ENGINEERING SCIENCES (PHYSICS AND MECHANICS)
Impulse & Momentum
Linear Momentum – is the product of its mass and velocity.
Impulse – is the product of the force and time during which it acts.
1. Momentum = mv = (w/g)/v 2. Impulse = Ft
where: m = mass v = velocity F = impulsive force t = time, sec
3. Law of Conservation of Momentum
m1v1 + m2v2 = m1’ v1’ + m2’ v2’
where: v1 & v2 = are velocities before impact
v1’ & v2’ = are velocities after impact
Note: When two bodies are coupled together after impact,
their velocities after impact are equal.
If stationary, the velocity is zero.
4. Coefficient of restitution
Is the ratio between the relative speeds of two colliding objects after and before they collide.
5. If the object is hanging:
CENTRIFUGAL FORCE
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Centrifugal Force – is the force that tends to move rotating bodies away from the center of
rotation.
Centripetal Force – is the force that tends to move rotating bodies towards the center of
rotation.
Acceleration
aN = Normal acceleration = v2/r
aT = Tangential acceleration = dv/dt
a = total acceleration =
Centrifugal Force
1. If the object is moving in a circular horizontal track:
Fc = ma = = m lbs or N
Where:
v = velocity, m/s r = radius of curvature, m
f = coefficient of friction a = acceleration, m/s2
m = mass, kg W = weight, N
g = 9.81m/s2 = 32.2 ft/s2
For circular vertical rotation of object:
1. If the object position is on top:
Fc = T + W T = Fc - W
Where: W = weight T = cable tension
2. If the object position is at the bottom:
T = Fc + W
Banking Curves:
1. Banked curve Unbanked curve
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tanϴ = f = tanϴ = f =
Where: f = coefficient of friction
R = radius of curvature x = side thrust friction
ϴ= super elevation angle or banking angle h = super elevation
Impulse and Momentum
1. A stationary passenger car of a train is set into motion by the impact of a moving locomotive.
What is the impulse delivered to the car if it has a velocity of 11m/s immediately after the
collisions? The weight of the car is 56.8 kN.
2. Two particles moving in the same direction collide, stick together, and continue their motion
together. Each particle has a mass of 25g and their respective velocities before the collision
were 10m/s and 100m/s. What is the energy of the system after the collision?
3. Two masses collide in a perfectly inelastic collision. Given the data in the illustration, find the
velocity and direction of motion of the resulting combines mass.
4. A ball is dropped onto a solid floor
from an initial height, h1.
If the coefficient of restitution, e is 0.90, how high will
the ball rebound?
Centrifugal Force
1. A mass of 2kg moves in a circle of radius 0.50m at 5rps. Calculate the centrifugal force on
the body.
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2. A cyclist on a circular track radius r=250m is travelling at 9m/s. his speed in the tangential
direction (i.e., the direction of his travel) increases at the rate of 1.5m/s2. What is the most
nearly the cyclist’s total acceleration?
3. Compute the angle required in degrees for the road to be slanted to prevent an automotive
traveling at 25m/s from tending to slip. The radius of curvature is 200m.
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
Q = heat dissipated Q = m cp (t2 – t1)
High temperature body
Where:
m = mass of substance
cp = specific heat of substance
t1 = initial temperaturet2 = final temperature
Heat gain = Heat loss
Qgain = Qloaa
] gain - loss ; te = equilibrium temperature
PHASES OF WATER
For water:
QT = total heat needed to convert solid to vapor
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QT = m cps (0 – t2) + m L1 + m CpL (100 – 0) + m Lv
+ mv Cpv (t2 – 100)
SI unit
Cp of liquid 4.187 KJ/kg-˚K
Cp of liquid 2.090 KJ/kg-˚K
Cp of vapor 2.0 KJ/kg-˚K
Latent heat of fusion of solid
Lf = 335 KJ/kg = 144 Btu/lb
Latent heat of vaporization
Lv = 2257 KJ/kg = 970 Btu/lb
THERMAL EXPANSION
A. Coefficient of linear expansion
ΔL = Lf –Lo ΔL = kL Lo (t2 – t1)
where: Lo = original length Lf = final length
t2 = final temperature t1 = initial length
kL = coefficient of linear expansion
For steel: KL = 6.5 x 10-6 in/in-˚F KL = 11.7 x 10-6 m/m- ˚C
B. Coefficient of volume expansion
ΔV = V2 – V1 ΔV = kV V1 (t2 – t1)
where: V1 = original volume V2 = final volume t2 = final temperature
t1 = initial length kV = coefficient of linear expansion
OHM’S LAW – States that voltage is directly proportional
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to current.
1. CHARGE, Q Q = charge = Current x time in seconds = l x t , coulomb
2. Energy = V Q, Joules = V l t, Joules
3. Power = Vl = l2 R = V2/R, watts
4. RESISTANCE – is the opposition of the flow of current.
R = wire resistance R =
Where: = wire resistivity L = wire length A = cross-sectional are of wire
Area in Circular Mills (CM) for given a diameter in inches:
SERIES RESISTANCE
1. LT = l1 = l2 2. RT = R1 + R2
3. VT = V1 + V2 4. P = Vl = l2 R = V2/ R1, watts
PARALLEL RESISTANCE
1. LT = l1 + l2 2. RT = 3. VT = V1 = V2
INDUCTANCE
1. Series Inductance LT = total inductance = L1 + L2
2. Parallel Inductance LT =
Specific Heat Capacity & Thermal Expansion
1. A slab of iron with initial temperature, T11 = 49˚C is used to heat a flat glass plate that has an
initial temperature of Tg1 = 21˚C. Assuming no heat is lost to the environment. The masses
are m1 = 0.49 kg for the slab and mg = 315 g for the plate. What is the amount of heat
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transferred when the two have reached equal temperatures? The specific heats are c1 = 0.11
kcal/kg-˚C for iron and cg = 0.20 kcal/kg-˚C for glass.
2. A cooper bar is 90 centimeters long at 88˚F. What is the increase in its length when the bar is
heated to 95˚F? The linear expansion coefficient for cooper, α, is 1.7 x 10-5 1/˚C.
Ohm’s Law
1. How long must a current of 6.0 A pass through a 10 ohm resistor until a change of 1200 C
passes through the resistor?
2. What is the power required to transfer 97,000 coulombs of charge through potentials rise of
60 volts in 1 hr?
3. A current of 7 amperes passes through a 15 ohm resistor. What is the power dissipated in
the resistor?
4. A conductor has length of 1 m, electrical resistivity of 0.10 Ω.m, and area of 0.015 m2. A
uniform direct current having a density of 110 A/m2 flows through this conductor. What is the
power loss in the conductor?
5. What is the total resistance (as seen by the battery) of the following network?
