Advanced Programming

and Data Structures

 Instructor: Dr. Mohamad EL-ABED

 Title: Artificial Intelligence

 By: Khaled Dahrouj

COSC 215
 Table of Contents
Abstract:....................................................................................................................3
Introduction about AI................................................................................................4
Components of intelligence....................................................................................5-9
Advantages/Disadvantages................................................................................10-14
Conclusion..........................................................................................................15-16
References: ……………………………………………………………………..17

ABSTRACT
 Artificial intelligence is a branch of science that compacts with

serving machines that looks for solution in order to complex

problems. Usually it borrows characteristics from human’s

intelligence and applying those intelligence as algorithms and

equations as an artificial way. This way can be completed by

depending on the requirements recognized that influences how

artificial the intelligent behavior looks like. Humans throughout

history have always wanted to copycat the appearance, movement,

functionality, smart procedure and intelligent procedure of biological

individuals. That arena of purely brilliant technology, having the

name of biometrics, has changed from creating static replicas of

animals and human beings in the shape of statues to the rise of robots

that work with genuine appearance and behavior.

Definition of Artificial intelligence:

 Artificial intelligence is a broad area of computer science that

makes machines seem like they have machine intelligence. It’s

not only programming a computer to drive a car by obeying traffic

signals but it’s when that program also learns to exhibit signs of

human like road rage. As intimidating as it may seem, this

technology isn’t new. Actually for the past half century it’s been an

idea ahead of its time. The term AI was first coined back in 1956

by Dartmouth professor John McCarthy, he called together a

group of computer scientists and mathematicians to see if

machines could learn like a young child does, using trial and error

to develop formal reasoning. The project proposal says they will

figure out how to make machines use language, form abstractions

and concepts, solve kinds of problems now reserved for humans

and improve themselves. That was more than 60 years ago, since

then AI remains has remained for the most part in university

classrooms and super-secret labs and that’s changing!

Researchers in AI have been aiming on the following

components of intelligence: learning,

reasoning, problem solving, perception and using language.

Learning:
There are lots of unlike forms of learning as we can see and apply to

artificial intelligence. Trial and error is considered as the easiest way of

learning. For instance, a humble computer program for solving mate-in-

one chess difficulties by doing random moves until finding a mate. The

program later on stores the answer with the exact move (position) so the

computer later on encounters similar position in order to recall the solution

back again. This easy learning of individual stuffs and techniques known as

rotational learning that would implement on a computer. Another way that is

more challenging which is called generalization. Generalization includes

applying old knowledge to analyze new circumstances. For instance, “a

program that studies the past tense of regular English verbs by repetition will

not be able to give the past tense of a word such as kill unless before it had

been presented with killed while a program that is capable to simplify and

learn the “add ed” law and so the procedure of past tense of the word

kill according to experience with similar verbs.”

Reasoning:

Reasoning is to draw inferences appropriate to the situation.

Deductive or inductive are categorized by inferences. Let’s give

an example about the former which is Fred, “Fred must be in

either the museum or the café. He is not in the café; therefore he

is in the museum,” and of the latter, “Previous accidents of this

sort were caused by instrument failure; therefore this accident

was caused by instrument failure.” The most important alteration

between these procedures of reasoning is that in the deductive

case the truth of the principles agreements the fact of the

conclusion, whereas in the inductive case the fact of the evidence

affords support to the conclusion without giving an entire

guarantee. Inductive reasoning is mutual in science, where

information are collected and faltering simulations are settled to

define and expect future behavior till the arrival of unusual data

that makes sure that the model needs to be reread. Deductive

reasoning is common in arithmetic and logic, where it elaborates

structures of “irrefutable theorems” that are made from a small set

of basic saws and rules.

Problem Solving:
Problem solving according to AI, can be considered as a

“systematic search” over a variety of possible movements to

reach predefined aim or answer. Problem-solving methods are

divided to 2 purposes: special and general purpose. A special

purpose technique is perfect for a specific problem and frequently

abuses very exact features of condition in which the problem is

fixed. On contrast, a general purpose technique is appropriate to

a varied change of problems. One overall purpose technique used

in AI is a step-by-step, by reducing the alteration among the

current state and the final aim. The program chooses actions from

a list of means in the case of a simple robot this might consist of

many occasions such as pick it up, drop it down, go forward or

backward etc... Till reaching its goal.

