Microsystems

Contents
Overview of Microsystems ................................................................................. 1
Anatomy .............................................................................................................. 4
Anatomical Areas and Auricular Zones ............................................................ 5
Diagnosis .............................................................................................................. 7
Auriculotherapy Treatment Techniques............................................................. 7
Auriculotherapy Treatment Procedures ............................................................. 7
Auricular Master Points ...................................................................................... 8
Functional Ear Points........................................................................................... 9
Auricular Master Points and Functional Points for Pain ...................................... 9
Auricular Points for Musculoskeletal System ................................................... 10
Protocols for Musculoskeletal Pain Disorders ............................................... 11
Ear Points for Internal Organs........................................................................... 12
Gastro-Intestinal Organs ................................................................................ 12
Thoracic Organs ............................................................................................. 12
Abdominal Organs ......................................................................................... 12
Urogenital Organs .......................................................................................... 13
NADA – Alcoholic and Drug Abuse – Smoking Cessation – Appetite Control
Protocols ........................................................................................................ 13
Endocrine Ear Acupuncture Points ................................................................... 14
Nervous System Ear Points ............................................................................... 15
Nervous System Control of Pain .................................................................... 16
Cognitive –Behavioral Treatments................................................................. 16

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 - Body pathology projects to Contralateral Brain.
Overview of Microsystems - Contralateral Brain projects back to Ipsilateral side of
Microsystem.
Multiple Microsystems on Body
- Image of Whole Body in One Part of Body. Microsystem - Somatic Reactivity
- Micro-Acupuncture Systems connect to Macro- Reactive Ear Reflex Points – how these points are existed
Acupuncture - Sympathetic Arousal response to bodily pain and pathology.
- Meridians along the Body. - Observable Skin Surface Differences.
- Microsystem points are a form of Distal Acupuncture o Skin discolorations found on specific regions of
Points. Microsystem.
- Acupoints on skin corresponds to underlying internal o Physical Appearance of skin related to
organs. Microcirculation changes.
- Front Mu Alarm Points and Back Shu Points. - Tenderness heightened at localized Microsystem regions.
- Foot and Hand Reflexology. Tenderness to palpation associated with subdermal release
- Koryo Hand Therapy. of acidic chemicals such as Substance P , which make
- Scalp Acupuncture. nociceptive pain neurons more active.
- Multiple Keyboards to Central Computer. - Electrodermal Skin Resistance Decreased: Biochemical
alterations in subdermal skin at localized regions of blood
Principles of Microsystems vessel microcirculation induce Sympathetic
- Microsystems and Macrosystems: Macrosystem of TCM are vasoconstriction of blood vessel size.
interconnected with Micro-Reflex Systems on the ear, foot, - Electrodermal Skin Conductance Increased: Reduction of
hand, arm, leg, face, and scalp. resistance to the flow of electrical current through the skin
- Stimulating the Microsystem affects the flow Qi energy leads to the effect of an increase in electrical conductance
along the Macro-Acupuncture meridians and stimulating through the skin.
the Macrosystem affects the reactivity of the Microsystem.
Neurophysiological Model
- Reflex Connections: Neurological reflexes from CNS are 1. Reflex connections between the Body and a
remotely connected to distant regions of the body. Microsystem
- Organo – Cutaneous Reflex used is neurologically
- Somatotopic Repetition: The microsystem topography connected from an area of the Body to the Skin over the
replicates the anatomical arrangement of the whole body. Microsystem. ( used for diagnosis )

- Microsystem Correspondence: The identification of

‘Reactive Microsystem Acupoints’ is only observed when
there is pain or pathology in the corresponding area of
body.

- Microsystem Therapy: By stimulating Microsystem

Acupoints, there can be the alleviation of pain or pathology
in corresponding areas of the body and can have additional
therapeutic effects throughout the body.

Microsystem – Somatic Correspondences - Cutaneo – Organic Reflex used the Skin over a specific
Somatotopic Inversion: Microsystem Acupoint can be stimulated to affect the
- Soma = Body corresponding region of the Body ( used for treatment )
- Topography = Map
- Whole of Body represented on the Microsystem in Upside
Down pattern for distal locations on the ears, hands, and
feet.
- Microsystem arrangement on central regions of the body
are represented in an Upright Orientation on the face,
nose, and abdomen.
Ipsilateral Representation:
- Reactive Microsystem points are found on the Same Side of
Body pathology.

