLE QUESTION AND ANSWERS

Q. Write in detail about the production of Hepatitis Vaccine by using the

modern Techniques?

Introduction

Hepatitis B is a potentially life-threatening liver infection caused by the

hepatitis B virus (HBV). It is a major global health problem. It can cause
chronic infection and puts people at high risk of death from cirrhosis and
liver cancer.
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Hepatitis is a enveloped virus with DNA as genetic material.

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Plasma derived vaccine older method

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Production of Hepatitis Vaccine modern(recombinant DNA technology)

method
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First dose is given within 24 hours of birth later booster dosages are given

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Conclusion

A safe and effective vaccine that offers a 98-100% protection against

hepatitis B is available. Preventing hepatitis B infection averts the
development of complications including the development of chronic disease
and liver cancer.

Q. What is green Pharmacy? What are the effect of the drugs on

environment? What are the steps need to take to achieve green Pharmacy?

Introduction
Green pharmacy is the design of pharmaceutical products and processes
that eliminate or reduce significantly the use and generation of hazardous
substances and the prevention/reduction of environmental/safety and
health impacts at the source.
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Effects of drugs on environment

Human and veterinary medicines have the potential to be released into the
natural environment. Over the past decade pharmaceuticals have been
detected in river waters, ground waters, and soils
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 Estrogens: feminization effect on male fish.

 Antidepressants: delay fish and frog development.
 Fluoroquinolones: can lead to malformations in embryos of kites
 Antibiotics: potential role in promoting resistance development in
human and animal pathogens.

Steps to achieve green pharmacy:

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· Be environmental conscious when ordering stock: adjust inventory.

· Use eco friendly packaging.

· Ask patients if plastic bag is needed, encourage plastic saving.

· Encourage use of virtual technology instead of paper and if you can use
recycled paper.

· Use reverse distribution: return unwanted, unusable, and expired

medicines to the manufacturer or manufacturing agents.

· Create a recycling program: insist that employee use it

· Never mix waste pharmaceuticals with other waste

· Educating patients on safe and effective medication practices

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· Remind patients to return an used or expired medication to pharmacies

for proper disposal

· Energy conservation: turn off lights, air conditioning, computer monitors

and equipment that aren't needed.

Conclusion

Pharmaceutical waste is environmental containment so Risk minimization

should be taken from industries, physicians, Pharmacists, healthcare
professional, final consumer.

Q. What is Darknet? What are the dangers involved in it, suggest the
measures to decrease the impact of Darknet?

Introduction
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Darknet is a computer network with restricted access that is being used

chiefly for illegal activities on the web.

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Potential dangers of Darknet:

Identity misuse: There are reports of log-in details of streaming sites like
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Netflix being sold on the dark web marketplaces for cheap rates. This data is
misused for creating fake identities, financial frauds etc. Leaked information
is used for creating profiles that could be used for social engineering,
phishing and online identity theft, among other practices that thrive on the
availability of such data on the Darknet.

Malware and Ransomware: Another danger of the dark net is malware and
ransomware. Most malware is transmitted over the dark net and then used
on public access websites, so being on the darknet can put in danger of
coming into contact with malware or ransomware that can cripple a
business or steal one’s identity.

Drug smuggling: The relative impermeability of dark net has made it a

major haven for drug dealers who can sell or buy any kind of narcotic
substances on the darknet without getting caught.

Terrorism: Terrorists use dark net to provide information to fellow

terrorists, to recruit and radicalize, to spread propaganda, raise funds, and
to coordinate actions and attacks. Terrorists also use the darknet for illegal
purchase of explosives and weapons, using virtual currencies like Bitcoin
and other crypto-currencies.
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Child pornography: The Darknet has been used for trafficking and child
pornography and other crimes.

Measures

Data theft protection: Unlike the data protection regulations in place in

the European Union and in the U.S., India still lacks a comprehensive legal
framework to protect data privacy. Considering the manner in which public
data are being stored and used by both the state and private entities, data of
individuals is at high risk for being misused in Darknet. For efficient

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management of data in the age of digitisation, a data protection law is

needed.

Right to privacy: The Supreme Court (SC) in Justice K.S Puttaswamy vs

Union of India case, declared that the right to privacy is an inherent part of
the fundamental right under Article 21 of the constitution. Thus, it is the
duty of the state to safeguard individual’s privacy through legislation.

Rising cyber-crime: Public data leaks have been quite common in India
from government websites enabling the download of Aadhaar numbers to
electoral data rolls being downloaded in bulk, among others. Due to
increased digitisation and increased digital complexities, data protection is
needed for the hour. Recent rise of crimes like WhatsApp, Pegasus scam
demands a data protection law in place.