Perception:
In perception, the environment is perused by means of

numerous artificial sensory organs which the scene is

disintegrated into different objects in various longitudinal

relationships. Examination is complex by the detail that an object

may seem unlike according to the angle from which it is observed,

the way and strength of illumination in the scene, and how much

the thing differences with the near arena.

At present-day, artificial perception is adequately well forward-

thinking to allow visual devices to classify persons, independent

cars to drive at modest speeds on highways, and robots to travel

through constructions gathering unfilled soda cans.

Language:
A language is a system of signs having implication by

agreement. In this case, language must not be limited to the

pronounced word. Traffic signs, for instance, form a “mini

language”, its being a problem of convention that {danger symbol}

means “danger ahead” in some nations. It is distinct of languages

that language elements possess meaning by agreement, and

linguistic meaning is unlike after what is named “natural meaning”,

demonstrated such as “Those clouds mean rain” and “The fall in

pressure means the valve is malfunctioning.”

Advantages of Artificial Intelligence:

1. Error Reduction:

Artificial intelligence advantages us in decreasing the

mistake and the chance of reaching correctness with a better

grade of exactness. It is applied in numerous educations such

as “exploration of space”.

2. Difficult Exploration:

Science of robotics and AI can be placed to use in fuel

investigation procedures and mining. Those difficult machineries

can be used for discovering the ocean bottom and therefore

overcoming human limits.

3. Daily Application:

Calculated approaches for automatic learning, perception

and reasoning have developed a mutual marvel in our ordinary

lives. Such as Siri or Cortana.

4. Digital Helpers:

Highly progressive administrations use ‘avatars’ which are

copies or digital supporters who can really interrelate with the

operators, therefore saving the requirement of human resources.

5. Repetitive Jobs:

Repetitive jobs which are boring in nature can be approved

with the assistance of machines. Machineries think more rapidly

than humans and multifunctional. Machines can be employed to

carry out unsafe jobs.

6. Medical Applications:

In the medical field, doctors assess the patients and their

health dangers using artificial intelligence. It teaches them about

the side belongings of numerous medicines.

7. No Breaks:

Unlike humans, those machines could stay for long hours

doing their work continuously without having any break which any

human would have that break due to tiredness, also machines

perform their job without getting bored or even distracted by a

single thing.
Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence:

1. High Price:

Those massive highly priced machines cost a lot. Even when

a single broken thing could cost huge amount of money and to

recover lost information or re instating the system that require

massive time and last but not least money.

2. No Duplicating Humans:

Machines as everyone knows they don’t have any emotions

or moral values. They only perform their work without knowing the

right or wrong judgement. Those machines can’t take decisions if

they encounter a situation that is weird to them.

3. No Improvement with Experience:

Artificial intelligence cannot be better with skill unlike

humans. It can lead to wear and tear as time pass by. It supplies

a lot of information however the way it can be accessed and used

is actual unlike from human brain.

4. No Unique Creativity:

These are not the gift of AI. While they can support you by

designing and creating, they have no change toward the

intelligence of human that god gifted us.

Conclusion:

Artificial intelligence and the technology can be defined as

one of the most important thing that happened in life that always

interest and surprise us with new upcoming ideas, innovations,

products and much more! Artificial intelligence is still not

implemented as the films representing it, but there are many

essential tries in order to reach the level and to challenge in

markets such as these robots that are showed in TV.

To sum up, there are much more to come from AI, no one knows

where it could lead us and how much it would help us in our life or

it may lead our life to danger. Everyone has different myth

whether its really effective or not!

Yes, AI helped humans a lot such as replacing people from

driving to their work into self-driving cars, working while they are

totally exhausted and much more. BUT the main problem is that
as people predict the impact of AI in work place that has become

a combat story where humans are pitted against robots. In a spirit

of panic, they define a world where AI are taking humans’ jobs,

skyrocket unemployment rates and make skills out-of-date.

So Artificial intelligence should we

allow it or not?
 REFERENCES:

 https://www.hubspot.com/stories/artificial-intelligence?

utm_campaign=GLOBAL%20CS%20%7C%20Artificial

%20Intelligence%20%7C%20Jan

%202017&utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube

 https://content.wisestep.com/advantages-disadvantages-

artificial-intelligence/

 https://www.britannica.com/technology/artificial-

intelligence#ref219078