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 2. Somatotopic Mapping of Cerebral Cortex
- Stimulation of specific areas of the Body activates neuronal
impulses which travel to specific areas of the Brain
appearing like a Homunculus, an image of a Little Man. First
Discovered by Walter Pennfield while electrically
stimulating cerebral cortex of an awake human patient
during surgery. Also found for animal brains.
- Stimulation of specific areas of Brain activates a sensation
that is felt in corresponding areas of the body

Brain Computer Model of Microsystem

Brain Computer Model:
• Visual Computer Monitor:
Auricular Diagnosis reveals errors in CNS Software malfunction.
• Peripheral Computer Keyboard:
Auriculotherapy stimulation resets corrections to CNS software.
• Microchip Central Processing Unit:
Brain pain control system like Fire Alarm system to alert
problem.

Traditional Chinese Medicine Model

• Qi Energy: Invisible force that moves everything.
• Meridian Channels: Lines of Qi energy flow between acupoints.
• Pain and Pathology: Blockage, deficiency, excess, stagnation .
• Taoist Duality: Opposites of Yang sunlight and Yin darkness.
• Ashi Points: Painful trigger points of muscle spasms.
• Five Elements of Energy: Fire, Metal, Water, Earth, Wood.
• Five Yin Organs: Heart, Lung, Kidney, Spleen, Liver.
• Six Yang Organs: Only Yang meridians connect to the head and
thus connect to external ear. Yin medians connect to
corresponding Yang meridians.

Holographic Model of Microsystems

Endorphin Model of Auricular Acupuncture
Reiteration of whole of body in one part of body.
Sjolund & Erriksson (1976)
Holographic Photography serves as real world example.
• Ear acupuncture increases plasma Endorphin levels.
• Beam Splitter divides Laser light into individual rays.
Pert et al. (1981)
• Reflected laser beams collide onto photographic object
• Endorphin CSF levels increase 60% after ear acupuncture.
• Waveform Interference Patterns activate holographic
Mayer et al. (1977)
negative.
• Stimulation of body LI 4 raised dental pain threshold.
• Parts of Holographic negative contain picture of whole.
• Naloxone produced reversal of pain thresholds.
Brain Holographic Model
Simmons & Oleson (1993)
• Stanford neuroscientist Karl Pribram proposed that the
• Elevation of pain threshold by true auricular stimulation.
complex circuitry of the brain is best explained by holographic
• No change in pain threshold by sham auricular stimulation.
representation of complex of neurons.
• Naloxone injections reduced dental pain threshold that
Holographic Universe
was elevated by auriculotherapy.
• Michael Talbot applied the holographic theory to
auriculotherapy and to many other aspects of the universe

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History of Auricular Acupuncture
Ancient China: United States:
- Ear acupoints used for variety of health disorders. - Integration of Chinese and European auricular
- Yang Alarm points needled on external ear. microsystems.
- No specific anatomical pattern described on ear. - UCLA controlled study on auricular diagnosis.
Ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome: o Doctor conducting auricular diagnosis blind to
- Mediterranean sailors wore gold ear rings for vision. patient’s conditions.
- Ear piercing and ear cauterization used for Sciatica. o 75.5% level of correct detections of reactive ear
Ancient Persia: points related to corresponding areas of body
- Cauterization of the ear for treatment of Sciatica pain. pathology.
Middle Ages and Renaissance in Europe: - Dr. Michael Smith developed medical clinic that used five
- Wilhelm Ten Rhyne worked with Dutch East India Company ear points for opiate addiction at Lincoln Hospital in New
and brought acupuncture to Europe in 1683. York City.
Modern China: -
- Revitalization of ancient Oriental medicine by Mao Tse - NADA Acupuncture Detox Protocol placed needles in 5 ear
Tung. points: Lung, Shen Men, Liver, Kidney, Sympathetic points
- Chinese doctors learn about inverted fetus model of Nogier - International Consensus Conference on Acupuncture,
in 1958. Auriculotherapy, and Auricular Medicine ( ICCAAAM 1999 &
- Barefoot doctors utilize somatotopic models of the ear. 2006).
- Nanjing Army Ear Acupuncture Team validates Nogier ear - Auriculotherapy Certification Institute ( ACI ) formed in
map. 1999 for advanced trainings and certification of
- H.L. Wen of Hong Kong discovers use of ear acupuncture practitioners.
for opiate addiction by needles inserted into Lung and Shen - www.auriculotherapy.org
Men.
Modern Europe:
- Dr. Paul Nogier considered the “Father of Auriculotherapy.”
- Observed scar on ear of Sciatica patients treated by lay
practitioner.
- Developed Inverted Fetus perspective of ear in 1957.
- Nogier’s work circulated first to Germany, then Japan, then
China.
- Treatise of Auriculotherapy text focused on musculoskeletal
pain.
o Réflex Cardiac Auriculaire ( RAC )
o Vascular Autonomic Signal ( VAS )
o Nogier Pulse or Nogier Sign at radial artery
- Group Lyonniase Études Medicals (GLEM) initiated
auriculotherapy trainings for physicians.
- Collaborations with Réne Bourdiol of Paris and Frank Bahr
of Munich, Germany.

