LESSON 8.

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

OBJECTIVES:

1. Discuss oxidation and reduction reactions

2. Balance redox reactions using the change in oxidation number method.
3. Draw the structure of a galvanic cell and label the parts.
4. Identify the reaction occurring in the different parts of the cell.
5. Write the half-equations for the reactions occurring in the electrodes.
6. Write the balanced overall cell reaction.
7. Give different examples of galvanic cell
8. Discuss reduction potential, oxidation potential, and cell potential
9. Describe the standard hydrogen electrode
10. Calculate the standard cell potential
11. Relate the value of the cell potential to the feasibility of using the cell to
generate an electric current
12. Describe the electrochemistry involved in some common batteries:
leclanche dry cell, button batteries, fuel cells, and lead storage battery.
13. Apply electrochemical principles to explain corrosion.
14. Explain the electrode reactions during the electrolysis
15. Describe the reactions in some commercial electrolytic processes

LESSON PROPER

1. Electrochemistry.

Electrochemistry Basics
Electrochemistry is the study of chemical processes that cause electrons to move. This
movement of electrons is called electricity, which can be generated by movements of
electrons from one element to another in a reaction known as an oxidation-reduction
("redox") reaction. A redox reaction is a reaction that involves a change in oxidation state
of one or more elements. When a substance loses an electron, its oxidation state
increases; thus, it is oxidized. When a substance gains an electron, its oxidation state
decreases, thus being reduced. For example, for the redox reaction

H2+F2→2HFH2+F2→2HF

can be rewritten as follows:

 Oxidation reaction
 H2→2H++2e−H2→2H++2e−

 Reduction reaction:

F2+2e−→2F−F2+2e−→2F−

 Overall Reaction

H2+F2→2H++2F−H2+F2→2H++2F−

Oxidation is the loss of electrons, whereas reduction refers to the acquisition of electrons,
as illustrated in the respective reactions above. The species being oxidized is also known
as the reducing agent or reductant, and the species being reduced is called the oxidizing
agent or oxidant. In this case, H2 is being oxidized (and is the reducing agent), while F2 is
being reduced (and is the oxidizing agent). The following acronym is useful in
remembering this concept:

"OIL RIG"

"OIL RIG" is a useful mnemonic for remembering the definitions of oxidation nd

reduction.

Oxidation Is Losing electrons; Reduction Is Gaining electrons

Example 11 : IRon-Vanadium Couple

Given the redox reaction

Fe3++V2+→Fe2++V3+Fe3++V2+→Fe2++V3+

which species is oxidized? Which is reduced? Identify the reducing agent and the
oxidizing agent.

Solution

Fe3+Fe3+ is reduced into Fe2+Fe2+ and V2+V2+is oxidized into V3+V3+ . This is
because the oxidized species loses electrons, and the reduced species gains electrons.

Iron gains an electron

Fe3+→Fe2+Fe3+→Fe2+

and vanadium loses an electron

V2+→V3+.V2+→V3+.
Thus, Fe3+Fe3+ is the oxidizing agent and V2+V2+ is the reducing agent.

Oxidation States
Rules for Assigning Oxidation States

1. Free elements have an oxidation state of 0. (e.g., HeHe , N2N2 , O2O2 has an
oxidation state of 0)
2. The oxidation state of one ion must equal the net charge. (e.g., F−F− oxidation
state is -1, K+K+ oxidation state is +1)
3. The sum of the oxidation state has to equal the total net charge for a compound.
(e.g., MnO−4MnO4− has a net charge of -1 with Mn(+7)O4(-8)= -1)
4. The alkali metals (Group I elements) have an oxidation state of +1. (e.g.,
Li2OLi2O , Li= +1)
5. The alkaline earth metals (Group II elements) always have an oxidation state of
+2. (e.g., CaOCaO , Ca=+2)
6. Oxygen has an oxidation state of -2 in a compound
7. Fluorine has an oxidation state of -1 in a compound
8. Hydrogen has an oxidation state of +1 in a compound.
9. Transition metals and other metals may have more than one common ionic
charge. (e.g., Chromium's common ionic charges are Cr+2 and Cr+3)

Exercise 11

What is the oxidation state of magnesium in MgF2MgF2 ?

