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Numerical Solutions for Wave Equations

1) The document discusses numerical methods for solving partial differential equations describing transverse string vibrations and heat transfer. 2) It presents the wave equation and heat equation, along with their associated initial and boundary conditions. 3) Finite difference methods are described for solving the equations explicitly on a rectangular mesh, with stability analyzed in terms of the mesh spacing parameters.

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164 views11 pages

Numerical Solutions for Wave Equations

1) The document discusses numerical methods for solving partial differential equations describing transverse string vibrations and heat transfer. 2) It presents the wave equation and heat equation, along with their associated initial and boundary conditions. 3) Finite difference methods are described for solving the equations explicitly on a rectangular mesh, with stability analyzed in terms of the mesh spacing parameters.

Uploaded by

Althaf
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Numerical methods

Dr. Asha Sunilkumar


• Transverse vibration of the stretched string.
• Consider a flexible string tightly stretched
between two fixed points at a distance l apart
.
Wave • Tension T is same throughout
Equation • The effect of gravity can be neglected due to
large tension.
• The motion of the string is in small
transverse vibrations- applying newton’s
second law

Dr. Asha Sunilkumar


• Wave equation 𝑢𝑡𝑡 = 𝑐 2 𝑢𝑥𝑥 → 1
subject to the initial conditions
u x, 0 = 𝑓(𝑥) and
𝑢𝑡 𝑥, 0 = 𝑔 𝑥 , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 → (2)
And the boundary conditions
Wave u 0, 𝑡 = ∅ 𝑡 , u l, 𝑡 = Ψ 𝑡 → 3
Equation
(Hyperbolic) Consider the rectangular mesh in the
𝑋 − 𝑡 plane spacing ℎ along the 𝑋 direction
and 𝑘 along the 𝑡 direction . Denote a mesh
point 𝑥, 𝑦 = (𝑖ℎ, 𝑗𝑘) or simply (𝑖, 𝑗) we
have,

Dr. Asha Sunilkumar


• Hence
(1) ⇒ 𝑢𝑖,𝑗+1 = 2 1 − 𝛼 2 𝑐 2 𝑢𝑖,𝑗 + 𝛼 2 𝑐 2 ൫𝑢𝑖−1,𝑗 + 𝑢𝑖+1,𝑗 −
𝑢𝑖,𝑗−1 ൯ → (4)
𝑘
where 𝛼 =
ℎ
Replacing the derivative in (2) by the central difference
approximation, we get
𝑢𝑖,𝑗+1 = 2𝑘𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑢𝑖,𝑗−1 at 𝑡 = 0.
For 𝑗 = 0, 𝑢𝑖,1 = 2𝑘𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑢𝑖,−1 → (5)
Also initial conditions in (2) becomes 𝑢𝑖,0 = 𝑓 𝑥 →
(6)
Combine (5) and (6) 𝑢𝑖,1 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 2𝑘𝑔 𝑥 → (7)
Also (3) ⇒ 𝑢0,𝑗 = Φ (𝑡) and 𝑢0,𝑗 = 𝜓(𝑡)

Dr. Asha Sunilkumar


• Hence the explicit form (4) gives the values of 𝑢𝑖,𝑗+1 at the
(j+1)th level when the mesh values at (j-1)th and jth level.

Φ (𝑡) ψ (𝑡)
j=3

j=2 h

k
j=1 𝑓 𝑥 + 2𝑘𝑔 𝑥
f(x)
• j=0 i=0 i=1 i=2 i=3 i=4 i=5

Dr. Asha Sunilkumar


• Special cases:
1
• If α = , solution of (4) is stable and coincides with the solution
𝑐
of (1). Also the (4) reduces to
𝑢𝑖−1,𝑗 + 𝑢𝑖,𝑗−1 − 𝑢𝑖,𝑗−1 → (8).
1
• If α < , solution of (4) is stable but inaccurate.
𝑐
1
• If α > , solution of (4) is unstable.
𝑐

Dr. Asha Sunilkumar


1) The transverse displacement 𝑢 of a point at a
distance 𝑥 from one end and at any time 𝑡 of a
vibrating string satisfies the equation 𝑈𝑡𝑡 = 4𝑈𝑥𝑥 with
boundary conditions 𝑢 = 0 at x = 0, 𝑡 > 0 and
𝑢 = 0 at x = 4, 𝑡 > 0 and initial conditions
𝜕𝑢
𝑢 = 𝑥(4 − 𝑥) and = 0, 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4. solve
Problems 𝜕𝑡
this equation numerically for one half period of
vibration, taking h = 1 and k = 0.5 .
2) Solve numerically 𝑈𝑥𝑥 = 0.0625𝑈𝑡𝑡 subject to the
conditions
𝑢 0, 𝑡 = 0 = 𝑢 5, 𝑡 , 𝑈 𝑥, 0 = 𝑥 2 𝑥 − 5 ,
𝑢𝑡 𝑥, 0 = 0 by taking h = 1 for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1

Dr. Asha Sunilkumar


Heat Equation
• 𝑢𝑡 = 𝑐 2 𝑢𝑥𝑥 −−−−→ 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑐

Bdr y conditions x=1


Bdry Conditions x=0
Solution advances
• Solution to this equation is a
temperature function u(x,t).
defined for values of x from 0 to l
and for values of time t from 0 to
infinite. t=0 initial conditions

Dr. Asha Sunilkumar


Dr. Asha Sunilkumar
Dr. Asha Sunilkumar
• Reference:
• Grewal. B.S-Higher Engineering Mathematics,Khanna Publishers
(42th edn)
• Sastry.S.S-Introductory Methods of Numerical Analysis(2e),Prentice
Hall.

Dr. Asha Sunilkumar

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