Regulating companies: Large amounts of personal data have been collected

by state agencies and private companies and their flow across national
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boundaries has been a cause for concern. There are many instances that the
state and private agencies who are using the personal data are not
transparent on the purpose for which the data is being utilised. To curtail
the perils of unregulated and arbitrary use of personal data a legislation
must be in place.

Digital India: With a billion population, India has the second highest
internet user base in the world. With emphasis on digital India, the
government must ensure the safety of citizen’s data.

Wayfarword

Data protection is a must in the age of digital era. The law should
encompass all the aspects- data collection, processing and sharing practices
in an integrated manner. The Kerala Police has set up a ‘state-of-the-art lab’
to intervene and crack down on the rising criminal activities over the
Darknet, also known as the underworld of the Internet. The state must
prevent and investigate digital crimes, prevent misuse of data and encourage
data security through legislation. A comprehensive Data Protection Act is
the need of the hour due to potential dangers. The Centre constituted the
BN Srikrishna Committee to identify ‘key data protection issues’ which
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suggested a draft data protection Bill.

The wake of covid-19 one of the treatments is convalescent plasma therapy.

In this context discuss what is convalescent plasma therapy? what are the
advantages and disadvantages of this therapy?

Introduction

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Plasma therapy involves transfusing plasma retrieved from the blood of

people who recovered from covid-19 into people suffering from the disease

Person infected with COVID-19

Produce antibodies (igM,IgG)in to the plasma of blood from lymphocytes

Isolate antibodies from this infected patient after recovery(donar)

Transfer the antibodies from the donar to the recipient (newly infected
person)
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Newly infected person recovers fast

Advantages of Plasma Therapy:

 Passive immunization procedure that provides ready-made anti-

COVID19 antibodies.
 Has been effective in case of epidemics like H1N1 and SARS-n CoV
 It helps patients to recover fast with weak immune system
 It could help people who have a higher risk of serious illness such as
people with chronic medical conditions or those have weak immune
system
 Convalescent plasma might also be considered for family members or
Health care workers you have been exposed to someone with covid-19
to potentially prevent them from getting covid-19
 Plasma donation does not cause any weakness so an individual can
donate plasma in the gap of 10 days

Disadvantages of Plasma Therapy:

· The risk of contracting covid-19 infection from receiving convalescent
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plasma therapy has not been tested yet.

 Cross-contamination issues in case of poor handling.
 May elicit a graft-host reaction in the body due to blood transfers.
 No definite studies exist showing effectiveness
 Un known pathogens could be transferred in to patient during
transfusion
 Allergic reactions
 Lung damage and difficulty in breathing
 Suppression of immune system.


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Eligibility of a donar
18 years to 65 years of age
Males or females with no comorbid conditions
Female should never be pregnant or given birth
the donors be completely cured of the disease with no symptoms at least 28
days prior to plasma donation
At least 2 RT PCR test should reflect in negative for covid, 14 days prior to
the plasma donation

Conclusion

ICMR expressed some limitations with convalescent plasma therapy. New

countries like China UK and USA are cautiously using conversion plasma
therapy. Still test has to be done to understand the impact of conversion
plasma therapy on the patients.
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Q. What are the reasons for increasing Man-Animal conflict in india? what
are the measures need to take to decrease the conflict?

Introduction
Man-Animal conflict refers to the interaction between wild animals and
people and the resultant negative impact on people or their resources, or
wild animals or their habitat. It occurs when wildlife needs overlap with
those of human populations, creating costs to residents and wild animals. A
large survey of 5,200 families around 11 protected areas across the country
found that 71% of households reported crop losses due to raids by wildlife.
Reasons
1 Habitat fragmentation and shrinking of habitat give rise to shrinking of
space, food etc. in the forest, results in animals stray out of habitat in
search of food, water or shelter. 60 % of the elephant population is outside
the protected area. This habitat fragmentation may be result of many
reasons, for example, Construction of roads especially big Highways and
canals passing through dense jungles and the big mines.
2 Encroachment in the forest lands by local people has resulted in
shrinkage of wildlife habitats especially on the fringes which has increased
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the pressure on the limited natural resources in the forest areas.

