SOUTHERNAFRI

CA

GEOGRAPHI
CALOUTLI
NEOFSOUTHAFRI
CA
I
tisi
mpor
tantt
ounder
standt
hegeogr
aphyofSout
hAf
ri
cai
nor
dert
oful
l
yappr
eci
ate
t
hehi
stor
yofr
egi
[Link]
sicalf
eat
uresofl
andscape,soi
l
sandcl
i
mat
edet
ermi
ned
wher
epeopl
eset
tl
edandt
her
esoci
alandeconomi
cact
ivi
ti
ese.
[Link]
opst
heygr
ew.

Sout
h Af
ri
ca i
s di
vi
ded i
ntot
hree (
3)sect
ions orpar
ts orr
egi
ons accor
ding t
o
geogr
aphi
cal
andcl
i
mat
iccondi
ti
[Link]
e:

[Link]
ON/
PART

 Thi
sregi
onst
ret
chesf
rom t
heI
ndi
anOceant
otheDr
akensber
gmount
ains.

 Thi
sar
eahaspl
ent
yofr
ainf
all
thr
oughoutt
hey
earabout762mm pery
ear
.

 I
thasgoodgr
assl
andandhuget
all
treesi
nthev
all
ey.

 I
thaspl
ent
yofsmal
landbi
gri
ver
swi
thf
ert
il
esoi
l
s.

1
  I
tisal
sot
set
sef
ree

 Thear
eai
sDensel
ypopul
ated

B. CENTRALREGI
ON/
PART

 I
tst
ret
chesf
rom Dr
akensber
gMount
ainst
othebor
der
sofKal
ahar
iDeser
t.

 I
thasonel
ongr
ainyseasonpery
earabout381mm pery
ear
.

 I
tisagr
assl
andwi
thscat
ter
edt
rees

 I
tal
sohasdeepandl
ongr
iver
s

 Thesoi
li
smoder
atel
yfer
ti
le

 Thi
sar
eai
smoder
atel
ypopul
ated

[Link]
ON/
PART

 St
ret
chesf
rom t
hebor
der
sofKal
ahar
iDeser
ttot
heAt
lant
icOceancoast
.

 I
tisasemi
-deser
tar
eawi
thl
i
ttl
erai
nfal
labout127mm pery
ear
.

 I
tismost
lysandy,
coar
segr
assandi
nfer
ti
lesoi
l

 Thi
sar
eai
sspar
sel
ypopul
atedduet
otheabov
efact
ors.

DI
STRI
BUTI
ONOFPEOPLEI
NSOUTHAFRI
CA

Ther
ear
eav
ari
etyofpeopl
einSout
hAf
ri
cal
i
vingi
ndi
ff
erentar
[Link]
argestgr
oup
i
sthatoft
heBant
u speaki
ng peopl
e(70%)
.Thesecond l
argesti
stheEur
opean
communi
[Link]
hecol
our
edsr
esul
ti
ngf
rom t
hei
nter
mar
ri
agesf
rom v
ari
ousgr
oups.
Thel
astgr
oupi
sthatoft
heSaan(
Bushmen)peopl
eandt
heKhoi
khoi
(Hot
tent
ots)
.

SAANPEOPLE(
BUSHMEN)

TheSanorSaanpeopl
ear
etheear
li
esti
nhabi
tant
sofSout
hAf
ri
caandwer
epar
toft
he
l
atest
onepeopl
[Link]
oret
hecomi
ngoft
heBant
uandEur
opeans,t
hesanhadal
ready
beenset
tl
edi
nar
easl
i
ke,Tr
ansv
aal
,Dr
akensber
gMount
ains,KeiandTugel
ari
ver
v
all
eys,
Transkei
BaTl
api
nandal
ongt
heOr
angeRi
ver
.Todaymostoft
heSanar
efound
i
nKal
ahar
iDeser
[Link]
ngoft
heBant
uandt
heEur
opeansf
orcedt
heSanpeopl
e

2
i
ntot
hisar
ea.

PHYSI
CALAPPEARANCE(
CHARACTERI
STI
CS)

 Sanpeopl
ear
eyel
l
owi
sh-
browni
nski
ncol
our

 Theyar
eshor
tabout1.
5met
erst
all

 Theyhav
eki
nkyhai
r.

 Menhassmal
lfeetandbi
gst
omachs

 Womenhaspr
otr
udi
ngbut
tocksandphy
siquet
highsandar
ms.

 Theyhav
eacl
i
cksoundi
nthei
rlanguage.

SOCI
ALORGANI
SATI
ONOFSAANPEOPLE

Thesanpeopl
eli
vedi
nsmal
lgr
oupof25-
[Link]
i
vedi
ncav
esandr
ockshel
ter
sas
[Link]
sobui
l
tgr
asst
hat
chedhat
[Link]
lyoccupi
edmount
ainar
easandnear
t
her
iver
s.

3
Theyal
l
owedear
lymar
ri
[Link]
smar
ri
edat15andgi
rl
sat10y
ear
sol
[Link]
v
eryf
ewchi
l
drenduet
onomadi
cwayofl
i
[Link]
ygamyandi
nit
iat
ioncer
emoni
eswer
e
encour
aged.

Thesanwer
ehospi
tabl
eandpeacef
ulasl
ongasnoonet
emper
edwi
tht
hei
rhunt
ing
andgat
her
inggr
ound.

TheSaanpeopl
ewer
eal
sogoodar
ti
[Link]
dal
otofr
ockpai
nti
ngdur
ingt
hei
rfr
ee
t
[Link]
dthef
oll
owi
ngt
ypeofpai
nti
ngs:

4
 Nat
ural
ist
icpai
nti showedpi
ng- ctur
esofmenandani
mal
sast
heyar
einnat
ure.

 Schemat
icpai
nti showedt
ng- rackal
ongwhi
chsaanpeopl
eusedwhenhunt
ing.

 Engr
avng–t
i hesewer
edeepcuti
ntot
her
ockshowi
ngdi
ff
erentani
mal
s

 Cr
ude whi
te/
dir
tywhi
t showed danger
e- ousl
i
zar
dli
kesnakeswhi
ch wer
ea
dangert
osaan’
sli
ves.

5
ECONOMI
CORGANI
SATI
ON

TheSanpeopl
edependedonwhatnat
ure(
env
ironment
)coul
dpr
ovi
def
ort
hei
rfood.
Theyhunt
edwi
l
dani
mal
sandgat
her
edwi
l
dfr
uit
sfr
om t
[Link]
dhunt
ingand
womenandchi
l
drenwentf
orgat
her
ingf
rui
tssuchasber
ri
es,honey
,tuber
sandr
oot
s,
mushr
oom et
[Link]
eledanomadi
cwayofl
i
fe-
mov
ingf
rom onepl
acet
o
anot
heri
nsear
choff
ood)
.

TheBushmennev
erdi
danyf
armi
ngoragr
icul
tur
ebutkepthunt
[Link]
t
hebowandar
rowf
orhunt
inganddef
ence.

6
POLI
TICALORGANI
SATI
ON

Pol
i
tical
l
y,t
heSanpeopl
ehadnochi
efs.I
nmostcasest
heywer
eledbyt
heel
dest
,or
besthunt
ersorbestmedi
[Link]
veddi
sput
esamongt
heSaanpeopl
e.

TheSaanpeopl
eal
sol
i
vedi
nhunt
ingbandsandeachhunt
ingbandhadahunt
ing
gr
ound.

RELI
GIOUSORGANI
SATI
ON

TheSaanpeopl
ebel
i
evedi
nasuper
nat
uralbei
ngcal
l
[Link]
bel
i
evedt
othepr
ovi
deroft
her
ainandweal
[Link]
sor
espect
edt
hepr
ayi
ngMant
is
asasy
mboloff
ort
[Link]
msandbel
i
evedi
nwi
tchcr
aft
.TheSaanal
so
cel
ebr
atedt
heappear
anceoft
henew moonandf
[Link]
espect
edt
hedead,
hencet
heybur
iedt
hedead.

THEKHOI
KHOI

Li
ket
heSaan,
theKhoi
khoiar
eamongt
heear
li
esti
nhabi
tantofSout
hAf
ri
[Link]
e
t
hef
ir
stpast
oral
i
stsi
nsout
her
nAf
ri
ca,
andcal
l
edt
hemsel
vesKhoi
khoi(
orKhoe-
khoe)
,
whi
chmeans'
menofmen'
or'
ther
ealpeopl
e'
.Thi
snamewaschosent
oshowpr
idei
n

7
t
hei
rpastandcul
tur
[Link]
hePor
tuguesel
andedatt
heCapear
ound1847,t
hey
cal
l
edt
hem asHot
tent
otsder
ivedf
rom t
hei
rlanguagecal
l
edHot
tent
ots.

I
nter
msofl
ocat
ion,
theKhoi
khoi
wer
efoundar
oundSal
danhabay
,Damar
aland,
Mossel
bayandt
abl
edur
i he15thcent
ngt ury heendof17thcent
.Byt ury
,theywer
eli
vi
ngar
ound
capeandal
ongt
heBanksofOr
angeRi
ver
,coast
alar
easofnat
alandi
nsout
hWest
Af
ri
[Link]
heKhoi
khoi
aref
oundi
nNami
bDeser
tandKal
ahar
iDeser
tar
eas.

ORI
GIN

Theor
igi
noft
heKhoi
khoii
snotcl
ear
.Howev
er,
theyar
ebel
i
evedt
ohav
eset
tl
edi
neast
Af
ri
caandcent
ralAf
ri
cabef
oremi
grat
ingt
oSout
hAf
ri
[Link]
ebel
i
evedt
owoul
d
hav
efol
l
owedt
heSaani
nSout
hAf
ri
ca.I
nSout
hAf
ri
cat
heKhoi
khoiwer
ethr
ee(
3)
gr
oupsnamel
y,t
heNamal
i
vedal
ongt
heor
anger
iver
,theGonai
nNat
alandt
he
Cochoquaar
oundt
[Link]
tl
edi
nthesear
easunt
ilt
hear
ri
valoft
hef
ir
st
Eur
opeanset
tl
ersi
n1652.

CHARACTERI
STI
C/FEATURESOFKHOI
KHOI

 TheKhoi
khoi
aresi
mil
art
otheSaanpeopl
einmanyaspect
s.

 Theyar
eal
soy
ell
owi
shbr
owni
ncompl
ex.