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Anatomy Embryological Tissue and Nerve Innervation
Peripheral Perspectives of Auricle
Territory Nerve Innervation Tissue
- Surface View : Conventional view of auricular anterior –lateral
surface. Territory 1 Somatic Mesodermal
- Hidden View : Retractors used to reveal underlying auricular : regions Trigeminal nerve tissue
regions. surrounding projects to
- Posterior View : Ear folded back to reveal back side of external Antihelix Antihelix
ear. Territory 2 Autonomic vagus Endodermal tissue
: regions nerve
throughout
Concha
Territory 3 Cervical plexus Ectodermal tissue
: regions nerves project to on Lobe
surrounding Lobe
Tragus and Lobe

Embryological Division

Endodermal Tissue Mesodermal Tissue Ectodermal Tissue

Inner Tissue Layer Middle Tissue Layer Outer Tissue Layer

Stomach Muscles Skin

Small Intestines Bones Hair

Large Intestines Tendons Sweat Glands

Lungs Ligaments Peripheral Nerves

Tonsils Heart Spinal Cord

Liver Blood Brainstem

Pancreas Circulatory System Subcortical Brain

Bladder Lymphatic System Limbic System

Urethra Kidneys Cerebral Cortex

Embryological Tissue Perspectives

Developing Embryo: Formation of three, concentric dermal layers
1. Ectodermal Layer: Nervous system tissue such as skin, nerves,
brain
2. Mesodermal Layer: Musculoskeletal tissue such as spine,
head, limbs
3. Endodermal Layer: Internal organs such as lungs, stomach,
bladder

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Anatomical Areas and Auricular Zones

Helix HX Outer ridge, spiral rim: Helix Root ,

Helix Arch, Helix Tail
Antihelix AH Middle ridge of Antihelix Tail, Body,
Inferior Crus, Superior Crus
Tragus TG Facial flap over Ear Canal that is
adjacent to the face
Antitragus AT Outer flap opposite to Tragus that is
continuation of Antihelix
Intertragic IT Curved groove region between Tragus
Notch and Antitragus
Lobe LO Soft fleshy part of bottom of ear that is
lacking cartilage
Scaphoid SF Outer valley, a narrow groove between
Fossa Helix and Antihelix
Triangular TF Triangular groove between Antihelix
Fossa Superior & Inferior Crus
Superior SC Cymba Concha; Upper, central valley
Concha below Inferior Crus
Inferior IC Cavum Concha; Lower, central valley
Concha above Antitragus
Concha CR Helix extension between Superior &
Ridge Inferior Concha
Concha CW Vertical surface of Concha floor to
Wall Antihelix & Antitragus
Subtragus ST Underlies Tragus, immediately above
Ear Canal
Internal IH Curved region beneath Helix
Helix
Posterior PL Back of Lobe
Lobe
Posterior PG Curved depression behind Antihelix
Groove
Posterior PT Back of Triangular Fossa
Triangle
Posterior PC Back of Concha
Concha
Posterior PP Back of Scaphoid Fossa and Helix
Periphery

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6
Diagnosis
- Detect Correspondences between Auricle and Somatic Body
Electrical Stimulation Frequencies
- Explore Yang Excess associated with Sympathethic Arousal
- Observe Skin Discolorations
Frequency Ear Area Physiological Tissue for Each
o Red spots, brown patches, purple skin areas
Frequency
o Raised crusts or peeling skin
A = 2.5 Hz Subtragus Basic Cellular Organization
o Areas of white flaky skin
B = 5 Hz Concha Internal Visceral Organs
- Palpate for Tenderness to applied pressure
- Utilize Electrodermal Point Finder C = 10 Hz Antihelix Musculoskeletal System
o Low Skin Resistance D = 20 Hz Tragus Endocrine System
o High Skin Conductance E = 40 Hz Helix Tail Spinal Cord
o Utilize Electrodermal Point Finder applied to ear F = 80 Hz Antitragus Brainstem, Thalamus, Limbic
surface System
- VAS change in pulse wave amplitude felt at radial artery G = 160 Hz Ear Lobe Higher Cerebral Cortex Functions
2 Hz / 100 Hz All Ear Enkephalin and Dynorphin
Synapses

