Telecommunications,

Networks and Internet

Dr. Swapan Kumar Majumdar
 Introduction
1. Database is the Storehouse of Data
2. DBMS (S/W) is the Gateway of
Accessing and Using the Data
3. Data Network is the Pathway of
Dataflow, just like Roads are the
motorways for vehicles.
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 Why Networking ?
• No Work Without Effective Network
 networks are an important part of everyday
activities
 Business

 Home

 Government

 Education

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 How Does it Work?
Transmitted Output Output
Signal Signal Information

Input
Information Input
Signal Received
Signal

Source System Destination System

Agent Input
Transmitter
Communication
Receiver
Output Agent
Device Media/ Channel Device

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Types of Signals

1. Analog Signals

2. Digital Signals

3. High Frequency Radio or Microwave Signals

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Three Components of Data
Transmission
1. Transmitter
2. Receiver
3. Medium
– Guided medium
• e.g. twisted pair, optical fiber
– Unguided medium
• e.g. air, sea water, vacuum
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3 Components of Computer Network
1. Computers Personal Computer
Personal Computer
i. Servers LAN card
ii. Work stations LAN card

2. Media
i. Cables
ii. Fiber optic
iii. Radio
iv. Infrared
3. Connection devices LAN card

Internet
LAN card
Router or Switch

Shared Printer
Firewall Server
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 Types of Connecting Medium
• Physical (3 Primary Types of Cables ):
1. Twisted pair
2. Coaxial cable
3. Fiber optic

• Wireless
1. Microwave
2. Infrared
3. Light
4. Radio

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 Example: Network Media
Copper, 1mm think,
1 Twisted Pair:
twisted to avoid
antenna effect

2 Coaxial Cable:
Plastic Covering Used by cable
Braided outer conductor companies: High BW,
Insulator
good noise immunity
Copper core

3 Fiber Optics Light: High Data

Transmitter
Total internal Reflection
– L.E.D
Air Transmission
– Laser Diode Receiver Capacity; Secure,
Free from Noise,
Light Source Silica – Photodiode
or Interference
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 Twisted Pair - Applications
• Most common medium
• Telephone network
– Between house and local exchange
(subscriber loop)
• Within buildings
– To private branch exchange (PBX)
• For local area networks (LAN)
– 10Mbps or 100Mbps for Digital data
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Twisted Pair - Transmission
Characteristics
• Analog
– Amplifiers every 5km to 6km
• Digital
– Use either analog or digital signals
– repeater every 2km or 3km
• Limited distance
• Limited bandwidth (1MHz) for analog
• Limited data rate (100MHz) for digital
• Susceptible to interference and noise
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 Shielded and Unshielded TP
• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
– Ordinary telephone wire
– Cheapest
– Easiest to install
– Suffers from external EM interference
• Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
– Metal braid or sheathing that reduces interference
– Better performance, higher data rate
– More expensive
– Harder to handle (thick, heavy)

# Shield helps to prevent interference and reduction of noise, TP = Twisted Pair

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UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)
• A number of insulated copper wires are twisted
around each other
• Twisting is used to cancel out electrical noise
from adjacent cables (crosstalk)
• Most popular type of LAN cabling
• Maximum cable length 100 meters (328 feet)

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 Popular Categories of UTP
• Category 1
used in telephone cabling
• Category 3
data transmission up to 10 Mbps
• Category 5
data transmission up to 100 Mbps

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 Twisted pair Cabling
Components
• RJ-45 uses 8 cable connections

• RJ-11 telephone connector -smaller and

uses only 4 cable connections

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Coaxial Cable Applications
• Most versatile medium
• Television distribution
– Cable TV
• Long distance telephone transmission
– Can carry 10,000 voice calls simultaneously
– Being replaced by fiber optic
• Short distance computer systems links
• Local area networks
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Optical Fiber - Benefits
• Greater capacity#
– Data rates of hundreds of Gbps
• Smaller size & weight
• Electromagnetic isolation
– No crosstalk, interference, and impulse noise
– More secure, harder to tap
• Greater repeater spacing
– 10s of km at least
– Lower cost
# 30 billion Bits Per Sec, 60 Times better than Coaxial and 3000 Times better
than Twisted Pair

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 Cable (Guided Media) Comparison:
Usable Cable length
• Thinnet coaxial • 185 meters (607 feet)
(10Base2)

• Thicknet coaxial • 500 meters (1640 feet)

(10Base5)

• Twisted-pair • 100 meters (328 feet)

(10BaseT)

• Fiber-optic • 2 kilometers (6562 feet)

