Socialization

socialization is the process of internalizing the norms and ideologies of society. Socialization

History
The term was relatively uncommon before 1940, but became popular after World War II,
appearing in dictionaries and scholarly works such as the theory of Talcott Parsons.
Socialization as a concept originated concurrently with sociology, as sociology was defined as
the treatment of "the specifically social, the process and forms of socialization, as such, in
contrast to the interests and contents which find expression in socialization"
 Moral development
The first stage is the pre-conventional stage, where a person (typically children)
experience the world in terms of pain and pleasure, with their moral decisions solely
reflecting this experience.
Second, the conventional stage (typical for adolescents and adults) is characterized by an
acceptance of society's conventions concerning right and wrong, even when there are no
consequences for obedience or disobedience.
 Psychological development
the first stage in the life course is infancy, where babies learn trust and mistrust.
The second stage is toddlerhood where children around the age of two struggle with the
challenge of autonomy versus doubt. In stage three, preschool, children struggle to
understand the difference between initiative and guilt
Stages/types of socialization
Primary socialization
in sociology is the period early in a person's life during which they initially learn
and build their selves through experiences and interactions around them. This
process starts at home through the family, in which one learns what is or is not
accepted in society, social norms, and cultural practices that eventually one is
likely to take up. Primary socialization through the family teaches children how to
bond, create relationships, and understand important concepts including love,
trust, and togetherness

SECONDARY SOCIALIZATION
Secondary socialization takes place outside the home. It is where children and
adults learn how to act in a way that is appropriate for the situations they are in.
Schools require very different behavior from the home, and children must act
according to new rules. New teachers have to act in a way that is different from
pupils and learn the new rules from people around
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Anticipatory socialization
refers to the processes of socialization in which a person "rehearses" for future
positions, occupations, and social relationships. For example, a couple might
move in together before getting married in order to try out, or anticipate, what
living together will be like

Resocialization
refers to the process of discarding former behavior patterns and reflexes,
accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life. This occurs throughout the
human life cycle. Resocialization can be an intense experience, with the
individual experiencing a sharp break with his or her past, as well as a need to
learn and be exposed to radically different norms and values

Organizational socialization
is the process whereby an employee learns the knowledge and skills necessary to
assume his or her organizational role.[30] As newcomers become socialized, they
learn about the organization and its history, values, jargon, culture, and
procedures. This acquired knowledge about new employees' future work
environment affects the way they are able to apply their skills and abilities to their
jobs. How actively engaged the employees are in pursuing knowledge affects their
socialization process

Gender socialization
refers to the learning of behavior and attitudes considered appropriate for a given
sex. Boys learn to be boys and girls learn to be girls. This "learning" happens by
way of many different agents of socialization. The behaviour that is seen to be
appropriate for each gender is largely determined by societal, cultural and
economic values in a given society. Gender socialization can therefore vary
considerably among societies with different values. The family is certainly
important in reinforcing gender roles, but so are groups including friends, peers,
school, work and the mass media. Gender roles are reinforced through

Racial socialization
has been defined as "the developmental processes by which children acquire the
behaviors, perceptions, values, and attitudes of an ethnic group, and come to see
themselves and others as members of the group

Oppression socialization

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refers to the process by which "individuals develop understandings of power and
political structure, particularly as these inform perceptions of identity, power, and
opportunity relative to gender, racialized group membership, and
sexuality."[47] This action is a form of political socialization in its relation to power
and the persistent compliance of the disadvantaged with their oppression using
limited "overt coercion.

language socialization
Based on comparative research in different societies, focusing on the role of
language in child development, linguistic anthropologists Elinor Ochs and Bambi
Schieffelin have developed the theory of language socialization

Planned socialization
occurs when other people take actions designed to teach or train others. This type
of socialization can take on many forms and can occur at any point from infancy
onward

Positive socialization
is the type of social learning that is based on pleasurable and exciting experiences.
We tend to like the people who fill our social learning processes with positive
motivation, loving care, and rewarding opportunities. Positive socialization occurs
when desirable behaviors are reinforced with a reward, encouraging the individual
to continue exhibiting similar behaviors in the future

Negative socialization
occurs when others use punishment, harsh criticisms or anger to try to "teach us a
lesson;" and often we come to dislike both negative socialization and the people
who impose it on us. There are all types of mixes of positive and negative
socialization, and the more positive social learning experiences we have, the
happier we tend to be—especially if we are able to learn useful information that
helps us cope well with the challenges of life

Conclusion 
The socialization is the persistent process of familiarizing individuals to the
society. Socialization provides an understanding in respect of society and culture
in which the individual lives and also helps to form his personality