 Theywer
esl
i
ght
lyt
all
erandbi
ggert
hant
heSaanpeopl
e.

 Theyal
sohadacl
i
cksoundi
nthei
rlanguage.

 Theyhadki
nkyhai
r.

SOCI
ALORGANI
SATI
ON

TheKhoi
khoihadnoper
manenthomesbecauset
heywer
[Link]
i
vedi
nlar
ger
communi
ti
est
hanSaanpeopl
[Link]
oupwasani
ndependent
uni
[Link]
i
ved i
n cl
ans.I
nter
mar
ri
age wi
thi
nthe cl
ans was f
orbi
[Link]
ri
age
occur
redaf
teri
nit
iat
ioncer
emony
.Thi
smeantt
opr
epar
egi
rl
sandboy
sforadul
thood.
Af
termar
ri
aget
hemar
ri
edcoupl
est
ayedwi
tht
heman’
spar
ent
sunt
ilt
hef
ir
stbor
n.
Af
ter
war
dst
heywer
eal
l
owedt
oleav
eTheKhoi
khoi
pract
icedpol
ygamy
.

8
ECONOMI
CORGANI
SATI
ON

TheKhoi
khoiwer
eher
der
swhokeptcat
tl
e,goat
sandf
att
ail
[Link]
rmai
n
economi
cact
ivi
tywaspast
oral
i
[Link]
edf
rom onepl
acet
oanot
heri
nsear
chof
past
[Link]
tl
ewasi
mpor
tantamongt
heKhoi
khoibecausei
twast
hei
rmeasur
eof
weal
thy
-byt
henumberofcat
tl
[Link]
his,t
heydi
dnotsl
aught
ercat
tl
e
exceptonspeci
aloccasi
[Link]
tl
ewasal
sokeptont
hemi
ddl
eoft
hev
il
lage
dur
ingt
heni
ght
.

TheKhoi
khoial
sohunt
edwi
l
dani
mal
sandgat
her
edwi
l
dfr
uit
saswel
lasf
ishi
ngt
o
suppl
ementont
hei
rdi
[Link]
socol
l
ect
edl
ocust
s,ber
ri
esandr
oot
[Link]
khoi
al
somadecl
aypot
sforcooki
[Link]
eal
soi
nvol
vedi
nlocalandl
ongdi
stance
t
[Link]
ter1650st
heyt
radedwi
tht
heDut
chf
ort
obaccoandcat
tl
eandact
edas
mi
ddl
emenbet
weent
heXhosaandDut
ch.

POLI
TICALORGANI
SATI
ON

Pol
i
tical
l
y,t
heKhoi
khoiwel
lor
gani
zedt
hant
heSaanpeopl
[Link]
sol
i
vedi
nlar
ger
gr
oupsorcommuni
ti
[Link]
il
lagehadachi
efwhor
uledwi
tht
hehel
poft
heheadof
t
hecl
[Link]
nrol
eoft
hechi
efwast
oset
tl
edi
sput
[Link]
sput
esi
nvol
vi
ngmember
s
oft
hesamecl
anwer
eset
tl
edbyt
hecl
anhead,andt
hosei
nvol
vi
ngmember
soft
he
di
ff
erentcl
answer
eset
tl
edbyt
hechi
efwhohadpower
stosent
[Link]
efor
e,t
he

9
Khoi
khoi
hadhi
gherl
evel
ofpol
i
tical
organi
zat
iont
hant
heSaan.

RELI
GIOUSORGANI
SATI
ON

TheKhoi
khoibel
i
evedi
nthei
rgodcal
l
edTsui
[Link]
shi
pedTsui
goabasar
ain
maker
,fat
herofal
lfat
her
sandgi
verofgoodheal
[Link]
reat
edt
hepr
ayi
ngMant
isas
asy
mbolandf
ort
[Link]
soconsul
tedmagi
[Link]
khoidancedatt
henew
moonandf
ull
moon.

DI
STRI
BUTI
ONOFBANTUSOUTHOFTHELI
MPOPOBEFORE1800

TheBant
uwer
eli
nkedbyt
hei
rbasi
csi
mil
ari
tyofl
anguagesandor
igi
[Link]
rom
t
heBuenuapl
ateauandCamer
ounhi
ghl
andsofWestAf
ri
[Link]
easonsf
ort
heBant
u
mi
grat
iongener
all
i
keanyot
herBant
ugr
[Link]
oret
heBant
ucame,mostpar
tsof
Sout
hAf
ri
cawer
eoccupi
edbyt
heSaanandt
heKhoi .By16thcent
khoi uryt
heBant
uhad
set
tl
edi
nvar
iouspar
tsofSout
hAf
ri
[Link]
str
ibut
ionofBant
uinSout
hAf
ri
cawas
det
ermi
nedchi
efl
ybyt
hegeogr
aphi
cal
feat
uresandcl
i
mat
eoft
hear
ea.

TheBant
usout
hoft
heLi
mpopocanbedi
vi
dedi
nto5mai
ngr
oups;namel
yNguni
,
Sot
ho-
Tswana,
Venda,
Tsonga,
Her
eroandt
heOv
ambo.

THENGUNI

Set
tl
edt
hel
andbet
weent
heI
ndi
anOceanandt
heDr
akensber
gmount
[Link]
sar
ea
wasal
soknownast
he“
SweetVel
d”.Thi
swast
hel
argestgr
oupofBant
uspeaki
ng
peopl
einSout
hAf
ri
cawhi
chi
ncl
udedt
ri
bessuchas,
theXhosa,
pondo,
Zul
u,mt
het
hwa,
ndwandwe,ngwane,[Link]
ngpeopl
edi
dagr
icul
tur
eand
past
oral
i
sm.

SOCI
ALWAYOFLI
FE

Thesoci
alst
ruct
ureoft
heNguni
star
tedwi
tht
hef
ami
l
[Link]
l
ect
ionoff
ami
l
iesmadea
cl
[Link]
l
ect
ionofcl
ansmadeav
il
lageandacol
l
ect
ionofv
il
lagesmadea
chi
efdom whi
chwasheadedorr
uledbyachi
[Link]
i
vedIgr
asst
hat
ched
houseswhi
chwer
ebui
l
tar
oundcat
tl
ekr
aal
.Theyusedcat
tl
einr
eli
gioussacr
if
ice,t
o
payl
obol
a,payf
ines,
[Link]
tl
ewasasy
mbol
ofweal
th.

10
Amongt
heNgunicust
oms,i
nit
iat
ionwasv
eryi
mpor
tant
.Youngboy
swer
eputi
nto
campsf
orci
rcumci
si
onand mi
l
itar
ytr
aini n19th cent
ngs.I uryt
heydev
eloped Age
Regi
ment
s,and abandoned ci
rcumci
[Link] y
oung men wer
etr
ained as I
mpi
s
(
sol
dier
s)unt
il35y
ear
[Link]
egi
ment
swer
eusedt
odef
endt
heki
ngdom.

POLI
TICALLI
FE

Pol
i
tical
l
y,househol
dfami
l
iesf
ormedcl
ansheadedbycl
anl
eader
s(ol
dmember
s).
Cl
ansf
ormedachi
efdom headedbychi
efsorsmal
lchi
efdomsbr
oughtt
oget
hermade
aki
ngdom headedbyaki
ngknownasNKOSI
.Ki
ngsandchi
efswer
eassi
stedby
counci
lofof
fi
ci
alcal
l
edI
ndunast
orunt
heaf
fai
rsoft
heki
ngdom.

ECONOMI
CLI
FE

TheNguni
pract
icedmi
xedt
ypeoff
armi
ngt
heywer
ebot
hagr
icul
tur
ist
sandpast
oral
i
st.
Thekeptcat
tl
e,sheepandgoat
sandgr
ewcr
opssuchasmi
l
let
,sor
ghum andpumpki
ns.
Ot
hereconomi
cact
ivi
ti
esoft
heNguniwer
emet
alwor
kingsandsuppl
ement
edt
hei
r
di
etbyhunt
[Link]
sodi
dtr
adewi
theuor
peans.

THESOTHO-
TSWANA

Li
ket
heNguni
,theSot
hower
eacol
l
ect
ionoft
ri
balgr
oupwi
thsi
mil
arl
anguageand
cul
tur
[Link]
oupwer
etheBapedi
,Basut
[Link]
efoundwestof
t
heDr
akensber
gont
hehi
ghv
[Link]
i
vedi
nlar
gecommuni
ti
esar
oundwel
lwat
ered
ar
easofeast
ernsi
deofwestDr
akensber
gsui
tabl
eforpast
oral
i
sm andcul
ti
vat
[Link]
ar
ri
vedi
nthe10thcent
ury
.Theywer
eski
l
ledi
ronwor
ker
[Link]
sot
radedi
nsheepand
goat
.

Soci
all
ytheSot
hol
i
vedi
nlar
gecommuni
ti
est
hant
heNguni
,butt
hei
rsoci
alst
ruct
ure
al
sobegi
nwi
thf
ami
l
[Link]
ami
l
iesf
ormedacl
anandcl
ansf
ormedchi
efdom.
Amongt
heSot
hoi
nit
iat
ionwasal
soi
mpor
tant
.

Pol
it
ical
ly
,chi
efcont
rol
l
edt
heaf
fai
rsoft
hechi
[Link]
er,t
her
ewasacounci
l
madeupofseni
ormal
emember
swhi
chadv
isedt
hechi
efonmat
ter
soft
hechi
efdom.

Economi
cal
ly
,the Sot
ho al
so pr
act
iced mi
xed t
ype off
armi
[Link] wer
e bot
h

11
past
oral
i
sm andcul
ti
vat
[Link]
mal
sli
ke,goat
s,sheepandcat
tl
eandgr
ew
cr
opsl
i
kemi
l
let
,sor
ghum,
yam andmai
zeasst
apl
[Link]
hower
eal
sohunt
ers
andmet
alwor
ker
[Link]
tedmet
alsl
i
kei
ronandcopper
.