Answer

Using rule 5 and 7.

MgF2MgF2 total charge=0 Total Charge=(+2)+(-1*2)=0

Exercise 22

What is the oxidation state of hydrogen in H2OH2O ?

Answer

Using rule 6 and 8

H2OH2O total charge=0 Total Charge=(+1*2)+(-2)=0

 2. Balancing Redox Reactions
Method 1: Oxidation Number Method

 Step 1: Assign oxidation numbers to each atom.

 Step 2: Determine the net change in charge to determine the ratio of atoms
 Step 3: Use the ratio to eliminate the net charge change
 Step 4: Use the ratio as coefficients for the elements
 Step 5: Add H+ (under acidic conditions), OH- (under basic conditions), and H2O
to balance charges.

Method 2: Half-Reaction Method

 Step 1: Determine oxidation numbers for each atom

 Step 2: Use oxidation numbers to determine what is oxidized and what is reduced.
 Step 3: Write a half-reaction for reduction
 Step 4: Write a half-reaction for oxidation
 Step 5: Balance all elements except H and O
o if have acid redox reaction: Balance the O using H2OH2O , balance the
HH using protons
o if have base redox reaction: Balance O using OH−OH−
 Step 6: Add up the charge on each side
 Step 7: Balance the charges by adding electrons
 Step 8: Multiply the half-reactions by factors that cancel out electrons
 Step 9: Add the two half-reactions back together to eliminate out intermediates

Example 22 : Manganese

Balance the following reaction in an acidic aqueous Solution

MnO−4+H2C2O4→Mn2++CO2MnO4−+H2C2O4→Mn2++CO2
Solution

 Reduction half-reaction:
 2×(5e−+8H++MnO−4→Mn2++4H2O)2×(5e−+8H++MnO4−→Mn2++4H2O)

 Oxidation half-reaction:

5×(H2C2O4→CO2+2H++2e−)5×(H2C2O4→CO2+2H++2e−)

Combining and canceling gives the following:

10e−+16H++2MnO1−4+5H2C2O4→2Mn2++8H2O+5CO2+10H++10e−10e−
+16H++2MnO41−+5H2C2O4→2Mn2++8H2O+5CO2+10H++10e−

Answer

6H++2MnO1−4+5H2C2O4→2Mn2++8H2O+5CO26H++2MnO41−
+5H2C2O4→2Mn2++8H2O+5CO2

3. Structure of a Galvanic Cell.

1.1. How to Balance a Chemical Equation for a Redox Reaction

Once you understand how to balance an equation in terms of mass, you're ready to
learn how to balance an equation for both mass and charge. Reduction/oxidation or redox
reactions and acid-base reactions often involve charged species. Balancing for charge
means you have the same net charge on both the reactant and product side of the
equation. This isn't always zero!
Here's an example of how to balance the reaction between potassium permanganate and
iodide ion in aqueous sulfuric acid to form potassium iodide and manganese(II) sulfate.

This is a typical acid reaction.