Auriculotherapy Treatment Techniques

- Acupressure, Acu beads, Ear Vacarria Seeds, Metal Pellets
- Acupuncture Needles:
o One Half Inch Needles, 32 gauge ( 0.25 mm ) for 20
min
- Electroacupuncture: 2 Hz alternated 100 Hz Stimulation for 20
min
- Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation ( TENS )
o DC Detection Mode: Continuous Tone related to
slowly fluctuating changes in Skin Resistance.
o AC Treatment Mode: Pulsing Tone related to periodic
bursts of Electrical Stimulation
o Stimulate Each Ear Point for 10 to 30 seconds.
- Laser Stimulation: Uniform frequency, high rate, surface
stimulation

Auriculotherapy Treatment Procedures

- Treat Reactive ear points based upon “Ear as Final Guide”.
- Treat Ear Points Corresponding to Body Pathology.
- Treat Master Points and then relevant Functional or Supportive
Points.
- Consult Treatment Plan Protocols for additional ear points.
- Treat according to principles of Chinese Medicine.
- Treat according to understanding of Western Biomedicine.
- Treat ear points identified by the Vascular Autonomic Signal
(VAS).

- Treat once a week for several weeks, then spread out number
of sessions to once every several weeks for 5 to 10 sessions.
o Observable improvement in condition should occur
within 3 sessions and
o satisfactory improvement should occur within 5 to 10
sessions.
- Can achieve rapid relief of pain within 2 minutes of stimulation
and yield long term efficacy for underlying condition.

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Auricular Master Points
Point Zero Ear Center At LM_0 in at Helix Root / Concha Ridge junction Facilitates Homeostatic balance

Shen Men Spirit Gate At tip of Triangular Fossa Alleviates stress, pain, tension, anxiety,
depression, and insomnia
Autonomic Point Sympathetic At LM_18 underneath Helix Insertion Balances Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
control of blood circulation
Allergy Point Ear Apex At LM_2 found Above and Underneath Helix Apex Reduces inflammatory reactions related to
allergic or toxic substances
Thalamus Point Subcortex At LM_21 behind Antitragus where it meets Concha Reduces chronic pain by suppressing pain signals
floor from periphery
Endocrine Point Internal Above LM_22 on Concha Wall at Intertragic Notch Hypothalamic –Pituitary control of hormone
Secretion balance
Oscillation Point Laterality Underneath LM_10 on Subtragus Balances dysfunctions in Left brain and Right
Brain interaction
Tranquilizer Point Valium Between LM_9 and LM_10 on lower Tragus Facilitates a general relaxation effect and
Analogue reduces high blood pressure
Master Sensorial Eye Point On Lobe below LM_13 and inferior to Antitragus Reduces excessively sensitive sensory responses
Apex to outside stimuli
Master Cerebral Nervousness On Lobe below Intertragic Notch Reduces excessive worry, anxiety, or over-
thinking

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Functional Ear Points
Chinese

Asthma Point (Ping Chuan) Antitragus Apex near LM_13

Antihistamine, Constipation, Triangular Fossa
Hepatitis Points
Hypertension Points Triangular Fossa, Tragus, Posterior Groove
Lumbago Point Antihelix Body
Muscle Relaxation Point on Inferior Concha near Concha Ridge
San Jiao on Inferior Concha
Appetite Control (Hunger Tragus near LM_10
Point)
Alcoholic Point (Drunk Point) Superior Concha
Windstream on superior Scaphoid Fossa for pain and
inflammation

European

Master Omega Ear Lobe, below Intertragic

Notch
Omega 2 Helix above LM _1
Nicotine Tragus, below LM_10, near
Adrenal Point
Psychosomatic Reaction Helix Root near LM_1
Insomnia Scaphoid Fossa
Aggressivity (Amygdala) Lobe near Intertragic Notch
Cingulate Gyrus Intertragic Notch
Anti-Depressant Peripheral Ear Lobe below
Occiput Point
Vitality Point and Tragus above LM_11 to treat Fatigue,
Interferon Point Cold, Flu, Cancer,
AIDS
Interferon on Tragus as it joins the Helix To possibly
Root n Tragus alleviate Covid-19

