EXPERIMENT NO.
Urine
I. DATA TABLE
A. Physical properties
B. Specific gravity
C. TEST FOR CONSTITUENTS OF URINE
II. QUESTIONS FOR RESEARCH
1. The following are some of the pathological conditions associated
with urine. What maybe the cause of these conditions?
Creatinuria- Increased protein catabolism
Proteinuria
Immune disorders like lupus and Goodpasture’s syndrome
Acute inflammation of the kidney (glomerulonephritis)
Cancer of plasma cells (multiple myeloma)
Intravascular hemolysis, which is the destruction of red blood
cells and release of hemoglobin in the bloodstream
Cardiovascular disease
Preeclampsia, the simultaneous development of
hypertension and proteinuria in a pregnant woman
Poisoning
Trauma
Kidney cancer
Congestive heart failure
Glycosuria- Glycosuria is typically caused by an underlying
condition that affects your blood sugar level, such as diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes is the most common cause of glycosuria.
Acetone in urine (ketone bodies)
drinking excess alcohol
excessive vomiting
pregnancy
starvation
illness or infection
heart attack
emotional or physical trauma
medications, such as corticosteroids and diuretics
drug use
Albuminuria- In diabetes, the main causes of proteinuria are high
blood glucose levels over a period of years. High blood
pressure can also lead to the development of kidney damage.
Pre-eclampsia, a condition which can affect pregnant women,
includes very high blood pressure and is another potential cause of
protein in the urine.
Hematuria
Urinary tract infections. These occur when bacteria enter your body
through the urethra and multiply in your bladder.
Kidney infections (pyelonephritis). These can occur when
bacteria enter your kidneys from your bloodstream or move from
your ureters to your kidney(s).
A bladder or kidney stone. The minerals in concentrated urine
sometimes form crystals on the walls of your kidneys or bladder.
Enlarged prostate. The prostate gland which is just below the
bladder and surrounding the top part of the urethra often enlarges
as men approach middle age.
Kidney disease. Microscopic urinary bleeding is a common
symptom of glomerulonephritis, an inflammation of the kidneys'
filtering system.
Cancer. Visible urinary bleeding may be a sign of advanced
kidney, bladder or prostate cancer.
Inherited disorders. Sickle cell anemia a hereditary defect of
hemoglobin in red blood cells causes blood in urine, both visible
and microscopic hematuria.
Kidney injury. A blow or other injury to your kidneys from an
accident or contact sports can cause visible blood in your urine.
Medications. The anti-cancer drug cyclophosphamide and
penicillin can cause urinary bleeding.
Strenuous exercise. It's rare for strenuous exercise to lead to gross
hematuria, and the cause is unknown.
2. What maybe the factors affecting:
a. The color of urine
Blood. Factors that can cause urinary blood (hematuria) include
urinary tract infections, an enlarged prostate, cancerous and
noncancerous tumors, kidney cysts, long-distance running, and
kidney or bladder stones.
Foods. Beets, blackberries and rhubarb can turn urine red or pink.
Medications. Rifampin (Rifadin, Rimactane), an antibiotic often
used to treat tuberculosis, can turn urine reddish orange as can
phenazopyridine (Pyridium), a drug that numbs urinary tract
discomfort, and laxatives containing senna.
Medical conditions. In some cases, orange urine can indicate a
problem with your liver or bile duct, especially if you also have
light-colored stools.
Dyes. Some brightly colored food dyes can cause green urine.
Extreme exercise. Muscle injury from extreme exercise can result
in pink or cola-colored urine and kidney damage
b. The pH of urine- vomiting, diarrhea, lung disease, hormones,
kidney function, and urinary tract infection.
3. Why is an early morning sample of urine used for simple urinalysis
tests?
Urine for a urinalysis can be collected at any time. In some cases,
a first morning sample may be requested because it is more
concentrated and more likely to detect abnormalities.
III. REFERENCES
1. National Kidney Foundation. What You Should Know About
Albuminuria (Proteinuria). Accessed 2/5/2019.
2. The Renal Association. Proteinuria. Accessed 2/5/2019.
3. World Health Organization. (2017). Diabetes [Fact sheet].
who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/
4. Limsuwat C, et al. (2012). Reversible renal glycosuria in acute
interstitial nephritis. DOI:
10.1097/MAJ.0b013e318254bd71
5. Blaikie TP, et al. (2014). Comparison of breath gases, including
acetone, with blood glucose and blood ketones. DOI:
10.1088/1752-7155/8/4/046010
6. Comstock JP, et al. (1990). Clinical methods: The, history, physical,
and laboratory examinations.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK247/
7. Kurtz M, et al. Etiology and evaluation of hematuria in adults.
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed June 13,
2017.
8. Hematuria (Blood in the urine). National Institute of Diabetes and
Digestive and Kidney Diseases.
https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/he
maturia-blood-urine. Accessed June 13, 2017.
9. Wein AJ, et al., eds. Evaluation of the urologic patient: History,
physical examination, and urinalysis. In: Campbell-Walsh Urology.
11th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Elsevier; 2016.
https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed June 21, 2017.
10. Kurtz M, et al. Etiology and evaluation of hematuria in adults.
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed June 13,
2017.