1. First, write the unbalanced chemical equation:
KMnO4 + KI + H2SO4 → I2 + MnSO4
2. Write down the oxidation numbers for each type of atom on both sides of the
equation:
Left hand side: K = +1; Mn = +7; O = -2; I = 0; H = +1; S = +6
Right hand side: I = 0; Mn = +2, S = +6; O = -2
3. Find the atoms that experience a change in oxidation number:
Mn: +7 → +2; I: +1 → 0
4. Write a skeleton ionic equation that only covers the atoms that change oxidation
number:
MnO4- → Mn2+
I- → I2
5. Balance all of the atoms besides the oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H) in the half-
reactions:
 MnO4- → Mn2+
2I- → I2
6. Now add O and H2O as needed to balance oxygen:
MnO4- → Mn2+ + 4H2O
2I- → I2
7. Balance the hydrogen by adding H+ as needed:
MnO4- + 8H+ → Mn2+ + 4H2O
2I- → I2
8. Now, balance charge by adding electrons as needed. In this example, the first
half-reaction has a charge of 7+ on the left and 2+ on the right. Add 5 electrons to
the left to balance the charge. The second half-reaction has 2- on the left and 0 on
the right. Add 2 electrons to the right.
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn2+ + 4H2O
2I- → I2 + 2e-
9. Multiply the two half-reactions by the number that yields the lowest common
number of electrons in each half-reaction. For this example, the lowest multiple of
2 and 5 is 10, so multiply the first equation by 2 and the second equation by 5:
2 x [MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn2+ + 4H2O]
5 x [2I- → I2 + 2e-]
10. Add together the two half-reactions and cancel out species that appear on each
side of the equation:
2MnO4- + 10I- + 16H+ → 2Mn2+ + 5I2 + 8H2O
Now, it's a good idea to check your work by making sure the atoms and charge are
balanced:
Left hand side: 2 Mn; 8 O; 10 I; 16 H
Right hand side: 2 Mn; 10 I; 16 H; 8 O
Left hand side: −2 – 10 +16 = +4
Right hand side: +4

Enrichment 3.10. Balance the following redox reactions

1. Cu + HNO3 + H+ → Cu2+ + NO + H2O
2. H+ + Cr2O72¯ + Fe2+ ---> Cr3+ + H2O + Fe3+
3. H2C2O4 + H+ + MnO4¯ ---> CO2 + Mn2+ + H2O
4. H+ + I2 + NO3¯ ---> IO3¯ + NO2 + H2O
5. Fe + HCl ---> HFeCl4 + H2

Voltaic (Galvanic) Cells

In 1793, Alessandro Volta discovered that electricity could be produced by placing
different metals on the opposite sides of a wet paper or cloth. He made his first battery by
placing Ag and Zn on the opposite sides of a moistened cloth with salt or weak acid
Solution. Therefore, these batteries acquired the name voltaic cells. Voltaic (galvanic)
cells are electrochemical cells that contain a spontaneous reaction, and always have a
positive voltage. The electrical energy released during the reaction can be used to do
work. A voltaic cell consists of two compartments called half-cells. The half-cell where
oxidation occurs is called the anode. The other half-cell, where reduction occurs, is called
the cathode. The electrons in voltaic cells flow from the negative electrode to the
positive electrode—from anode to cathode (see figure below). (Note: the electrodes are
the sites of the oxidation and reduction reactions). The following acronym is useful in
keeping this information straight:

Red Cat and An Ox

Reduction Cathode and Anode Oxidation

For an oxidation-reduction reaction to occur, the two substances in each respective half-
cell are connected by a closed circuit such that electrons can flow from the reducing
agent to the oxidizing agent. A salt bridge is also required to maintain electrical neutrality
and allow the reaction to continue.
The figure above shows that Zn(s)Zn(s) is continuously oxidized, producing aqueous
Zn2+Zn2+ :

Zn(s)→Zn2+(aq)+2e−(1)(1)Zn(s)→Zn2+(aq)+2e−

Conversely, in the cathode, Cu2+Cu2+ is reduced and continuously deposits onto the
copper bar:

Cu2+(aq)+2e−→Cu(s)(2)(2)Cu2+(aq)+2e−→Cu(s)

As a result, the Solution containing Zn(s)Zn(s) becomes more positively charged as the
Solution containing Cu(s)Cu(s) becomes more negatively charged. For the voltaic cell to
work, the Solutions in the two half-cells must remain electrically neutral. Therefore, a salt
bridge containing KNO3 is added to keep the Solutions neutral by adding NO3-, an anion,
into the anode Solution and K+K+ , a cation, into the cathode Solution. As oxidation and
reduction proceed, ions from the salt bridge migrate to prevent charge buildup in the cell
compartments.