(10BaseFL)
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Bandwidth
1. Determines the amount of data that can be transmitted
by a network connection
– Finite amount
– Measured in bits per second (bps)
2. Transmission rate analogous to a road
– Number of “lanes”
– Speed
3. Categories
– Narrow band: 40 – 100 bits/second (telegraph line)
– Voice band: 110 – 9600 bits/second (phone line)
– Broad band: several Megabits/second (next slides)

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Wireless Transmission
1. Unguided media
2. Transmission and reception via antenna
1. Directional (e.g. Microwave, Satellite)
– Focused beam
– Careful alignment required between transmitter and
receiver
2. Omni directional (e.g. Radio)
– Signal spreads in all directions
– Can be received by many antennas

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 Satellite Microwave
• Directional
• Satellite is relay station
• Satellite receives on one frequency (uplink), amplifies or
repeats signal and transmits on another frequency (downlink)
• Satellite requires geo-stationary orbit
– Height of 35,784km
• Applications
– Television
– Long distance telephone
– Private business networks
• 1 – 10 GHz
• Minimum of 0.25 seconds one-way delay
• Good for broadcast, not suitable for voice

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 Broadcast Radio
• Omni Directional
• Applications
– FM radio
– UHF and VHF television
– Data networking applications

• 30 MHz – 1 GHz for broadcast

• > 30 MHz transmission - line of sight
• Suffers from multi-path interference
– Reflections from land, water, other objects

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 7 Network Devices
1. Network Adapter
– Interfaces a computer board with the network
medium

2. Repeater
– Boosts cable signal to extend total distance beyond
physical cable limit (Like an amplifier ).
– Includes noise
– At most 4 repeaters between computers (because of
delay)
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 Connecting Networks

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 Network Devices
3. Hub
– Centrally located box providing dedicated cable
connection to each device on LAN
– Appears like a transceiver
– Connects multiple computers together on a
single network
– Offers an alternative wiring scheme

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 Connecting Networks

A B C D

HUB

A B C D

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 Network Devices
4. Bridge
– Connects segments of LAN
– Filters messages between LAN segments
based on source and destination addresses
– Operate on packets
– Do not replicate noise
– Make intelligent decisions about which frames to
forward (based on source addresses: Like Post
Office: Sorts + Re-directs)
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 Connecting Networks

A B C D

W X Y Z

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 Network Devices
5. Switch
– A Multi-port bridge
– Has IP routing capabilities
– Looks at frame header
– Directs frame only to target
Switch
– Allows multiple simultaneous
communications
A B C D

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 Network Devices
6. Router
– More intelligent than bridge.
– Connects different networks
– Uses IP address to decide how to route
– Selects best route for packet
– Learns, shares information with other routers
– Receives message destined for host on another
network and Selects next step to target host
– Forwards message
– CISCO - 90% of market

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 Connecting Networks

Network 1 R
Network 2

Network 3
R Network 4

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 Network Devices
7. Gateway
– More intelligent than Router
– Allows networks of different
protocols to be connected
Please Note:
• TCP/IP is not a network technology
• TCP/IP is used to connect networks
• And Internet is a network of networks
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 Protocols

• Protocols are rules and procedures for

communicating
• There are different protocols for different
functions
• Protocols work at different OSI layers

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 How protocols work
• Data transmission is a step-by-step
process
• Each step has its own protocol, or rules
• Both sending and receiving computer must
process packets following the exact same
procedures

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 Types of Protocols
• There are two types of protocols:
1. Industry Standard Protocols
– TCP/IP
• (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol)
– OSI Protocol suite

2. Proprietary Protocols are:

• NetBEUI - Microsoft
• IPX/SPX and NWLink - Novel Netware
• Appletalk - Apple Computer
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 TCP/IP
• Industry standard suite of protocols
providing communications in a
heterogeneous environments
• Works with many types of computers
• Used for Internetworking (Internet)
• Works with SMTP, FTP, Telnet application
protocols
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 ISO’s OSI Framework/Model
• ISO : International Standards Organization

• OSI : Open Systems Interconnection

• Protocol Suite: The complete set of protocol

for services and interfaces of all the layers

• OSI Model defines the layers and the rules

for each of the layers of OSI model.

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 THE 7 LAYERS OF OSI
TRANSMIT USER RECEIVE

DATA Application layer DATA

Presentation layer

Session layer

Transport layer

Network layer

Data link layer

Physical layer

PHYSICAL LINK
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 OSI Protocol Layers
1. Application: Communication requirements. Ex: HTTP, FTP, SMTP,
CORBA IIOP
2. Presentation: Bridges the data representation difference in the network
and the computers; Encryption. Ex: Secure Sockets (SSL).
3. Session: Reliability; Detection of failures and recovery. Ex: Check
pointing and recovery.
4. Transport: Facilitates peer to peer process conversation. Port address
concept. Ex: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), UDP (User Datagram
Protocol).
5. Network: Transfers packets. Packet format that includes routing info.
Ex: IP, ATM.
6. Data Link: Responsible for data transfer between directly connected
nodes (routers, hosts). Ex: PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)
7. Physical: The hardware circuits and binary transfer of data (optic, radio,
microwave freq). Ex: ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network), Cable
modem.
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 5 Networking Issues
1. Performance:
– Latency: delays at the switches and routers.
– Data transfer rate (bits/sec) : raw data
– Bandwidth: total volume of traffic that can be
transferred across the network in a given time.
2. Scalability:
– How does a system handle increase in the number
of users? Increase in the size of the system?
Increase in load and traffic?