THEVENDA

TheVendal
i
vedwestoft
heLi
mpopoRi
veri
nnor
ther
nTr
ansv
aal
.Theywer
eShona
speaki
ngwhomi
nedcopperandgol
[Link]
radedi
niv
oryandski
nswi
tht
rader
sfr
om
t
hecoast
.Theyal
sot
radedi
ncopperwi
tht
[Link]
sobui
l
tst
onehouses

THETSONGA

TheTsongal
i
vednor
thoft
heNgunial
ongt
hecoastbet
weenMozambi
queandSof
ala.
TheTsongahadgr
eatcont
actwi
tht
hef
orei
gner
sthant
heNguni
.Theyhadgr
eat
cont
act
swi
thf
orei
gner
sthant
heNguni
.Fr
om 1600t
heyt
radedwi
tht
hePor
tuguesei
n
i
vor
y,i
ronandot
her
smi
ner
[Link]
tl
esmal
lscal
eduet
otset
sef
li
es.

HEREROANDTHEOVAMBO

TheHer
erol
i
vedi
nthewest
ernr
egi
onofSout
hAf
ri
caandOv
amboorOkav
ambol
i
ved
nor
thoft
heHer
[Link]
eroandt
heOv
ambower
emost
lyf
oundNami
[Link]
al
oosepol
i
tical
str
uct
[Link]
erosomet
imehunt
edwi
l
dani
mal
sandcol
l
ect
edwi
l
d
f
rui
tsanddi
dnotpr
act
iceagr
icul
tur
eduet
osemideser
tar
[Link]
ambower
emi
xed
f
armer
swhogr
ew cr
opsandkeptdomest
icani
mal
ssuchasgoat
[Link]
sodi
d
pot
ter
y.

THESHONA

Theymi
grat
edf
rom LakeChadar
[Link]
grat
edundert
hepower
fulr
uler
sandwer
e
knownast
heKar
[Link]
ossedt
heZambeziRi
verunderaki
ngcal
l
edMwene
Mut
[Link]
edt
hear
eawhi
chbecameknownast
heGr
eatZi
mbabwe

MFECANE
Mf
ecane–wasaNguninamegi
vent
otheupheav
alamongAf
ri
cansoci
eti
eswhi
ch

12
t
ookpl
acei
nsout
her
nAf
ri
cadur
ingt
hef
ir
st30y
ear he19thcent
soft ury(
1816-
1836)
.

I
tisal
sor
efer
redt
oaswar
sofwonder
ingorwar
sofdi
stur
bancesorwar
sofShaka.

CAUSESOFMFECANE

[Link]
tageofl
and–Att
hebegi
nni he19th cent
ngoft urydi
ff
erentNgunicl
ansi
n
f
ert
il
eeast
erngr
assl
andsaw gr
eati
ncr
easeofpopul
ati
[Link]
sledt
ogr
eat
compet
it
ionf
orf
arml
andwhi
chi
ntur
nledt
ofi
ercef
ight
ingamongt
hemaj
or
Nguni
groupsi
nwhi
cht
hef
it
testsur
viv
ed.

[Link]
aphi
calbar
ri
ers-geogr
aphi
calf
eat
uressuchasDr
ankensbur
gMount
ains
andt
heI
ndi
anOceanmadei
tdi
ff
icul
tforexpansi
ont
otakepl
acei
nthewestand
eastaddi
ngt
othel
andshor
[Link]
sresul
tedt
owar
sofexpansi
onamongt
he
Mt
het
wa,
NdwandweandNgwaneabout1800

[Link]
genceoft
het
hreepower
fulgr
oups-t
heemer
genceoft
het
hreepower
ful
ki
ngdomsoft
heMt
het
hwaunderDi
ngi
sway
o,t
heNgwaneunderSobhuzaand
NdwandweunderZwi
debr
oughtaboutpol
i
tical
changest
hatl
edt
oconf
li
[Link]
t
hreepower
ful
kingdomsf
oughtov
erdomi
nat
ionoft
heNguni
l
and.

[Link]
ade-t
radei
niv
orywi
tht
hePor
tugueseoft
heeastcoastofAf
ri
caatDel
agoa
Bayencour
agedexpansi
oncont
rolt
o mai
ntai
ncheckont
radeandmat
eri
al
benef
it
[Link]
erdomi
nat
ed Nguni
l
and al
so cont
rol
l
ed t
radeand gotmor
e
r
iches.

COURSEOFMFECANE

I
tfi
rstst
art
edwi
thZwi
deat
tacki
ngSobhuzaov
ert
heowner
shi
pofl
andont
heupper
Pongol
o Ri
ver
.Sobhuza was def
eat
ed and f
orced t
orun away wi
th hi
s peopl
e
nor
thwar
dsconquer
edpeopl
ear
oundSwazimount
ainandbr
oughtt
hem t
oget
herand
est
abl
i
shedSwazi
nat
ion.

NextDi
ngi
sway
o gotannoy
edbecauseZwi
dewasat
tacki
ngcl
anshehadal
ready
conquer
[Link]
oov
ercomeZwi
[Link]
ort
unat
elyDi
ngi
sway
owasambushed
andcapt
uredbyZwi
deandki
l
ledi
[Link]
deal
sowentonandat
tackedt
heNgwane
underMat
iwanewhof
ledwestwar
ds.

13
I
n1818Zwi
det
urnedhi
sef
for
tst
odef
[Link]
readyor
gani
zedhi
s
ar
my(
impi
s)byi
ntr
oduci
ngr
efor
[Link]
hebat
tl
eofQukol
iShakadef
eat
edasmal
l
ar
myat
tackbyZwi
de’
swar
ri
orsl
[Link]
sist
hef
ir
stf
acet
ofacebat
tl
e
wer
eShakadi
spl
ayedhi
smi
l
itar
ytact
ics

On25thDecember1818,
Zwi
desental
lhi
sar
myt
[Link]
sknowl
edge
oft
heMhl
atuzeRi
verwhi
chf
loodsoncepery
ear
.Hemadehi
swar
ri
orscr
osst
her
iver
bef
oref
[Link]
sui
ngwar
ri
orsofZwi
dewer
ecaughtupi
nfl
oodsandmany
Ndwandwer
etr
eat
[Link]
eat
edZwi
dei
nthi
sbat
tl
ecal
l
edBat
tl
eofMhl
atuze
Ri
ver
.

Af
tert
hedef
eatofZwi
deShakawasl
eftt
hesupr
emer
uleroft
heNguni
l
[Link]
consol
i
dat
edt
heZul
uki
ngdom andmadet
heZul
utr
ibedomi
nantt
hroughconquer
ing
ot
hert
ri
besandi
ncor
por
atedt
hem i
ntot
heki
[Link]
edav
ici
ousmi
l
itar
ycampai
gn
t
hroughoutt
heNguni
l
andandbr
oughtmanygr
oupsofpeopl
eunderhi
srul
e.

RI
SEOFSHAKAANDTHEZULUNATI
ON
SHAKA’
SEARLYLI
FE

Shakawasbor
[Link]
l
legi
ti
mat
esonofSenzangakonawhowast
he
chi
efoft
hesmal
lZul
utr
ibe(
clan)underDi
ngi
sway
oofMt
het
[Link]
smot
her
,Nandi
camef
rom t
henei
ghbour
ingLangenit
ri
[Link]
ncet
heZul
utr
adi
ti
ondi
dnotal
l
owachi
ef
t
opr
oduceachi
l
dout
sidemar
ri
age,
Shakaandhi
smot
her
,Nandiwer
edr
ivenoutoft
he
Zul
uki
ngdom andwentt
oli
vewi
tht
heLangenit
ri
[Link]
ewupf
ather
lessand
becamef
ond ofhi
smot
herand gr
andmot
her
.Hi
sear
lyl
i
fewasanunhappyand
di
ff
icul
tyone.

I
nhi
sear
lyl
i
feShakaj
oinedDi
ngi
sway
o’sar
[Link]
scour
age,br
aveness,
i
ntel
l
igence and st
rengt
h he was appoi
nted as commander
.When Shaka’
sfat
her
(
Senzangakona)di
edi
nabout1816,Shakabecamet
heki
ngoft
heZul
ubyt
hehel
pof
Di
ngi
sway
oaf
terki
l
li
nghi
shal
f-
brot
herSi
kuj
ane.

I
n1818Di
ngi
sway
owaski
l
ledbyZwi
deandmostoft
heMt
het
hwacamet
oseekr
efuge

14
i
ntheZul
uki
ngdom underShaka’
spr
otect
ion.

SHAKA’
SMI
LITARYREFORMS

Shakadr
il
ledhi
sregi
ment
sint
act
icst
hathei
ntr
oduced.

[Link]
tst
abbi
ngspear
-Assegai-Shakai
ntr
oducedt
heshor
tst
abbi
ngspearcal
l
ed
Assegaiusedf
orcl
oseupf
ight
[Link]
scour
agedt
hel
ongt
hrowi
ngspearand
shor
tshi
[Link]
soi
ntr
oducedal
ongshi
eldf
rom neckt
otheankl
es.

[Link]–hor
nfor
mat
ion-t
hiswasamov
ementofsol
dier
sinsuchawayt
hatt
he
enemyf
orcecompl
etel
ysur
roundedandcaughtbysur
pri
se.

[Link]
efoot– sol
dier
swer
efor
biddent
owearsandal
sinbat
tl
east
heymade
r
unni
ngcl
umsyandsl
ow andcar
ri
edj
ustonest
abbi
ngspearsot
hatt
heyr
un
f
astt
otackl
etheenemyi
ncl
osef
ight
[Link]
lhi
simpi
swer
etr
ainedbar
efoott
o
i
ncr
easemobi
l
ity
.

[Link]
andi
ngar
my–Shakamadeaf
undament
alchangeofkeepi
ngr
egi
ment
sona
st
andi
ngar
myorper
manentmi
l
itar
yfor
[Link]
lthey
oungadul
tswer
eputi
nto
per
manentmi
l
itar
ycampsunt
ilt
heageof35whent
heyar
eal
l
owedt
omar
ry.
Thi
swast
oinst
il
ldi
sci
pli
neandt
rai
ningi
nsol
dier
[Link]
ir
edsol
dier
sser
vedas
r
eser
vear
my.

[Link]
oll
owedmenatwart
onur
sewoundedsol
dier
s

[Link]
soabol
i
shedanumberofi
nit
iat
ioncer
emonysuchasci
rcumci
sion.

[Link]
sousedwomenasspi
est
oenemygr
oups.

[Link]’
simpi
sal
soat
tackedenemi
esatdawnwhenev
ery
onei
sasl
eep.