The cell diagram (or cell notation) is a shorthand notation to represent the redox
reactions of an electrical cell. For the cell described, the cell diagram is as follows:

Zn(s)|Zn2+(aq)||Cu2+(aq)|Cu(s)(3)(3)Zn(s)|Zn2+(aq)||Cu2+(aq)|Cu(s)

 A double vertical line (|||| ) is used to separate the anode half reaction from the
cathode half reaction. This represents the salt bridge.
o The anode (where oxidation occurs) is placed on the left side of the (|||| ).
o The cathode (where reduction occurs) is placed on the right side of the (||||
).
 A single vertical line (|) is used to separate different states of matter on the same
side, and a comma is used to separate like states of matter on the same side. For
example:

Fe2+(aq),Fe3+(aq)||Ag+(aq)|Ag(s)(4)(4)Fe2+(aq),Fe3+(aq)||Ag+(aq)|Ag(s)
Figure 22 : A voltaic cell works by the different reactivity of metal ions, and not require
external battery source. Image taken at Hope College as part of their General Chemistry
Lab curriculum.

The figure above shows a set of electrochemical half-cells that can be used to measure
various voltages within galvanic cells. The cells shown are made of agar saturated with
KCl Solution so as to act as a salt bridge. The zinc electrode in the middle can be used as
a reference while the various concentrations of copper (labeled 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) can be
tested to form a calibration curve. The potential of the unknown can be used to determine
the concentration of an unknown copper Solution. This application of the Nernst equation
allows for rapid data collection without the need for a complicated salt bridge apparatus.

Example 33 : Copper-silver Reaction

Write the cell diagram for this reaction:

Cu(s)+2Ag+(aq)→Cu2+(aq)+2Ag(s)Cu(s)+2Ag+(aq)→Cu2+(aq)+2Ag(s)

Solution

Cu(s)|Cu2+(aq)||Ag+(aq)|Ag(s)Cu(s)|Cu2+(aq)||Ag+(aq)|Ag(s)

Example 44 : Aluminum-Tin Reaction

Write cell reactions for this cell diagram:

Al(s)|Al3+(aq)||Sn2+(aq)|Sn(s)Al(s)|Al3+(aq)||Sn2+(aq)|Sn(s)
Answer

Oxidation: {Al(s) → Al3+(aq) +3e-} x 2

 Reduction: {Sn2+(aq) +2e- → Sn(s)} x 3
Net: 2Al(s) + 3Sn2+(aq) → 2Al3+(aq) + 3Sn(s)

4. Standard Reduction Potentials

Standard Reduction Potentials

In a galvanic cell, current is produced when electrons flow externally through the circuit
from the anode to the cathode because of a difference in potential energy between the two
electrodes in the electrochemical cell. In the Zn/Cu system, the valence electrons in zinc
have a substantially higher potential energy than the valence electrons in copper because
of shielding of the s electrons of zinc by the electrons in filled d orbitals. Hence electrons
flow spontaneously from zinc to copper(II) ions, forming zinc(II) ions and metallic
copper. Just like water flowing spontaneously downhill, which can be made to do work
by forcing a waterwheel, the flow of electrons from a higher potential energy to a lower
one can also be harnessed to perform work.
 Figure 19.4.119.4.1 :
Potential Energy Difference in the Zn/Cu System. The potential energy of a system
consisting of metallic ZnZn and aqueous Cu2+ ions is greater than the potential energy of
a system consisting of metallic Cu and aqueous Zn2+Zn2+ ions. Much of this potential
energy difference is because the valence electrons of metallic Zn are higher in energy
than the valence electrons of metallic Cu. Because the Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) system is higher
in energy by 1.10 V than the Cu(s) + Zn2+(aq) system, energy is released when electrons
are transferred from Zn to Cu2+ to form Cu and Zn2+.

Because the potential energy of valence electrons differs greatly from one substance to
another, the voltage of a galvanic cell depends partly on the identity of the reacting
substances. If we construct a galvanic cell similar to the one in part (a) in Figure
19.4.119.4.1 but instead of copper use a strip of cobalt metal and 1 M Co2+ in the cathode
compartment, the measured voltage is not 1.10 V but 0.51 V. Thus we can conclude that
the difference in potential energy between the valence electrons of cobalt and zinc is less
than the difference between the valence electrons of copper and zinc by 0.59 V.