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 Networking Issues (contd.)
3. Security: Requirements and techniques for
achieving security.
• Firewall, Virtual Private Network (VPN).

4. Mobility: Support for moving devices. (Not

necessarily wireless.)
5. Quality of Signal: Bandwidth and Latency
bounds.

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 Network Categories
1. Local Area Network (LAN)
2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
3. Wide Area Network (WAN)
4. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
5. Personal Area Network (PAN)
– Boundary not always clear

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 Network Categories
•Local Area Network (LAN)
– May be located within a single building or campus
•Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
– A larger version of a LAN
– May span several corporate offices or an entire city
•Wide Area Network (WAN)
– May span a country or even a continent

MAN
LAN LAN LAN

WAN

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 Types of Networks
• LAN :
– Single medium such as twisted pair of copper
wires, coaxial cables, or optical fibers.
– Technology: Ethernet, token rings, slotted rings.
• WAN:
– Set of comm. circuits (coax, satellite) linked by
dedicated computers called routers.
– Technology: Switching.

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 Types of Networks
• MAN:
– High bandwidth copper or fiber optic cables. (phone
lines, DSL, cable modem)
– Technology: Ethernet, IEEE802.6, ATM

• Wireless:
– Radio frequency, infrared,
– Technology: IEEE 802.11 (wavelan), CDPD, GSM,
bluetooth (proximity)
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 How to Measure Performance of a
Network?
1. LATENCY: time required to transfer an empty message
between two computers.
2. DATA TRANSFER RATE: speed at which data can be
transferred, once transmission has begun. (bit/sec)

length of message
Message transfer time = latency +
data transfer rate

Shannon’s limit (on ideal conditions):

Max. data rate [bit/s] = carrier BW [Hz] · log ( 1 + ( signal / noise) )
2

e.g.: phone line BW=3 kHz, S/N = 30 dB = 1000 Max. data rate = 30 kbit/sec

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 Network Types

Range Bandwidth (Mbps) Latency (ms)

LAN 1-2 kms 10-1000 1-10

WAN worldwide 0.010-600 100-500
MAN 2-50 kms 1-150 10
Wireless LAN 0.15-1.5 km 2-11 5-20
Wireless WAN worldwide 0.010-2 100-500
Internet worldwide 0.010-2 100-500

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 Network Topology
Topology = Layout of Connectivity, Routing Map

• Star
• Ring
• Bus
• Mesh

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 NETWORK TOPOLOGY
FULLY PARTIALLY
CONNECTED CONNECTED

RING STAR BUS TREE

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 Networks: Topology
• Different networks will provide variations in
the following:
– Cost
– Maintenance
– Scalability
– Security
– Speed
– Stability
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 Application of Networks
• Telephone systems
• Electronic mail
• Electronic funds transfer (EFT)
• Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
• Internet

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 An Example of Networks
Internal
Teamwork
Internet
Communication
Scheduling
Sharing

External
Suppliers
Customers
Banks

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 Another example—EDI
• Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
– electronic communications of forms
BETWEEN COMPANIES
• Examples:
– electronic links between companies and their
SUPPLIERS
– electronic links between companies and their
CUSTOMERS

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 EDI

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 Networks Allow Client/Server
Computing
 Can distribute functions among machines
Client  Editing data fields Server
 Error checking
 Help screens
 Calculations
 Query processing
 Terminal Host
 Display Host
 Client Server
 PC File server
 Stand-alone PC
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 What is Internet ?
• Internet is Network of networks
connected by routers that are
configured to pass traffic among
any computers attached to
networks

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 How Big is The Internet?
• Internet is changing the Norms & Forms
computing and communication
 From centralized to distributed computing
• Global Internet growing exponentially
 Today, millions of computers and thousands of
networks world-wide
 Exponential growth - doubling every 18 months
 The Internet is altering the channels of
communication and exchange process

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 INTERNET CAPABILITIES
CAPABILITY FUNCTIONS SUPPORTED
E -MAIL PERSON -TO-PERSON MESSAGING; DOCUMENT SHARING