Auricular Master Points and Functional Points for Pain

Point Zero At junction of HX and CR; Balances body asymmetry

Shen Men At tip of TF; Relieves pain, tension, depression

Autonomic Point Underneath Helix; Sympathetic control of circulation

Thalamus Point Behind Antitragus, near IC; Relieves pain

Endocrine Point Below Intertragic Notch; Affects hormones

Master Sensorial Lobe, inferior to Antitragus Apex and Point Zero

Master Cerebral central Lobe, below Intertragic Notch

Cingulate Gyrus On Intertragic Notch

Brain Point Behind Antitragus, above Thalamus Point

Muscle Relaxation In Inferior Concha, below Concha Ridge

Lumbago On Antihelix Body, below Superior Crus

Sciatica Midline along Antihelix Inferior Crus

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Auricular Points for Musculoskeletal System
Musculoskeletal Points for Torso of Body
: Spinal Vertebrae Points and Associated Muscle Tension
Cervical Spine Antihelix Tail Neck Pain
Thoracic Spine Antihelix Body Back pain
Lumbar Spine Antihelix Inferior Crus, Lower Back Pain
Peripheral section
Sacral Spine Antihelix Inferior Crus, Central
Section
Throat muscle Antihelix Tail
Chest muscles lower Antihelix Body
Abdominal muscles upper Antihelix Body

Ear Points for Lower Limbs and Upper Limbs

{C} Hip, Knee, Ankle, Antihelix Superior Crus
and Foot Hip pain, Knee pain,
{E} Hip, Knee, Ankle, Triangular Fossa swollen Ankle
and Foot
Shoulder, Elbow, Scaphoid Fossa Frozen Shoulder, Tennis
Wrist, and Hand Elbow, Carpal Tunnel
Syndrome, Arthritic
Fingers

Head and Skull

Occiput, Temples, and Antitragus
Forehead
Face, TMJ, Jaw and Lobe
Dental Analgesia

Sensory organs and

Head and Skull

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Protocols for Musculoskeletal Pain Disorders
Dental Analgesia Dental Analgesia 1 and 2, Upper Jaw and Lower Jaw, Shen Men, Point Zero

Temporomandibular Joint Pain TMJ, Upper Jaw and Lower Jaw, Shen Men, Point Zero, Thalamus

Sensorineural Deafness Inner Ear{C}, Inner Ear{E}, Master Cerebral

Shingles, Dermatitis, Eczema Skin Disorder{C}, Skin Disorder{E}Shen Men, Point Zero, Lung

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Ear Points for Internal Organs
Physiological Function of Internal Organs and Health Disorders Treated with that Ear Point

Eastern – Ear points effect organ Qi and its meridian Western

Heart mental calming and reducing nervousness circulation of blood, affects arrhythmias and hypertension

Lungs drug detoxification and skin disorders breathing and respiration, affects asthma or coughs

Liver alleviating blood stagnation, muscle spasms, tendons sprains; processing glycogen and proteins, affects hepatitis

Spleen improved digestion, muscle relaxation, tension reduction lymphatic and immune systems, affects infections
Kidney brain, bone fractures, back pain, and hearing problems filtering minerals and fluids, affects urinary problems.
Stomach churning of food, affects nausea and obesity
Small Intestines absorption of food, affects malnutrition and anorexia.
Large Intestines elimination of food, affects diarrhea / constipation
Pancreas regulating blood sugar, affects diabetes
Gastro-Intestinal Organs
Mouth and Inferior Concha Helix Root Treat Mouth Sores and GERD
Esophagus
Stomach Concha Ridge near Helix Root Alleviates Stomachaches, Nausea,
Ulcers, Hunger Cravings

Small Intestines Superior Concha above Concha Alleviates Malnourishment,

Ridge Anorexia, Irritable Bowel Disorder

Large Intestines Superior Concha above Helix Relieves Diarrhea and / or

Root Constipation

Rectum Helix Root external surface Alleviates Rectal Sores, Rectal

Warts

Thoracic Organs
Chinese Heart {C} center of Inferior - Physiological Disorders: Cardiac
Concha Arrhythmias, Hypertension.
- Qi Energetic Disorders : Calms Mind,
Relieves Nervousness.