Theexpansi
onoft
heZul
uki
ngdom expl
ainsShaka’
smi
l
itar
ycampai
[Link]
ter
t
hedeat
hofDi
ngi
sway
oin1817shakabeganhi
scar
eerofdi
ctat
orshi
pand
conquesti
nZul
[Link]
ir
stbr
oughtt
her
emai
ntMt
het
hwaunderhi
scont
rol
.In
1818Shakaat
tackedanddef
eat
edZwi
deatt
heBat
tl
eofMhl
atuzeRi
ver
.The
Ndwandwei
nconf
usi
onl
eav
ingShakai
ncont
rolofNguni
l
and.I
n1826Zwi
de

15
successorSi
kony
elaat
tackedShakabutwascompl
etel
ydef
eat
ed.

Soci
all
yrecr
uit
sfr
om al
lov
erZul
ulandwer
epar
toft
heZul
usoci
ety
.TheZul
u
l
anguagewasencour
agedi
ntheki
[Link]
adi
ti
onalcer
emoni
esoft
heZul
u
wer
emadespeci
[Link]
ngpl
ayedani
mpor
tantr
olei
nthecer
emoni
esand
per
for
medr
it
ual
act
sfort
hebenef
itofhi
speopl
e

Economi
cal
ly
,al
ltheeconomi
cact
ivi
ti
eswer
econt
rol
l
edbyt
heki
[Link]
assi
gnedl
andandher
dsofcat
tl
etoeachr
egi
ment
.Ther
egi
ment
swer
erequi
red
t
olookaf
tert
hepr
oper
tyandani
mal
sfort
heki
[Link]
adewasal
socont
rol
l
edby
t
heki
ng.

Shaka,
spol
it
icalr
efor
[Link]
i
ticalr
efor
mswer
emadet
oincr
easet
hepowerof
t
heki
ngandst
rengt
hent
heki
ngdom.

 Shakausedr
egi
ment
sforexpansi
[Link]
ecr
uit
edwar
ri
orf
rom def
eat
ed
t
ri
[Link]
err
ecr
uit
swer
espr
eadouti
ndi
ff
erentr
egi
ment
stoav
oid
r
ebel
l
ion.

 Al
labl
ebodi
edmenwer
ebei
ngr
ecr
uit
edi
nther
egi
ment
[Link]
swast
o
depr
ivet
hesubchi
efsofmenwhocoul
dbeusedt
ori
seagai
nstShaka.

 Shaka’
smot
herNandiwasr
egar
dedast
heQueenmot
heroft
heZul
u
peopl
eandpl
ayedani
mpor
tantr
ole.

FALLOFSHAKA(
DEATHOFSHAKA

Thedeat
hofShakai
sat
tri
but
edt
othedeat
hofhi
smot
herandgr
andmot
her
.In
1825Shaka’
sgr
andmot
herdi
edand1827hi
smot
herNandial
sodi
[Link]
becomement
all
ydi
stur
bedduet
othel
ossofhi
sbel
ovedmot
herexecut
ingmost
hi
ssubj
ect
s.

Shakai
ntr
oduceddel
i
ber
ater
ulest
ofol
l
ow dur
ingt
hemour
ningper
iodofhi
s
mot
her
.

 Nocul
ti
vat
ionofanyki
ndf
ort
hewhol
eyear

 Nomi
l
kingf
ort
hewhol
eyear

16
 Nosexuali
ntercour
sef
orwhol
eyearandanywomanf
oundpr
egnantwas
putt
odeat
htoget
herwi
thherhusband.

Dur
ingt
hisper
iodabout7000peopl
elostt
hei
rli
[Link]’
shar
shand
cr
uel
i
tyr
ulebasedonki
l
li
ngpeopl
ewhodi
sagr
eedwi
thhi
m wasnotl
i
kedby
somehi
srel
ati
ves.

I
n1828t
owar
dst
heendoft
hemour
ningper
iod,Shakasendal
lhi
sar
my
i
ncl
udi
nghi
sper
sonal
guar
dst
ogoandat
tackShoshangane.

Hi
stwohal
f-
brot
her
s,Mhl
anganeandDi
nganebyt
hehel
pofi
ndunaMbhopa
mur
der
edShakawhi
l
ethesol
dier
swer
eaway
.

Di
nganeconspi
redwi
thMbhopaandki
l
ledMhl
anganeandDi
nganebecome
t
heki
ngoft
heZul
uki
ngdom.

SHAKA’
SACHI
EVEMENTS

TheZul
uki
ngdom di
dnotbr
eakunt
ilt
hedeat
[Link]
ngdom had
compl
etel
oyal
tyanddi
sci
pli
ne.

Shakamadeav
eryst
rongmi
l
itar
yst
ate,t
heZul
uki
ngdom whi
chi
nfl
uenced
t
hehi
stor
yofSout
hAf
ri
cai
nthef
ir
sthal he19thcent
foft ury
.

Shakawasabl
etobr
ingnat
ionaluni
tyamongt
heZul
upeopl
[Link]
he
peopl
eincl
udi
ngt
her
efugeesdev
elopedasenseofbel
ongi
ng.

TheZul
unat
iont
hatShakaest
abl
i
shedusedhi
spol
i
cyt
oremai
npower
ful
andi
ndependentunt
il1887wheni
twasbr
oughtundercol
oni
alr
ule.

SHAKA’
SFAI
LURE

Shakaf
ail
edt
obr
ingaboutpeaceandpr
osper
it
yinst
eadbr
oughtdi
sast
erwar
andmi
ser
ytot
heZul
uland.

Manyr
egi
onsofSout
hAf
ri
cawer
edepopul
atedandt
hei
rpr
osper
it
ydel
ayed
f
ormor
ethanadecadeduet
owar
sofShaka.

Shakahei
ght
enedt
hei
ntensi
tyofmf
ecanewhenhebecameki
ngoft
heZul
u.

17
 RESULTSOFMFECANE
CONSTRUCTI
VERESULTS

[Link]
atef
ormat
ion-
itbr
oughtaboutt
hef
ormat
ionofnewki
ngdomsorst
ates
such as Gaza Empi
re underShoshangane,Swazinat
ion f
ounded by
Sobhuzaandt
heNdebel
eki
ngdom f
oundedbyMzi
l
ikazi
inZi
mbabwe.

[Link]
ensi
vest
atef
ormat
ion-
Mfecanel
ed t
othef
ormat
ionofdef
ensi
ve
ki
ngdomssuchasBasut
oNat
ionf
oundedbyMosheshi
,andt
heBapedi
who est
abl
i
shed t
hemsel
ves i
nthe dr
ankensbur
g mount
ains,east
ern
Tr
ansv
aal
.

Mi
li
tar
yor
gani
zat
ion-
Manyki
ngdomsorst
ateswer
eest
abl
i
shedal
ongt
hel
i
nesoft
he
Zul
uki
[Link]
,Ndebel
eandt
heKol
oloar
eexampl
esoft
ri
best
hatcopi
edt
he
Zul
uwayoff
ight
ingandmanagedt
odef
eatal
otofpeopl
edur
ingt
hei
rmi
grat
ioni
nto
nor
thf
rom Mf
ecane.

 Fi
ndoutot
her
sresul
tsaandef
fect
sofmf
ecane?

I
MPORTANTZULULEADERSAFTERSHAKA

DI
NGANE1828–1840

WhenShakadi
edi
n1828,
Dinganebecamet
hel
eaderoft
heZul
unat
[Link]
abl
i
shed
hi
scapi
tal
atUmgungundhl
ovu.

Di
nganest
art
edwi
thr
elaxi
ngShaka’
scr
uel
tyandmi
l
itar
ytact
[Link]
l
owedwar
ri
orst
o
mar
ryandl
eav
etheper
manentager
egi
ment
satanyt
[Link]
empor
alar
my
compar
edt
[Link]
smeanst
rai
ningofsol
dier
swasdoneaf
ew day
sbef
oret
he
bat
tl
[Link]
dingonsur
roundi
ngt
ri
beswasmi
nimi
zed.

Thesechangesmadesomeofhi
swar
ri
orst
orev
oltagai
nsthi
srul
ein1834.I
ttook
somet
imet
ocooldownt
her
ebel
l
[Link]
tert
hisr
evol
tDi
nganiembar
kedonsomeof
Shaka’
stact
icsofr
egul
arr
aidsonsur
roundi
ngt
ri
bes.

18
Thebi
ggestpr
obl
em Di
nganef
acedasaZul
uleadercamef
rom t
heBoerTr
ekkerwho
wer
etr
ekki
ngawayf
rom t
heBr
it
ishatt
heCape

The t
rekker
s underRet
ieft
rekked i
nto KwaZul
u Nat
aland set
tl
ed bef
ore get
ti
ng
per
missi
onf
rom t
heZul
uchi
ef.

Ret
iefwentt
oDi
nganewi
thasmal
lgr
oupandr
eachedUmgungundhl
ovuandDi
ngane
wel
comedt
hem.

Hegr
ant
edt
hem per
manentset
tl
ementi
nNat
alunderacondi
ti
ont
hatt
heyf
ir
str
ecov
er
somecat
tl
etakenf
rom hi
m bySi
kony
ela,
chi
efoft
heBat
lokwa.

Ret
iefmanagedt
orecov
ert
hecat
tl
eandDi
nganigr
ant
edhi
mlandi
nNat
ali
nwr
it
ing.
Bef
or heywenton6th Febr
et uar
y1838t
heywer
ecal
l
edf
orent
ert
ainmentatt
her
oyal
kr
aal
.Di
ngani
commandedhi
swar
ri
orst
oki
l
lRet
iefand67Boer
s.

Heki
l
ledt
hem becauset
heyf
ail
edt
oret
urngunsandhor
sest
hatSi
kony
elausedt
o
def
eatwar
ri
ors.

Di
nganeal
soki
l
ledRet
iefbecausehi
ssuper
sti
ti
ousbel
i
efbecausewhatShakat
oldhi
m
whi
l
edy
ingt
hatt
heWhi
tewi
l
lrul
etheZul
unotDi
ngane.

Heal
sogotadv
icef
rom t
hewi
tchdoct
orswhol
ookedatwhi
temenasmagi
cians.

TheBat
tl
eoft
hebl
oodr
iver1838

Af
terRet
iefandhi
spar
tywer
eki
l
led,t
heBoer
swhower
ebehi
ndf
ormedaLaagert
o
ov
ercomet
heZul
uat
[Link]
pcamef
rom Pot
giet
erandwasdef
eat
edbyt
heZul
us.