The measured potential of a cell also depends strongly on the concentrations of the
reacting species and the temperature of the system. To develop a scale of relative
potentials that will allow us to predict the direction of an electrochemical reaction and the
magnitude of the driving force for the reaction, the potentials for oxidations and
reductions of different substances must be measured under comparable conditions. To do
this, chemists use the standard cell potential (E°cell), defined as the potential of a cell
measured under standard conditions—that is, with all species in their standard states (1 M
for solutions, concentrated solutions of salts (about 1 M) generally do not exhibit ideal
behavior, and the actual standard state corresponds to an activity of 1 rather than a
concentration of 1 M. Corrections for non ideal behavior are important for precise
quantitative work but not for the more qualitative approach that we are taking here. 1 atm
for gases, pure solids or pure liquids for other substances) and at a fixed temperature,
usually 25°C.

Measured redox potentials depend on the potential energy of valence electrons, the
concentrations of the species in the reaction, and the temperature of the system.

Measuring Standard Electrode Potentials

It is physically impossible to measure the potential of a single electrode: only the
difference between the potentials of two electrodes can be measured (this is analogous to
measuring absolute enthalpies or free energies; recall that only differences in enthalpy
and free energy can be measured.) We can, however, compare the standard cell potentials
for two different galvanic cells that have one kind of electrode in common. This allows us
to measure the potential difference between two dissimilar electrodes. For example, the
measured standard cell potential (E°) for the Zn/Cu system is 1.10 V, whereas E° for the
corresponding Zn/Co system is 0.51 V. This implies that the potential difference between
the Co and Cu electrodes is 1.10 V − 0.51 V = 0.59 V. In fact, that is exactly the potential
measured under standard conditions if a cell is constructed with the following cell
diagram:

Co(s)∣Co2+(aq,1M)∥Cu2+(aq,1M)∣Cu(s) E°=0.59V(19.4.1)(19.4.1)Co(s)∣Co2+
(aq,1M)∥Cu2+(aq,1M)∣Cu(s) E°=0.59V

This cell diagram corresponds to the oxidation of a cobalt anode and the reduction of
Cu2+ in solution at the copper cathode.

All tabulated values of standard electrode potentials by convention are listed for a
reaction written as a reduction, not as an oxidation, to be able to compare standard
potentials for different substances (Table P1). The standard cell potential (E°cell) is
therefore the difference between the tabulated reduction potentials of the two half-
reactions, not their sum:

E°cell=E°cathode−E°anode(19.4.2)(19.4.2)E°cell=E°cathode−E°anode

In contrast, recall that half-reactions are written to show the reduction and oxidation
reactions that actually occur in the cell, so the overall cell reaction is written as the sum
of the two half-reactions. According to Equation 19.4.219.4.2 , when we know the
standard potential for any single half-reaction, we can obtain the value of the standard
potential of many other half-reactions by measuring the standard potential of the
corresponding cell.

Figure 19.4.219.4.2 : The Standard Hydrogen Electrode. The SHE consists of platinum
wire that is connected to a Pt surface in contact with an aqueous solution containing 1 M
H+ in equilibrium with H2 gas at a pressure of 1 atm. In the molecular view, the Pt surface
catalyzes the oxidation of hydrogen molecules to protons or the reduction of protons to
hydrogen gas. (Water is omitted for clarity.) The standard potential of the SHE is
arbitrarily assigned a value of 0 V.

Although it is impossible to measure the potential of any electrode directly, we can

choose a reference electrode whose potential is defined as 0 V under standard conditions.
The standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) is universally used for this purpose and is
assigned a standard potential of 0 V. It consists of a strip of platinum wire in contact with
an aqueous solution containing 1 M H+. The [H+] in solution is in equilibrium with H2 gas
at a pressure of 1 atm at the Pt-solution interface (Figure 19.4.219.4.2 ). Protons are
reduced or hydrogen molecules are oxidized at the Pt surface according to the following
equation:

2H+(aq)+2e−⇌H2(g)(19.4.3)(19.4.3)2H(aq)++2e−⇌H2(g)
One especially attractive feature of the SHE is that the Pt metal electrode is not consumed
during the reaction.