Nogier Heart {E} Antihelix Body

Lung 1, Lung 2, Inferior Concha - Physiological Disorders : Asthma, Bronchitis,

Bronchi, and Throat Coughs.
- Qi Energetic Org Disorders an: Drug
Detoxification, Skin Disorders like Dermatitis
or Shingles.

Diaphragm Helix Root Alleviates Hiccups

Tonsil Helix Alleviates Inflammations, Allergies
Abdominal Organs
Appendix Superior Concha Alleviates Appendicitis

Liver Concha Ridge - Physiological Organ: Affects blood metabolism

- Qi Energetic Organ: Nourishes Tendons and Ligaments

Spleen Left ear- Concha, - Physiological Organ: Improves Lymphatic Drainage

below Liver point - Qi Energetic Organ: Nourishes Muscles

Gall Bladder Right ear- Superior - Physiological Organ: Reduces Gall Stones
Concha - Qi Energetic Organ: Affects Gall Bladder Meridian

Pancreas Superior Concha: Reduces Diabetes Mellitus, Balances Blood Sugar

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Urogenital Organs
Kidney and Ureter{C} Superior Concha Physiological Organ: Improves Kidney function,
Reduces Kidney Stones, Kidney pain
Qi Energetic Organ: Affects Nervous System,
Bones, Hearing
Kidney and Ureter{E} Internal Helix
Bladder Superior Concha Reduces Bladder Infections
Uterus {C} central Triangular Treats Infertility, Peri-Menstrual Tension,
Fossa Abdominal Bloating
Uterus and Internal Internal Helix
Genitals (ovaries/Testes)
{E}
Internal (antitragus?)
Genitals(ovaries/testes){C}
External Genital {C} External Helix
Root
External Genital {E} External Helix
Root

NADA – Alcoholic and Drug Abuse – Smoking Cessation – Appetite Control Protocols

Vagus Nerve Transcutaneous Stimulation

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Endocrine Ear Acupuncture Points

Peripheral Endocrine Glands

Gonadal Glands Concha Wall, behind sexual dysfunctions

{C} Antitragus, near Endocrine
point.

Gonadal Glands Internal Helix, underneath sexual dysfunctions

{E} Helix Root European External
Genitals.
Adrenal Gland Tragus Inferior Protrusion, Reduces effects of stress
{C} near European ACTH point

Adrenal Glan {E} Superior Concha Wall near Reduces effects of stress
Chinese Kidney point.

Thymus Gland Superior Concha Wall near •Thymus Gland impacts

and Mammary Antihelix Body and Thoracic immune impairments
Glands Vertebrae such as AIDS.
•Mammary Glands
related to lactation and
mammary tumors.

Thyroid Gland Inferior Concha Wall near

and Parathyroid Antihelix Tail and Cervical
Gland Vertebrae

Central Endocrine Glands

Pineal Gland inferior Tragus region, near Releases Melatonin that

Intertragic Notch affects Day and Night
Circadian Rhythm
Pituitary Gland Intertragic Notch and Inferior Tropic Hormones
Concha. controlGenital Glands,
Thyroid Glands, Adrenal
Glands.
•Gonadotrophins lead to
increase in sex
hormones from Gonads.
•Thyrotrophins (TSH)
regulates metabolic
hormones from Thyroid.
•Adrenocorticotrophic
Hormones (ACTH)
response to stress with
initial arousal
accompanied by
sympathetic nervous
system Adrenal Medulla
release of Adrenalin and
Adrenal Cortex release
of Cortisol

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Nervous System Ear Points

Peripheral Nerves
Sciatic Nerve Antihelix Inferior Crus, where
Lumbar and Sacral Vertebrae
meet, at LM_17

Sympathetic Concha Wall and Internal Helix

Ganglia
Solar Plexus above Point Zero on Helix Root

Optic Nerve central Lobe below LM_9.

Trigeminal Nerve peripheral Lobe

Facial Nerve posterior side of Lobe.

Vagus Nerve Inferior Concha near ear canal and

throughout Concha.

Auditory Nerve Subtragus

Central Nervous System

Spinal Cord Helix Tail

Brain Stem Lateral Ear Lobe and inferior

Concha Wall below Antihelix Tail

Thalamus and Concha Wall behind Antitragus.