3 Increased disturbance due to collection of fuel wood, fodder, NTFPs,
water etc. from the forests has also increased the incidences of man-animal
conflict.
4 Increase in area under cultivation around wildlife habitats and
changed cropping pattern have also contributed to increased man-animal
conflict. People have started growing commercial crops like sugarcane and
banana, which provide good hiding place for the wild animals like wild boar,
sloth bear and panther.
5 It is observed that the local people have to go deeper and deeper, year
by year for fetching firewood and other forest produce for their bonafide use,

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because of degradation of forests in the fringes. This has increased the

number of incidences of man-animal conflict.
6 Infestation of wildlife habitat by the invasive exotic weeds like
Lantana, Eupatorium and Parthenium have resulted in decreased
availability of edible grasses for the wild herbivores. As a result, herbivores
come out of forest area and cause depredation of agricultural crops on the
fringes.
7 Monoculture of teak in the large scale forest plantations raised by the
Forest Development Corporation of Maharashtra Ltd (FDCM) has also
adversely affected the wildlife habitat value of the forest areas.
8 Most incidences of man-animal conflicts are noticed during summer when
water becomes scarce. The livestock and wild animals have to share the
limited water sources on the fringes or inside forest. Human interference
with the natural drainage system in forest areas and diversion of water
towards habitation has further complicated the issue.
9 In some forest areas, the number of wild animals especially prolific
breeders like wild pig has increased beyond the carrying capacity of the
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habitat concerned. Hence wild animals stray out of forests cause man-
animal conflict.

10 Decreased prey base caused by poaching of herbivores has resulted in

carnivores moving out of forest in search of prey and indulge in cattle lifting.

11 Increasing wildlife population as a result of conservation programmes.

12 Climatic factors – climate change-induced habitat destruction.

13 Stochastic events (e.g. fire, floods etc.)

14 Growing interest in ecotourism and increasing access to nature reserves.

Mitigation measures

Need land scape approach rather protected area approach

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Implementation of Madhav gadgil report no developmental activities in

ESZ

Control poaching: Poaching of wild animals should be stopped so that the

no of wild animals can stabilize at its carrying capacity which would reach

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equilibrium in the ecosystem and this equilibrium between the numbers of

prey animals and predators in the forest ecosystem would be maintained.

To undertake SMC (soil and moisture conservation) works in the

habitat: To stop soil erosion and to increase water availability in the forests,
soil and moisture conservation measures (SMC) like vegetative checks dams,
loose boulder check-dams, cement plugs, Nala bunding, water tanks, should
be taken in the forest so that water regime of the forest is increased in a
natural way which will increase the productivity of the forests as well as
water availability in the habitat.

To stop monoculture and increase number of edibles miscellaneous

species: Plant monoculture of species like teak should be avoided. Instead
mixed plantations of miscellaneous, bamboo and fruit species can be
considered. This will provide more food for animals in the forest, hiding
shelter to animals as well as provide food for most herbivores.
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Stop fragmentation of wildlife habitat and wildlife corridors: While going

for construction of dams, long canals for irrigation and Highways through
the forest areas, the fragmentation of wildlife habitat should be avoided and
proper care should be taken so that the connectivity through wildlife
corridors is not disturbed.

Providing LPG to villagers: LPG should be provided to those villagers who

frequently go to the forest areas to fetch fuel wood for their challahs
Maharashtra Forest Department has started in big way to distribute LPG to
villagers residing on the fringes under Joint Forest Management Program
and Village Eco-development

Awareness Raising: People should be made more and more aware through
meetings and pamphlets etc. that they should avoid going deep into the
forest areas. If they have to go in any case they should go in groups and they
should keep talking to each other to detract the wild animals. School
children in vulnerable villages should be educated about the importance of
wildlife and human co-existence with it.

Solar Fencing around agriculture fields: Agriculture fields situated near

wildlife habitat/forest areas can be protected
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Controlling crop pattern: Crops like sugarcane, Banana, Bajra, tuhar

should not be allowed to be grown near forest areas. These crops attract
wildlife for food as well as good hiding place.
Paying Ex-gratia/Compensation to the people: Ex-gratia /compensation
should be paid promptly to the victims of wildlife attack so that the people
will not become enemy of the wild animals.
Relocation/Rehabilitation of problematic and disadvantaged wild
animal: If a wild animal like tiger, panther, or bear has become
disadvantaged or problematic, this fact to be doubly confirmed and then

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only such animal should be caught either by tranquilization or by trapping

cages, safely
Way ahed
The solutions are often specific to the species or area concerned and
are often creative and simple. Solutions should lead to mutually
beneficial co-existence. WWF report ‘Common Ground’ identifies
themes that can be used to compose a common ground or a basic
list of available and tested solutions. A united effort: In order to be
truly effective, prevention of human-wildlife conflict has to involve
the full scope of society: international organizations, governments,
NGOs, communities, consumers and individuals with financial
backing
Community-based natural resource management
Payment for Environmental Services: The most popular of these is
financial reward for the sequestering of carbon, but it is also seen as a
potential solution for human-wildlife conflict.
Wildlife friendly products: Always look for products that are
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environmentally friendly and recognized by serious organizations.

Field based solutions: There are a number of practical field-based solutions
that can limit the damage done both to humans and human property, and
to wildlife, by preventing wildlife from entering fields or villages.
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