Pr
etor
iust
ookov
erandmadecar
eful
warpl
ansandl
edast
rongf
orcei
ntoZul
uland.

Hef
ormedal
aagerbesi
dest
heBl
oodRi
verandhedef
eat
edt uon16thDecember
heZul
1838wi
thdi
sast
rousl
[Link]
nganewasnotdest
roy
edbuthi
smi
l
itar
ypowerwas
br
[Link]
swagedmor
ewar
swi
thhi
m.

Di
nganeescapedt
oSwazi
l
andandt
heSwazipeopl
eat
tackedandki
l
ledhi
[Link]
s
f
inal
l
yset
tl
edi
nNat
alandcr
eat
edar
epubl
i
c.

MPHANDE1840–1872

19
Mphandet
henewZul
uchi
efwasi
mposedbyt
heBoer
sasapuppetl
eader
.Her
uledf
or
al
ongerper
iodt
hananyot
herZul
uchi
ef

Dur
ingMphande’
srei
gnt
her
ewaspeaceandpr
osper
it
yint
heZul
[Link]
i
nter
est
edi
nexpandi
ngt
heZul
uNat
ion

Hewasawar
eoft
hesuper
iorweaponsoft
heEur
opeans,henceMphandeav
oidedany
openconf
li
ctwi
tht
hewhi
[Link]
enal
l
owedsomewhi
teset
tl
ementi
nhi
ster
ri
tor
y.
Thi
sannoy
edy
oungpeopl
ewhoenj
oyedShaka’
smi
l
itar
ytact
ics.

Mphandedi
ed anat
uraldeat
[Link]
er,l
ong bef
orehedi
ed successi
on
di
sput
esbeganbet
weenhi
ssonsCet
away
oandMbul
azi
.

CETAWAYO1872–1884

WhenMphandedi
edhewassucceededbyhi
ssonCet
away
owhowont
hedi
sput
e.
Cet
away
orei
ntr
oducedShaka’
smi
l
itar
ymet
hodsofr
uli
ngt
heZul
unat
ion.

Hebegananot
herper
iodofexpandi
ngt
heZul
unat
iont
hroughi
nvasi
onofnei
ghbour
ing
gr
oupofpeopl
[Link]
esul
toft
hispol
i
cyhemadeal
argear
[Link]
atert
hei
nvasi
on
pol
i
cyl
edhi
mint
oconf
li
ctswi
tht
hewhi
tes(
Boer
s).TheBr
it
ishi
nter
venedont
hesi
de
oft
heZul
u.

Howev
er,whent
hegov
ernorwhof
avour
edt
heZul
uwasr
emov
edt
henew gov
ernor
ent
ered i
nto an open conf
li
ctswi
tht
heZul
[Link]
sended i
nto aser
iousbat
tl
eof
I
sandhl
wanai
[Link]
it
ishf
orceswer
edef
eat
edbyt
heZul
uar
[Link]
er,
when
t
heBr
it
ishr
einf
orcedt
hei
rtr
oopst
heymanagedt
odef
eatt
heZul
uatt
heBat
tl
eof
Ul
undi
.

Cet
away
owast
akent
oLondononexi
l
eandwhenhecamebackhel
ostcont
rol
andci
vi
l
warbr
okeout
.Hewasf
orcedt
ofl
eef
rom hi
spal
acet
oEshowawher
ehewant
edt
o
seekr
[Link]
edi
n1884andhewassucceededbyDi
nizul
u.

NATI
ONALBUI NGAFTERMFECANE.
LDI

20
THESWAZINATI
ON

TheSwazinat
ionwasf
oundedbySobhuzaIamemberofNkosi–Dhl
ami
nicl
[Link]
nat
ionwasf
oundedi
n1816af
terSobhuzaandhi
sNgwanegr
oupwer
edef
eat
edby
Zwi
[Link]
orcedt
omi
grat
e,cr
ossedt
hePongol
ori
verandi
ntot
hemount
ain
ar
eaofSwazi
l
[Link]
edt
hesur
roundi
ngt
ri
besandgai
nedcont
rolov
er10
cl
[Link]
abl
i
shedt
heSwazinat
[Link]
uledt
heSwazinat
ionf
rom 1816-
1840
andt
heNkosi
-Dhl
ami
nicl
anl
ast
edov
er100y
ear
[Link]
sexpl
ainst
her
easonwhyev
en
t
odayt
henameDhl
ami
nii
spopul
ari
nSwazi
l
and.

SOBHUZA’
SRULE1816–1840

Sobhuzawasnotpower
fult
ochal
l
enget
hemi
l
itar
ypoweroft
hesur
roundi
ngt
ri
besl
i
ke
shaka.

Sobhuzaconquer
edt
heni
eghbour
ingt
ri
besandi
ncor
por
atedt
hem i
ntohi
ski
ngdom.
Manymor
epeopl
ebr
oughtt
hemsel
vesunderhi
srul
eforsecur
it
y.

Hi
spol
i
ticalsy
stem wasal
soaf
[Link]
eri
mposedhi
swayofl
i
feonpeopl
eli
ke
Shaka

Sobhuzat
ri
edt
okeeppeacewi
thhi
spower
fulnei
ghbour
sthr
oughmar
ri
ageandgi
vi
ng
gi
ft
[Link]
ri
edZwi
de’
sdaught
erandgav
eyoungpr
incessest
oshakat
oappease
t
[Link]
eni
fthesepr
incesseswer
eki
l
ledbyshakadur
ingpr
egnantSobhuzanev
er
av
engef
ordeat
hs.

Sobhuzaal
sogav
egi
ft
stoMzi
l
ikazi
andSoshanganet
oav
oidat
tacks.

Becauseoft
heabov
epol
i
ciesSobhzawasabl
etosetupast
ronguni
tedandpeacef
ul
nat
ion.I
n1839,
howev
er,
hewasal
mostdi
stur
bedbyDi
ngaanebutmanagedt
oki
l
lhi
m.
Sobhuzadi
edi
n1840

THERULEOFMSWATII
1840–1868

Mswat
iIsucceededhi
sfat
herSobhuzai
[Link]
uledt
heSwazinat
ionunt
il1868.
Hei
sthegr
eat
estofal
lSwazi
kings.

21
Mswat
iIwasapower
fulpol
i
ticalandmi
l
itar
yleaderwhouni
tedandr
eor
gani
zedt
he
ki
ngdom.I
twasf
rom Mswat
iwer
ethenameSwazi
wasadopt
edf
rom.

Hemader
emar
kabl
eref
ormst
osui
thi
spol
i
[Link]
egi
ment
sandappoi
nted
commander
s.

Heappoi
ntedcommoner
saschi
efsandt
henat
ionwassub-di
vi
dedi
ntochi
efdoms.
TheQueenmot
herwasmadest
[Link]
lofchi
[Link]
woadv
ised
t
heki
ngonmat
ter
sofst
atecont
rol
.

Peacei
nhi
snat
ionat
tract
edEur
opeanswhocameashunt
ers,
trader
sandf
armer
[Link]
t
ri
edt
oappeaset
heBoer
sbygi
vi
ngt
hem l
andbutf
ail
edt
osol
vet
hel
andpr
obl
em.

I
n 1943 t
he Br
it
ish annexed Nat
aland he had no chance ofexpansi
[Link]
i
embar
kedonmi
l
itar
yconquestonar
easnearShoshanganeandNat
al.I
nthi
sway
Mswat
iwasabl
etomakeSwazi
nat
ionst
ronger
.

Dur
ingt
her
eignofMswat
iIt
heSwazinat
ionhadcont
act
swi
tht
hewhi
teset
tl
ers
especi
all
ytheBoer
sofTr
ansv
aal
.Mswat
igav
ethel
andi
nhi
snat
ion.I
.ret
urnt
heBoer
s
pr
otect
edhi
snat
ionf
rom i
nvasi
[Link]
esul
tMswat
iremai
nedst
rongunt
ilhi
sdeat
hin
[Link]
her
ight
ful
hei
rtot
het
hronewasy
ounganddi
[Link]
efor
eMswat
iwas
succeededbyMbandzeniwhoal
sodev
elopedt
heSwazinat
ionunt
ilhi
sdeat
hin1890
andwassucceededbyBunu.

I
n1894t
heSwazinat
ioncameunderTr
ansv
aalr
ule.I
n1902soonaf
tert
heout
breakof
t
hesecondAngl
o-Boerwar
s,Swazi
l
andbecam aBr
it
ishpr
otect
ionandi
n1966i
tgai
ned
i
tsi
ndependence.

MOSHESHIANDTHEBASUTONATI
ON

Moshesh1wasbor
nin1784atanear
lyagehedi
sti
ngui
shedhi
msel
fasal
eaderand
wor
ri
[Link]
ongedt
oasmal
let
hni
cgr
oupoft
heMakot
eli
.Hehadi
ntel
l
igenceand
har
dleader
shi
pqual
i
[Link]
ingMf
ecaneheuni
tedt
hisgr
oupandot
herr
efugeest
oset
upadef
ensi
venat
ionorki
[Link]
aint
opst
odef
endpr
otecthi
s
peopl
efr
om ext
ernalat
tacks.By1820hehadset
tl
edatBut
ha-
But
[Link]
ehehad
pr
obl
ems:he was t
wice at
tacked by t
he Tl
okwa underMant
hat
isiand l
aterby

22
Si
kony
ela.
dur
ingt
heseat
tacksMosheshil
ostal
otofweal
th,
cat
tl
eandf
oodsuppl
[Link]
ar
esul
theabandonedBut
ha-
But
heandmov
edt
oThaba-
Bosi
[Link]
ehemadeast
rong
nat
ioncent
eredonpeacewi
thhi
snei
ghbour
s.

Howev
er,
theMf
ecanei
nNgunil
anddi
stur
bedt
hepeaceoft
heSot
hoandot
hergr
oups.
Mosheshr
ecogni
zedt
hedef
ensi
vepot
ent
ial
oft
hemount
ains.

Heest
abl
i
shedhi
msel
font
opoft
heBut
heBut
het
opr
otecthi
speopl
[Link]
abl
i
shed
Basut
oNat
iont
hrough:
-

I
. Of
fer
ingpr
otect
iont
othosef
leei
ngt
hewar
s,hebr
oughtt
oget
hert
hehomel
ess
anddef
eat
edSot
ho.