Brain
Hypothalamus Inferior Concha, near Concha Wall.

Limbic System Ear Lobe region below Antitragus

and Striatum
- Hippocampus Lobe below Occiput point

- Amygdala Lobe next to Forehead point.

- Cingulate Gyrus Intertragic Notch.

Occipital Cortex, peripheral ear Lobe.

Temporal Cortex,
Parietal Cortex
Frontal Cortex central ear Lobe, including
location of Master Cerebral point.

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Nervous System Control of Pain
Taoist Duality of the Nervous System

Yang Nervous System Yin Nervous System

Sympathetic Arousal Parasympathetic Conservation

Reticular Activating System Raphe Sedation Pathways

Limbic Arousal System Striatum Basal Ganglia movements

Cingulate Gyrus reaction to pain Extrapyramidal Motor Control

Left Cerebral Cortex Right Cerebral Cortex

Yang Neurotransmitters Yin Neurotransmitters

Norepinephrine Sympathetic Acetylcholine Parasympathetic

Dopamine Pleasure Pathways Serotonin Sedation

Glutamate Excitatory Synapses GABA Inhibitory Synapses

Cortisol Stress Hormones Endorphin Pain Inhibition

Male Testosterone Female Estrogen and Progesterone

Neurological Model of Pain Inhibition

- Nociceptive Neurons: Slow, small diameter, unmyelinated neurons carry pain signals from skin or muscles to spinal cord.
- Nociceptive Substances: Substance P and Nitric Oxide induce pain sensations by release of acidic chemicals after injury. Same acidic
substances found at low skin resistance acupoints.
- Spinal Cord Pathways: Sensory signals carried from the peripheral nerves to the spinal cord to the brain.
- Type A Neurons carry touch signals that go to spinal cord and then ascend the Dorsal Columns to the brain.
- Type C Neurons carry pain signals that go to spinal cord and then ascend the Spino-Thalamic Tract to the brain.
- Gate Control Cells are inhibitory interneuronsin the spinal cord that can suppress pain signals of Type C neurons.
- Supra-Spinal Gating Cells in Brain descend Doso-Lateral Tract to activate inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord.

Stimulation Produced Analgesia

- Deep Brain Stimulation: Electrical stimulation of the midbrain Periaqueductal Gray, the Medial Thalamus,or the Raphe Magnus blocks
pain in rats, cats, monkeys, and man.
- Pain Inhibitory Pathway: Stimulation of the brain produces pain relief by activating axons that descend the DLF spinal cord and activate
gating cells in the spinal cord.
- Periaqueductal Gray Matter (PAG): The central portion of the midbrain which can be electrically stimulated to relieve pain.
- Nucleus Raphe Magnus: The central portion of the medulla which can be electrically stimulated to relieve pain.
- Medial Thalamus: The subcortical area that monitors pain.
- Acupuncture Pathways: Lesions of same areas of brain related to Deep Brain Stimulation also reduce from Acupuncture Analgesia.

Cognitive –Behavioral Treatments

Cognitive –Behavioral Approaches

Integrative Model: Acupuncture treatment for addiction is best combined with psychological procedures and behavioral training
Stages of Change:
- Pre-Cognitive Stage of Denial
- Contemplative Stage
- Preparation Stage
- Action Stage
- Maintenance Stage
Harm Reduction: Move towards drug abuse reduction if not able to achieve agreement to attain full abstinence
Contingency Contracts: Make specific agreements around drinking to reduce alcoholic drinking or drug intake

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Self Talk: Cognitive Techniques for inner dialogue
- Thought Stopping
- Confront negative self statements
- Eliminate harsh self criticism and shaming thoughts
- Empower positive affirmations
- Support compassionate self-acceptance
- Encourage self-motivating speech

Motivational Interviewing :Empower motivation for change

- Collaboration: Work with patient as partner, avoiding authoritarian directives to strive toward healthy behaviors
- Ambivalence: Accept that there is an understandable conflict in both seeking change and yet reluctance to give up
pleasurable benefits of drug use
- Empathy: Utilize se reflective listening and express authentic concern regarding difficulty of changing substance
abusing habits
- Develop Discrepancy: Highlight differences between dissatisfaction with present state of affairs and how one wants
to be, between cost of present behavior and advantages of change
- Roll with Resistance: Avoid arguments and invite a new perspective
- Support Self-Efficacy: Encourage the belief in the possibility of change and encourage commitment to change

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