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Tensile Test

The document describes the process and parameters involved in conducting a tensile test of a material specimen. It discusses the typical equipment used which includes a movable upper crosshead, tension specimen, and electrical-resistance strain gauge. It then outlines various material properties that can be determined from the test including yield stress, ultimate stress, and fracture stress. The document also differentiates between the mechanical behavior of ductile versus brittle materials and how temperature can affect a material's properties.

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57 views29 pages

Tensile Test

The document describes the process and parameters involved in conducting a tensile test of a material specimen. It discusses the typical equipment used which includes a movable upper crosshead, tension specimen, and electrical-resistance strain gauge. It then outlines various material properties that can be determined from the test including yield stress, ultimate stress, and fracture stress. The document also differentiates between the mechanical behavior of ductile versus brittle materials and how temperature can affect a material's properties.

Uploaded by

maria
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Tensile test

Specimen under test

ASTM A370.1977
Uniaxial stress
Equipment
Movable
upper
crosshead
Dial indicator

Tension
specimen
Motor and
load controls
Electrical-resistance
Strain gauge

Typical steel specimen with attached strain gauge


𝐹
𝜎=
𝐴0

𝐿 − 𝐿0
𝜖=
𝐿0
Parameters

𝜎𝑝𝑙 Proportional limit


Elastic region
Elastic limit
𝜎𝑌 Yield Stress Yielding

𝜎𝑢 Ultimate Stress Strain Hardening

𝜎𝑓 Fracture Stress Necking


Ductile and brittle Materials
• Any material that can be subjected • Material that exhibit no yielding
to large strains before its fracture is before failure are referred to as
called a ductile material brittle materials
• Aluminium, mild steel. • Gray cast iron
• Capable of absorbing shock loads • Higher resistance to axial
and vibratons compression
• Usually exhibit large deformation • Concrete: Maximmum compressive
before failing. stress is almost 12.5 greater then
its tensile strength (5ksi>0.4ksi)
• At low temperatures, materials can
be brittle.
Parameters for Ductil materials
𝛿𝑓 𝐿𝑓 − 𝐿0
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑬𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝜖𝑓 = =
𝐿0 𝐿0
𝐿0 Original gauge length
𝐿𝑓 Length at fracture

∆𝐴 𝐴0 − 𝐴𝑓
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒓𝒆𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 = ∗ (100%)
𝐴0 𝐴0

𝐴𝑓 Area of the neck at the fracture


𝐴0 Original area
Yield strength and Offset method

0.2 %
0.2% offset

(𝑖𝑛/𝑖𝑛)

Yield strength for an aluminium alloy


Rubber Behaviour: non linear elastic behaviour

(𝑖𝑛/𝑖𝑛)
Behaviour of Brittle Materials

Diagram for gray cast iron


Temperature effect
Hooke´s Law
We know
In solid materials
𝑛
𝑌 = 𝜎 = 𝐾𝜖 𝜎 = 𝐸𝜖
𝐾 Resistance coefficient lb/ in2 (MPa)
𝑛 Stress Hardening exponent
Load-Unload features
𝜎 − 𝜎1 = 𝐸(𝜖 − 𝜖1 )

𝑛
𝑌 = 𝜎 = 𝐾𝜖
𝐾 Resistance coefficient lb/ in2 (MP
𝑛 Stress Hardening exponent
Calculate the maximum load that a rod can withstand?

𝑭
𝝈= F F
𝑨

Col 1 Col 2 Col 3 Col 4 Col 5


Diámetro (mm) 2 4 6 8 10

Material Al Cold rolled Mg Cu Bronze

𝜎𝑌 (MPa)
F(kN)=

carabiner
Deformation Energy Density

2
1 𝜎𝑝𝑙
𝑢𝑝𝑙 =
2 𝐸

Hooke´s law

P92
International evaluation
• ASTM : American Society for Testing Materials
• ASM : American Society for Metal
• Alloy center Database
• Alloy phase diagram database
• Failure analysis database
• Medical materials
• Micrograph
Opensource
• Matweb.com
MatWeb
• Includes data sheets of thermoplastic and thermoset polymers such
as ABS, nylon, polycarbonate, polyester, polyethylene and
polypropylene; metals such as aluminum, cobalt, copper, lead,
magnesium, nickel, steel, superalloys, titanium and zinc alloys;
ceramics; plus semiconductors, fibers, and other engineering
materials
References for materials

Subscription Opensource
Option 1

Material connection
• http://www.materialconnexion.com/
• 250 USD per year 7500 items
Option 1
PDF: Manganese
Bronze, UNS C86100,
Copper Casting Alloy
Tensile test video

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