I
I. Mosheshiencour
agedi
nter
mar
ri
ageandhadabouthundr
edwi
veshi
msel
fand
sev
eral
sonswhom hegav
eimpor
tantposi
ti
oni
ntheki
ngdom.

I
II
. Mosheshir
emai
nedasaheadofconf
eder
ati
on-
her
uleddi
rect
lyt
ogr
oupsnear
hi
scapi
talandgr
oupawayf
rom t
hecapi
talwer
eindependentasl
ongast
hey
wer
eloy
alt
ohi
m.

I
V. Hepr
otect
edt
hem f
rom ext
ernal
att
acksbyf
ort
if
yingBut
heBut
heMount
ain.

 Mosheshandhi
speopl
ewer
eat
tackedandal
mostst
arv
edbyt
heTl
okwa
undert
hel
eader
shi
pofMat
ant
ati
si.

 MosheshabandonedBut
heBut
heandt
ookhi
speopl
etoanot
her
mount
aincal
l
edThabaBosi
u.

Pol
it
icalor
gani
zat
ion

Mosheshi
’
snat
ionwasmadeupofdi
ff
erentgr
[Link]
hergr
oupswer
eat
tr
act
edbyt
he
secur
it
yoft
heBasut
[Link]
er’Mosheshihadt
oor
gani
zeal
lthesegr
[Link]
ge
gr
oupswer
eal
l
owedt
okeept
hei
rownl
eader
sasl
ongast
heyr
emai
nedl
oyalt
o
Mosheshi
.Smal
lgr
oupswer
eputundercont
rolofsomel
oyalf
ami
l
ymember
[Link]
encour
agednat
ional
i
sm t
hroughor
gani
zat
ionofcounci
l
snandpubl
i
cassembl
i
[Link]
e
t
heydi
scussednat
ionali
[Link]
l
itar
yact
ionswer
[Link]
ri
edt
oset
tl
eal
l
di
sput
espeacef
ull
y

23
Mosheshi
’
srel
ati
onshi
pwi
thot
herpeopl
e

Mosheshiuseddi
plomacyt
omai
ntai
npeacewi
thhi
snei
gbour
inggr
[Link]
erhe
keptasmal
lar
myf
orpr
otect
[Link]
tackedbypower
fulf
orceheused
appeasementbysendi
nggi
ft
[Link]
ehesendt
ri
but
esShakaandMat
iwaneof
t
[Link]
swayMosheshi
wasabl
etopr
otecthi
speopl
e.

Mosheshiwasat
tackedbyMant
hat
isioft
heBat
lokwaandcausedal
otofdest
ruct
ion
andal
mostst
arv
edt
heBasut
[Link]
kony
elaal
soat
tackedMosheshi
forcat
tl
eandwomen.
I
n1831Mosheshir
epul
sedt
heNdebel
eunderMzi
l
ikaziusi
ngr
oll
i
ngr
ocksandsendi
ng
gi
ft
[Link]
iguasal
soat
tackedhi
m.

Mosheshihadt
womai
npr
obl
em f
rom t
het
imeoft
heGr
eatTr
[Link]
ouni
tet
he
di
ff
erentgr
oupsi
nBasut
olandi
ntoonenat
ionwhi
l
emaki
ngsur
ethatt
heyar
eloy
alt
o
hi
[Link]
l
engewast
hatoft
hecomi
ngoft
hewhi
tef
armer
s(Boer
s).These
gotpi
ecesofl
andi
nMosheshi
’
ster
ri
tor
y.

Ther
efor
ehedi
ff
eredf
rom t
imet
oti
mewi
tht
heBoer
[Link]
sfor
cedhi
mtoaskf
or
assi
stancef
rom t
hemi
ssi
onar
[Link]
esul
tthePar
isEv
angel
i
calMi
ssi
onar
ySoci
ety
sentmi
ssi
onar
ies t
o Basut
o nat
[Link] f
ir
stt
hree wer
e Ar
bousset
,Casal
i
s and
Gossel
i
[Link] mi
ssi
onar
ies became Mosheshi
’
s adv
isor
s especi
all
y on i
ssues
i
nvol
vi
ngBoer
sandt
heBr
it
[Link]
olear
nEur
opeanway
sandi
deas.
Heal
sousedwhi
tef
ordef
ensebyposi
ti
oni
ngt
hem i
noutski
rt
[Link]
hepr
obl
ems
wi
tht
heBoer
scont
inuedt
hemi
ssi
onar
iesadv
isedhi
mtosi
gnt
reat
ieswi
tht
hem.

Ther
efor
ein1843hesi
gnedNapi
erTr
eat
ywhi
chwar
nedt
heBoer
snott
oext
endt
hei
r
l
andi
ntoBasut
onat
[Link]
sfai
l
edt
osol
vet
hel
andpr
obl
em.I
n1849t
heWar
denl
i
ne
wasdr
awn byMaj
orWar
den aBr
it
ish r
esi
dentatBl
oemf
otei
n whi
ch becamet
he
boundar
[Link]
ostal
otoff
ert
il
elandt
otheBoer
[Link]
sfr
om t
heOr
ange
Fr
eeSt
atecont
inuedat
tacki
ngMosheshiatThabaBosi
u,butMosheshisenthi
srai
ding
par
ti
est
oOr
angeFr
eeSt
atei
nst
eadoff
ight
ingatThabaBosi
[Link]
swer
efor
ced
t
ogobackanddef
endt
hei
rfar
[Link]
erev
enwhent
heset
reat
ieswer
esi
gnedt
he
pr
obl
emsnev
erendedt
heBoer
scont
inuedt
ogetl
andi
nMosheshi
’
sar
ea.

24
I
n1858,aBr
it
ishgov
ernoratt
hecapet
ri
edbr
ingset
tl
ementt
othepr
obl
em bet
ween
Boer
sandMosheshi
.Heabol
i
shedt
heWar
denl
i
nebutdi
dnotgi
vebackl
andt
o
Mosheshi
.Fi
ght
ingbr
okeouti
n1865agai
[Link]
hist
imeMosheshiwasbecomi
ngol
da
r
eal
i
zedt
hati
tcoul
dbesaf
etol
eav
ehi
snat
ionunderBr
it
ishpr
otect
[Link]
efor
e
Mosheshi
soughtf
ormor
eadv
ises.

I
n1860,t
her
efor
ehewasadv
isedt
oseekf
orBr
it
ishpr
otect
ion.I
n1861hemadea
r
equestt
othecol
oni
algov
ernmentatt
heCapet
opr
otecthi
snat
[Link]
er,
theear
ly
r
equestwas notanswer
ed and i
n 1867 anot
herr
equestwas [Link] Br
it
ish
gov
ernmentnowagr
eedt
ogi
veMosheshipr
otect
ionhewant
[Link]
n1868Basut
o
nat
ionwasmadeaBr
it
ishpr
otect
orat
[Link]
diedi
n1870.

Achi
evementofMosheshi

Mosheshicol
l
ect
edt
oget
hermanydi
ff
erentgr
oupsofpeopl
eandest
abl
i
shedauni
ted
nat
ioncal
l
edBasut
onat
ion

Hav
ingbui
l
tthi
snat
ionMosheshi
wassuccessf
uli
ndef
endi
ngi
t

Thust
hroughhi
speacef
ulpol
i
ciesher
est
oredandmai
ntai
nedl
awandor
deramonghi
s
peopl
e.

Hepr
event
edhungeramonghi
speopl
ebypr
ovi
dingt
hem wi
thf
ood

Heal
sodef
endedandr
eser
vedhi
snat
ionf
rom mount
ingpr
essur
efr
om t
heBoer
s

SHOSHANGANEANDTHEGAZAEMPI
RE

Shaka,
svi
ctor
yatt
hebat
tl
eofMhl
atuzeRi
veri
n1818wast
hecauseofsev
eralNgoni
gr
oupst
omov
enor
thwar
dsi
ntoMozambi
que.

-
TheShangaanundershoshangane

-
ThemasekoandMsenengoni
underNxaba

-
Ngoni
underZwangendaba

Shoshanganewasaf
ormergener
alofZwi
[Link]
keMzi
l
ikazi
,Soshanganedi
dnothav
e
manyf
oll
ower
[Link]
er,hewasabl
etodef
eatbot
htheTsongaandt
hePor
tuguese

25
becausehel
ear
ntt
heZul
umet
hodsoff
ight
[Link]
hePor
tuguesedecl
i
ned
t
osuchanext
entt
hatt
hei
rinf
luencewasl
i
mit
edt
ofewFor
tsal
ongcoast
s.

I
n1821,t
hegov
ernorofLor
encoMar
ques(
Maput
o)gav
epr
esent
stoshoshanganef
or
pr
otect
ion.I
n1822,anEngl
i
shcapt
ain,Owenhadsev
eralski
rmi
sheswi
thSoshangane
andher
epor
tedt
hatsoshanganehaddev
ast
atedandconquer
edt
hePor
tugueseasf
ar
asI
nhambane.

WhenShakadef
eat
edsi
kony
ela,
Zwi
de’
ssoni
n1826,
someNdwandwesur
viv
orsj
oined
[Link]
emai
nednearDel
agoaBayunt
il1828whenhemov
edf
urt
hernor
th
upt
heSabiRi
ver
.Int
hesamey
earher
epul
sedaZul
uat
tack.I
n1831,Soshangane
def
eat
ed Zwangendaba and Nxaba who mov
ed nor
thwar
ds i
nto Mashonal
and
(
Zimbabwe)
.

Soshanganet
henbui
l
tuphi
sempi
re,cal
l
edGazanamedaf
terhi
sgr
andf
atherand
est
abl
i
shed hi
scapi
talatChai
mit
eont
heSabihi
ghl
[Link]
om her
ehesenthi
s
r
egi
ment
s(sol
dier
s)onr
aidsagai
nstt
heSwazi
tot
hesout
handagai
nstt
heMani
caand
Shona.

The Tsonga wer

efor
ced i
ntot
he age r
egi
ment
s butwer
e despi
sed and gi
ven
commander
sfr
om t
her
uli
ngcl
[Link]
ugat
edchi
efswer
enotabsor
bedi
ntot
he
Gazasy
stem andt
heyr
etai
nedt
hei
rownl
anguageandwayofl
i
fe.