USERNET NEWSGROUPS ELECTRONIC BULLETIN BOARDS

CHATTING INTERACTIVE CONVERSATIONS

TELNET LOG ON ONE COMPUTER, WORK ON ANOTHER

GOPHERS LOCATE TEXT USING HIERARCHY OF MENUS

ARCHIE SEARCH DATABASES FOR FILES AVAILABLE FOR DOWNLOADING

WAIS LOCATE FILES IN DATABASES USING KEYS

FTP TRANSFER FILES FROM COMPUTER TO COMPUTER

WORLD WIDE WEB HYPERTEXT LINKS TO RETRIEVE/FORMAT/DISPLAY INFORMATION

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 World Wide Web (WWW)
• Standards To Store, Retrieve, Format,
Display Information
• Client-server Architecture
• Graphical User Interface
• Dynamic Links to other Documents
– Provide (“Hot Links”)
• Explosion In Business Use
*
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 World Wide Web (WWW)
• Hypertext Tool to Create Dynamic Links to
Same or other Documents

• Tool Supports Graphics, Hyperlinks, to

Navigate Web

• Tool for Locating Sites, Information on

Internet / WWW

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 Benefits of Internet To Organization

• Reduces Communication Costs

• Enhances Communication; Coordination
• Accelerates Knowledge Distribution
• Electronic Commerce

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 INTRANET
• Internal Network
• Www Technology
• FIREWALL: Security System To Prevent
Invasion Of Private Networks
• Overcomes Computer Platform Differences
• Often Installed On Existing Network
Infrastructure *
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 Intranets

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 EXTRANET
PRIVATE INTRANET ACCESSIBLE TO SELECT
OUTSIDERS
LINK ORGANIZATION TO
• IMPORTANT CLIENTS
• BUSINESS PARTNERS
• TOP EXECUTIVES & BOARD MEMBERS
*
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 EXTRANET

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 APPLICATIONS OF INTRANETS &
EXTRANETS
1. Regular Progress Reports,
2. Minutes of Meetings,
3. Assignments
4. Group Collaboration
5. Access to Manuals, Directories, Data
6. Updates on Orders
7. Check new Products, Catalogs, Place Orders
8. Single Access Point
9. Training, Policy
3/30/2020 10. *
Dr. S. K. Majumdar 82
BENEFITS & LIMITATIONS OF
INTRANETS & EXTRANETS
BENEFITS:

1. Standard Documents Always Current,

Available. Less Expensive than Paper

2. Can Create, Coordinate New Documents

3. Virtual Conferencing

4. Project, Order Tracking Simplified

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BENEFITS & LIMITATIONS OF
INTRANETS & EXTRANETS
LIMITATIONS:
1. Can’t Replace Large TPS Programs (e.g.: Payroll;
Accounting; Production / Operations; Marketing)

2. Too Slow for High-Speed Data Transfer

3. Not yet as Functional as Groupware
4. Require Tight Security Control and Careful
Management Planning

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 NEXT GENERATION INTERNET

• INTERNET2: New protocols, higher

transmission speed, interconnected
gigapops (regional high-speed points-
of-presence), connected to high-
performance Backbone Network
infrastructure. Will differentiate priorities
of messages, provide video portals for
lifelike video
3/30/2020 *
Dr. S. K. Majumdar 85
THE WIRELESS WEB
• MOBILE COMMERCE
(M-commerce)
• ACCESS TO WEB ON THE GO:
Anywhere, Any Time, Many Functions
• Information-based Services
• Transaction-based Services
• Personalized Services

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Problems Posed By Enterprise
Networking
1. Connectivity Problems

2. Loss Of Management Control

3. Organizational Changes

4. Hidden Costs Of Client / Server Computing

5. Network Reliability & Security

*
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 Two Major Challenges of Internet
1. SECURITY:
– Exposure to Thieves & Vandals; Hackers Steal,
Use Passwords;
– Safe for Large Business Transactions???

2. LEGAL ISSUES:
– Need More Laws Governing Electronic
Commerce; Are e-mail Contracts, Electronic
Signatures Legal?

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What questions need to be addressed
to Design a Network for a Business?
1. What is the purpose of Networking?
2. Who all will be the present and future users of the Network?
3. What volume of data will flow though the Network?
4. What would be the characteristics of data traffic?
5. What data transmission mechanisms will be used/selected?
6. What types of connecting media (cables) to be used/ required?
7. How the last-mile will be connected?
8. What Networking devices would be required?
9. What data transmission rate and bandwidth are desired/ required?
10. What Network Topology should be followed?
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 Questions You Must Answer
• Assume that you are a Network consultant.
Your client has asked you to design a MIS
network for client’s business.
– Prepare the detailed network requirement
specifications for the business.
– Provide logical justification for every decisions.

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