Vrije Universitet Amsterdam | Rhoticity
Rhoticity, the pronunciation of R. One of the major differences between accents of English lies in the pronunciation
of R. Some native English speakers are 'rhotic'. This means that they pronounce R everywhere it is written. Thus,
rhotic speakers pronounce R in all of these words. "Right", '"far", "heart", "are", and "far and away". Other native
speakers of English only pronounce R before a vowel. In which of the words does R occur before a vowel? That's
right. R occurs before a vowel in A and E.
E is an example of what we call 'linking R', where R, in effect, links a word to a following word that starts with a
vowel again. So in that sense, R occurs before a vowel. However, non-rhotic speakers do not pronounce R in B
and C where R occurs following a vowel, at the end of a word, or before a consonant. They say "far" and "heart".
Note that in D, R also occurs at the end of the word because the last vowel letter, E, is silent. Hence, R is not
pronounced in a 'non-rhotic' accent. "are".
When I tell you that one of the pronunciations is older than the other, which do you think is the oldest form? The
rhotic pronunciation with R or the non-rhotic pronunciation without R? That's right. The rhotic pronunciation is the
oldest. We know this from spelling. If R was originally not pronounced, why would a word like "heart" be written
with R? As a rule of thumb, you can assume that originally, in the history of English, words were much more
pronounced in the way that they are written.
We also have evidence for rhotic pronunciation being the oldest form from the current distribution of rhotic and
non-rhotic accents within the UK. Where in the UK do you think R currently is and isn't pronounced? That's right.
Rhotic areas are the Celtic countries, Scotland and Ireland, as well as, to some extent, the southwest of England.
The remainder of the UK is non-rhotic. It is thought that speakers first lost their Rs in the southeast of England in
the 18th century, and that this innovation subsequently spread as a way through the country, except for these
outer areas.
The standard British English accent is a non-rhotic accent. A non-rhotic accent is illustrated in this BBC report on a
particular heart condition. See whether you can hear R not being pronounced in the word "heart", and in the other
words where R occurs postvocalically.
Atrial fibrillation is one of the most common forms of abnormal heart rhythm, affecting around a million people in
the UK. The HEART starts to beat at an irregular and sometimes abnormally fast rate. It can lead to dizziness,
shortness of breath, and tiredness, as well as more serious complications such as strokes or heart attacks.
Rhoticity is one of the major features in respect of which dialects differ. Do you know if accents in the northern
hemisphere like the US and Canada are rhotic or non-rhotic? And what about accents in the southern hemisphere
such as Australia and New Zealand? That's right. Speakers in the northern hemisphere are rhotic, and speakers
in the southern hemisphere are non-rhotic. Given that R was lost in the southeast of England from the 18th
century, linguists think that the division derives from the respective time of settlement. Settlement of the northern
hemisphere took off from the 17th century, thus at a time when the British settlers still had their Rs, while the
southern hemisphere was settled later, from the 19th century onwards when R was already on the way out.
A rhotic accent is illustrated in this video that reports on Barbara Bush, the wife of one of the former US
presidents, George Bush Sr. See whether you can hear that R is pronounced in the word "heart", and in the other
words where R occurs postvocalically.
A family spokesman says former First Lady Barbara Bush had successful open HEART surgery Wednesday.
Rhoticity has not been found to be a factor in the intelligibility of spoken English. However, it is said that non-native
speakers find rhotic accents easier to understand because many other native languages are rhotic. Therefore,
you can be rhotic when you aim to have an American-type or more neutral or international or personal kind of
English accent, but you could try to become non-rhotic when you wish to develop a British English-type accent.
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