SHOSHANGANEANDTHEPORTUGUESE

I
n 1834,t
he Por
tuguese capt
ain atI
nhambane r
all
i
ed t
he l
ocalt
ri
bes t
o at
tack
Shoshanganebutt
her
aidf
ail
edandt
hecapt
ainandal
lhi
smenwer
eki
l
led

I
n1835,Shoshanganef
ail
edt
ocapt
ureSof
alabuti
n1836hemanagedandwi
pedout
t
hegar
ri
[Link]
dki
ngdom ofMani
cawasdest
roy
edandt
hePor
tugueseabandoned
t
hei
rst
ati
onsher
e.

Theset
tl
ement
satSenaandTet
ehadt
opayannualt
ri
but
[Link]
reat
edt
hePor
tuguese
asv
assal
s(subor
dinat
e)andusedt
hei
rtr
adi
ngFor
tst
osuppl
yhi
m wi
thv
aluabl
e
commodi
ti
es.

26
Dav
idLi
vi
ngst
onenot
edt
hatt
hePor
tuguesewer
eli
keaconquer
edt
ri
bewhenhev
isi
ted
SenaandTet
ein1856.

THESHANGAANMI
LITARYSYSTEM

Soshanganef
oughthi
smai
nbat
tl
eswi
tht
heBant
utot
hesout
[Link]
sempi
reext
ended
f
rom Li
mpopot
otheZambezi
.

Heusedt
heager
egi
ment
sandt
heZul
umet
hodsoff
ight
[Link]
edt
ri
beswer
e
t
rai
ned i
nShoshangane’
sregi
ment
[Link]
er,t
hear
mywasdi
vi
ded i
nto di
ff
erent
cl
[Link]
igi
nalNgunipeopl
ewer
eincl
assofsol
dier
scal
l
edBangoniwhi
l
ethe
newr
ecr
uit
swer
ecal
l
[Link]
l
yfor
medt
hef
rontl
i
nei
n
t
hebat
tl
efi
eld.

Manyconquer
edr
emai
nedl
oyalbutt
hosei
nbor
derar
easwer
eal
mosti
ndependentand
j
ustpai
dtr
ibut
[Link]
ew ol
d,het
houghthewasbewi
tchedandmany
Bashangaan wer
e putt
o deat
h on wi
tch cr
aftsuspi
[Link] a r
esul
toft
hese
per
secut
ions,
someTsongasbr
okeawayandset
tl
edi
nSout
hAf
ri
ca.

THEDEATHOFSHOSHANGANE

I
n1859Shoshanganedi
edandwassucceededbyhi
ssonMawewe,whomov
edt
he
capi
talt
oBi
yeninearDel
agoaBay
.Hewasunpopul
arandhi
sbr
otherMzi
l
aoust
edhi
m.
Mz
il
amov
edhi
scapi
talt
othemi
ddl
eofSabi
l
[Link]
ri
endedLobengul
aandhi
sson
Gunguny
anamar
ri
edLobengul
a’
sdaught
er.

I
n1885,Mzi
l
adi
edandwassucceededbyGunguny
anawhosecapi
talwascal
l
ed
Ml
angazi
.Af
terf
ail
i
ngt
oputhi
ski
ngdom underBr
it
ishpr
otect
[Link]
anawas
at
tackedbyt
hePor
tuguesei
n1895anddef
eat
[Link]
l
edt
otheCanar
yIsl
ands
andt
hent
hePor
tuguesei
ntr
oduceddi
rectr
ulei
nMozambi
que.

MI
GRATI
ONSAWAYFROM SHAKA

[Link]
LIKAZI

TheNdebel
ear
eor
igi
nal
l
ycal
l
edKhumal
ounderZwi
de’
scont
rol
.Mzi
l
ikazibecamet
he
chi
efoft
heKhumal
oin1818af
terhi
sfat
herMashobanewaski
l
ledbyZwi
deduet
o

27
t
reacher
[Link]
er,
whent
heZul
udef
eat
edZwi
de,
Mzi
l
ikaziv
olunt
ari
l
yjoi
nedShakat
o
seekr
efugebecauseoff
earofbei
ngki
l
ledbyZwi
[Link]
l
owedMzi
l
ikazit
ocont
rol
oneofhi
sregi
ment
s.

Hower
,in1821af
terasuccessf
ulr
aidf
rom anei
ghbour
ingt
ri
be,
hebecomedi
sloy
alt
o
[Link]
efusedt
oret
urnal
lthecat
tl
eandev
eni
nsul
tedt
her
oyalmessenger
ssent
byShaka.

Mz
il
ikaziwasf
orcedt
oleav
etheZul
[Link]
ossedt
heDr
akensber
gMount
[Link]
l
edhi
sKhumal
otoOl
i
fantr
iverandset
tl
edatt
hepl
acecal
l
edEkupumul
eni(
-meani
ng
r
est
ingpl
ace)f
orawhi
l
e.

Mz
il
ikazimov
edt
oMosegai
nTr
ansv
aalby1833wher
ehedef
eat
edt
heTswanaand
Sot
hot
ri
besandi
ncor
por
atedt
hem i
ntohi
speopl
[Link]
oll
owernowbecameknownas
t
heMat
ebel
[Link]
l
ikaziwasat
tackedbyDi
nganiandt
heBoer
s.I
n1836he
f
acedt
heBoert
rekker
satt
hebat
tl
eofVegkop,buthedef
eat
edt
hem andcar
ri
edal
l
t
hei
rcat
tl
[Link]
n1837hewasat
tackedbyt
heBoert
rekker
sunderPot
igi
eteratt
he
bat
tl
eofMosegaandhewasdef
eat
ed,

Mz
il
ikaziwasf
orced t
oleav
eTr
ansv
aalbyt
heBoer
[Link]
om Mosegat
heNdebel
e
mi
grat
edi
ntot
wogr
[Link]
ir
stgr
oupwasl
edbyMzi
l
ikaziandt
heMi
l
itar
yand
r
eachedLakeNgamiar
eawher
etheydef
eat
edbyt
heKol
olounderSebi
twaneandhi
s
cat
tl
esuf
fer
edf
rom t
set
sef
li
es.

Thesecondgr
oupwasl
edbyI
ndunaGundwaneNdi
weniknownsaKal
i
phi
.Thi
sgr
oup
consi
stoft
hechi
l
dren,women,t
heol
dandt
hepr
oper
[Link]
ossedt
heLi
mpopo
Ri
verandset
tl
edi
nMapopohi
l
lsi
nZi
mbabweandmadeacapi
tal
atGi
bixhegu.

WhenMzi
l
ikazir
etur
nedt
oZi
mbabwet
ojoi
ntheot
hergr
oup,
hef
oundt
hatsomeoft
he
I
ndunaswer
eaboutt
o makehi
sel
destson Nkul
umaneki
[Link]
aught
ered t
he
I
ndunasconcer
nedandhi
sownsont
houghLobengul
awassav
edbyhi
sfr
iendsandi
t
wasr
umour
edt
hatNkul
umaneescaped.

28
 [Link]

TheNgoniunderZwangendabawer
eor
igi
nal
l
ycal
l
edJer
ecl
[Link]
i
ket
heShangaan,
t
heywer
eal
soundert
heaut
hor
it
yunderZwi
deoft
heNdwandweunt
ilt
hebat
tl
eof
Mhl
atuzer
[Link]
eakawayduet
othedef
eatofZwi
debyShakaand
mi
grat
edi
ntoSout
her
nMozambi
quewher
etheybecamecal
l
edt
heNgonispeaki
ng
peopl
[Link]
hreemaj
orgr
oupt
hatwenti
ntoSout
her
nmozambi
quei
ncl
ude;

TheNgoni
underZwangendaba

TheNdwandweunderShoshanganecal
l
edShangane

TheMseneandMasekongoni
underNxaba

Thet
hreeNgonigr
oupsofShoshangane,NxabaandZwangendabaexper
iencedzul
u
met
hodsoff
ight
[Link]
l
einMozambi
que,popul
ati
oni
ncr
easedbet
ween1818and
[Link]
sbr
oughtaboutshor
tageofl
andandr
esul
tedi
nthesegr
oupst
ocl
ash.

Unf
ort
unat
ely
,Zwangendaba’
sNgoniwast
hef
ir
stt
obedef
eat
edbySoshanganeand
mov
edi
ntoMashonal
andwer
etheycausedal
otofdest
ruct
ionamongt
[Link]
dest
roy
edt
heMweneMut
apa(
Changami
reorRozwiempi
re)andki
l
ledt
hel
astRozwi
ki
ng,MamboChi
ri
samhur
uII
.Behi
ndi
nMozambi
queShoshanganedef
eat
edNxaba
who f
oll
owed Zwangendaba i
n Zi
[Link] def
eat
ed zwangendaba near
Bul
away
owhi
l
einZi
[Link]
sfor
cedZwangendabaandhi
sNgonit
ofl
eeandmov
e
nor
thwar
ds

TheNgoniunderZwangendabacr heZambezinearZumboon19th Nov

ossedt ember
[Link]
hatdayt
her
ewasanecl
i
pseoft
hesunwhi
cht
heNgonir
egar
dedasomen.
TheNgonicont
inuedt
hei
rwaynor
thwar
dsi
ntoMal
awiandconquer
edNsenga,Kunda,
[Link]
terf
oury
ear
sofset
ll
ingamongt
heNsengaand
chewa,Zwangendabaandhi
sNgonil
eftMal
awiandr
eachedUf
ipal
andr
egi
onbet
ween
Mal
awi
andTangany
[Link]
edatMapupoi
n1848.

Af
tert
hedeat
hofZwangendaba,
theNgonihadasuccessi
ondi
sput
esov
erwhowast
o
bel
eaderoft
heNgoni
.Accor
dingt
otheNgonit
radi
ti
ont
hef
ir
stbor
nsonoft
hef
ir
st
wi
fe.By1848 zwangendaba had f
ivef
ir
stwi
ves,so i
twasdi
ff
icul
tto choose a

29
successort
othet
[Link]
efor
etheNgoniconsequent
lyspl
i
tint
osev
eralgr
oups.
Themaj
orf
ivegr
oupswer
e:

[Link]
abeni
’
sgr
oupmov
edi
ntoNy
amwezi
l
andandset
tl
edi
nsout
her
nTanzani
aand
becamecal
l
edTut
aNgoni

[Link]
hergr
oupemer
gedunderZul
uGama–ar
elat
iveofZwangendaba,l
edhi
s
gr
oupt
oSongeadi
str
ictofTanzani
awher
ethebcameknownast
heGwangar
a

[Link]
wat
hey
oungestoft
heSonofZwangendabat
ookagr
oupwhi
chwasear
li
er
l
edbyanel
[Link]
ethet
hronet
oMt
wal
owhodecl
i
ned
andgav
ethel
eader
shi
ptoMbel
waandMbel
waaccept
edt
het
hroneaschi
ef
r
aidedt
heTumbukaandThongai
ntheHengav
all
eyofMal
awi

[Link]
wer
eNdhl
ovuoneoft
heexpedi
ti
onl
eaderofMbel
wabr
okeawayandl
edhi
s
gr
oupmov
edi
ntot
hear
eaar
oundl
akeMal
awi
andset
tl
edi
ntoDowadi
str
ictof
cent
ral
Mal
awi
.

[Link]
eni
’
sNgonimov
edt
hroughBembal
andandwer
edef
eat
edi
n1865and
cont
inuedsout
hwar
dsandset
tl
edar
eaofZambi
a-mal
awi
-mozambi
quebor
der
s
andLuangwav
all
eyaf
terconquer
ingt
[Link]
sodest
roy
edUndi
’
s
ki
ngdom andf
orcedt
heTumbuka,
NsengaandThongai
ntoager
egi
ment
[Link]
r
ecogni
zedMpez
eniast
hei
rrul
ert
heyl
ear
ntzul
uwayofl
i
feandspoket
he
popul
arl
anguageoft
hear
eaNy
anj
a

[Link]
GINANDMI
GRATI
ONOFTHEKOLOLO1821–1831

TheKol
oloor
igi
nal
l
ywer
eFokeng,apar
tofNgunispeaki
ng,andacol
l
ect
ionofSot
ho
peopl
efr
om Or
angeFr
eeSt
[Link]
rchi
efwascal
l
edSebi
twane.
theKol
olower
enot
di
rect
lyaf
fect
edbyShaka’
swar
sdur
ingMf
ecanebutwer
econst
ant
lyr
aidedbyot
her
peopl
ewhohadf
ledf
rom [Link]
oconst
antat
tacksSebi
twanel
edhi
sKol
olo
nor
thwar
dsi
n1820t
oseekamor
epeacef
ull
andel
sewher
[Link]
om t
heOr
angeFr
ee
St
ate,
Sebi
twaneandt
hekol
olomi
grat
edi
ntoTr
ansv
aal
.Her
etheywer
edef
eat
edbyt
he
Gr
iquasi
[Link]
twanel
eftTr
ansv
aalbypassedt
heKal
ahar
iDeser
tandset
tl
ed

30
nearLakeNgami
areai
nBot
swana.

Howev
er,i
nthi
sar
eahi
stset
sef
li
esaf
fect
edhi
scat
tl
eandhi
speopl
edi
edofmal
ari
a.
The Kol
olo wer
e al
so const
ant
ly at
tacked by t
he Ndebel
e underMzi
l
ikazif
rom
Zi
[Link]
twanemi
grat
edf
urt
hernor
th,cr
ossedt
heZambeziRi
veri
nto
Tongal
andi
nZambi
aandset
tl
edi
nTongapl
ateausout
hofKaf
ueRi
ver
.Heconquer
ed
t
heTongaandgotal
otofcat
tl
[Link]
etheKol
olower
eal
soconst
ant
lyat
tackedbyt
he
Ndebel
eandt
heNgoniunderNxabaf
rom Zi
[Link]
heot
herhandSebi
twanewas
al
sot
oldbyhi
schi
efpr
iestnotgof
urt
hernor
tht
hatt
heywoul
dfaceadi
sast
er.

Ther
efor
e,Sebi
twanemov
edwest
war
dsi
ntot
heZambezi
floodpl
ain(
West
ernpr
ovi
nce)
Bul
oziar
eaamongt
heLozii
[Link]
hent
heLoziki
ngdom wasweakenedbyaci
vi
l
war
scausedbyMubukwanuandSi
l
umel
umewhower
efi
ght
ingov
ert
het
hroneaf
ter
t
hedeat
hofMul he10th Li
ambwat [Link]
ngdom al
sowasdi
vi
dedi
ntot
wopar
ts
duet
othef
actt
hatt
henor
ther
nspokel
uyiandt
hesout
her
ntr
ibesspokeal
anguage
si
mil
art
oTongaandwer
ewi
l
li
ngt
ohel
pSebi
twanet
odef
eatt
heLozi
.TheKol
oloeasi
l
y
conquer
edt
heLoziandot
herpeopl
eundert
heLozisuchasSubi
ya,Tot
elaandot
her
s
andt
hesewer
eassi
mil
atedi
nthekol
olosoci
ety
.

Whi
l
einBul
ozit
heKol
olower
eexposedagai
ntoser
iesofNdebel
eandNxaba’
sNgoni
i
nZi
[Link]
twanemov
edt
hecapi
talt
oLi
nyat
[Link]
t
easyf
orhi
mtodef
endhi
scapi
talf
rom ext
ernalf
[Link]
l
abor
atedwi
tht
heLozi
whousedcanoest
orepel
theNdebel
ewhonev
ercameagai
n.

ESTABLI
SHMENTOFKOLOLORULEI
NBULOZI1831–1851

Sebi
twane’
srul
e

Af
terr
epel
l
ingt
heNdebel
ethr
eatt
hef
ir
stt
askf
orSebi
twanewast
oest
abl
i
shaKol
olo
st
atei
nBul
ozi
.Hei
ntr
oducedv
ari
ousi
deast
hatbr
oughtaboutpeace,
uni
tyandst
abi
l
ity
i
nthest
ate.

Hemadet
heKol
oloar
ist
ocr
acyar
uli
ngcl
assandpl
acedoneort
woKol
olof
ami
l
iesi
n
eachLozi
conquer
edv
il
lage.

Sebi
twane hi
msel
fremai
ned at t
he capi
tal Li
nyat
i and pl
aced hi
s daught
er

31
Mamochi
saneatNal
oloandhi
snephewMpol
oloatSesheke.

Sebi
twanet
her
efor
e,madet
heKol
olol
ordsoft
hel
andoft
heLozi
,buti
ntr
oducedt
he
f
oll
owi
ngr
efor
ms:

 Heal
l
owedsomeLozichi
efst
oremai
nasr
uler
sandt
ooksomei
ntot
heKol
olo
counci
l

 Hemar
ri
edf
rom bot
htheKol
oloandl
ozi
peopl
e(Makal
aka)

 Hemadesur
ethatt
heKol
olol
anguageSesut
owaswi
del
yspokenal
lov
erBul
ozi
t
oensur
euni
ty

 Sebi
twaner
edi
str
ibut
edt
het
ri
but
epai
dbysubj
ect
samonghi
speopl
eandhe
wonl
oyal
ty

 Hemi
xedf
reel
ywi
thal
lhi
speopl
eandal
lhi
ssubj
ect
swer
econsi
der
edchi
l
dren
oft
hechi
ef.

 Heal
l
owedLozi
peopl
etocal
ti
vat
ethei
rownl
and

Asar
esul
toft
hesewi
sepol
i
ciesofSebi
twane,
theLoziaccept
edt
her
uleoft
heKol
olo
andset
tl
edwi
tht
hem f
or20y
ear
s.I
n1851Dr
.Dav
idLi
vi
ngst
onev
isi
tedSebi
twaneand
obser
vedSebi
twanewast
hewi
sestl
eaderev
erhear
dint
her
egi
[Link]
tsgr
eat
est
ext
entt
heKol
olo st
ateext
ended i
nto Tongal
and Choma Mazabuka and Namwal
a
di
str
ict
s ofsout
her
n pr
ovi
nces,i
nto Angol
a and sout
her
n par
tofBot
swana and
Zi
[Link]
twanehowev
er,
diedi
n1851andt
heKol
olost
atebegant
odecl
i
ne.

COLLAPSE OF THE KOLOLO RULE AND RESTORATI

ON OF THE LOZIRULE I
N
BAROTSELAND

TheKol
olost
atebegant
odecl
i
neaf
tert
hedeat
hofSebi
[Link]
edSebi
twane
wassucceededbyhi
sdaught
erMamochi
sanewhoabdi
cat
edi
nfav
ourofhi
sbr
other
Sekel
[Link]
erSekel
etul
ackedSebi
twane’
scour
age,
wisdom andi
ntel
l
igence

Sekel
etuwassuspi
ci
ousofhi
sadv
isor
sespeci
all
ytheLozi

Henev
ert
rust
edt
heLoziandel
der
lypeopl
eaf
tersuf
fer
ingf
rom l
epr
osy
.Hesuspect
ed

32
t
hem ofbewi
tchi
nghi
m becausehewasal
eper
.Manyl
ozi
wer
eki
l
led

Sekel
etumi
str
eat
edt
heLoziandt
reat
edt
hem assl
avesf
orKol
olo,
for
cet
odomanual
wor
k

Hedi
dnotmi
xfr
eel
ywi
thhi
speopl
eli
keSebi
twane

Hedi
dnotmar
ryanyMakal
akawi
fe

Hedi
dnotappoi
ntanyLozi
andr
emov
edal
lLozi
asr
uler
sandf
rom t
hecounci
l

Al
lthescr
uelandunwi
sepol
i
ciesl
edt
otheLozit
odev
elophost
il
eat
ti
tudet
owar
dst
he
kol
oloandawai
tedachancet
oov
ert
hrow t
hekol
olor
ule.I
n1863,Sekel
etudi
edand
wassucceededbyMpol
[Link]
oreMpol
olocoul
dconsol
i
dat
ehi
spowerasuccessi
on
di
sput
ebr
okeout
.Besi
dest
hedi
sput
e,t
heKol
oloal
soweakenedbyMal
ari
afev
er.

TheLozipeopl
etookadv
ant
agesoft
het
woweaknesses.I
n1864,al
ozii
ndunacal
l
ed
Nj
ekwat
oget
herwi
thSi
popa,sonofMul
ambwar
ebel
l
edagai
nstt
heKol
olor
ulei
n
Bar
otsel
[Link]
est
oredt
hei
rrul
eandSi
popabecamet
heLi
tungaf
rom 1864-
1876.

33