Figure 19.4.319.4.3 : Determining a Standard Electrode Potential Using a Standard

Hydrogen Electrode. The voltmeter shows that the standard cell potential of a galvanic
cell consisting of a SHE and a Zn/Zn2+ couple is E°cellE°cell = 0.76 V. Because the zinc
electrode in this cell dissolves spontaneously to form Zn2+(aq) ions while H+(aq) ions are
reduced to H2 at the platinum surface, the standard electrode potential of the Zn2+/Zn
couple is −0.76 V.

Figure 19.4.319.4.3 shows a galvanic cell that consists of a SHE in one beaker and a Zn
strip in another beaker containing a solution of Zn2+ ions. When the circuit is closed, the
voltmeter indicates a potential of 0.76 V. The zinc electrode begins to dissolve to form
Zn2+, and H+ ions are reduced to H2 in the other compartment. Thus the hydrogen
electrode is the cathode, and the zinc electrode is the anode. The diagram for this
galvanic cell is as follows:

Zn(s)∣Zn2+(aq)∥H+(aq,1M)∣H2(g,1atm)∣Pt(s)(19.4.4)(19.4.4)Zn(s)∣Zn(aq)2+∥H+
(aq,1M)∣H2(g,1atm)∣Pt(s)
The half-reactions that actually occur in the cell and their corresponding electrode
potentials are as follows:

 cathode:

2H+(aq)+2e−→H2(g) E°cathode=0V(19.4.5)(19.4.5)2H(aq)++2e−→H2(g) 
E°cathode=0V

 anode:

Zn(s)→Zn2+(aq)+2e− E°anode=−0.76V(19.4.6)(19.4.6)Zn(s)→Zn(aq)2+
+2e− E°anode=−0.76V

 overall:

Zn(s)+2H+(aq)→Zn2+(aq)+H2(g)(19.4.7)(19.4.7)Zn(s)+2H(aq)+→Zn(aq)2+
+H2(g)

We then use Equation 19.4.219.4.2 to calculate the cell potential

E°cell=E°cathode−E°anode=0.76VE°cell=E°cathode−E°anode=0.76V

Although the reaction at the anode is an oxidation, by convention its tabulated E° value is
reported as a reduction potential. The potential of a half-reaction measured against the
SHE under standard conditions is called the standard electrode potential for that half-
reaction. In this example, the standard reduction potential for Zn2+(aq) + 2e− → Zn(s) is
−0.76 V, which means that the standard electrode potential for the reaction that occurs at
the anode, the oxidation of Zn to Zn2+, often called the Zn/Zn2+ redox couple, or the
Zn/Zn2+ couple, is −(−0.76 V) = 0.76 V. We must therefore subtract E°anode from E°cathode
to obtain

E°cell:0V−(−0.76V)=0.76V(19.4.8)(19.4.8)E°cell:0V−(−0.76V)=0.76V

Because electrical potential is the energy needed to move a charged particle in an electric
field, standard electrode potentials for half-reactions are intensive properties and do not
depend on the amount of substance involved. Consequently, E° values are independent of
the stoichiometric coefficients for the half-reaction, and, most important, the coefficients
used to produce a balanced overall reaction do not affect the value of the cell potential.

E° values do NOT depend on the stoichiometric coefficients for a half-reaction, because

it is an intensive property.

Standard Electrode Potentials

To measure the potential of the Cu/Cu2+ couple, we can construct a galvanic cell
analogous to the one shown in Figure 19.4.319.4.3 but containing a Cu/Cu2+ couple in
the sample compartment instead of Zn/Zn2+. When we close the circuit this time, the
measured potential for the cell is negative (−0.34 V) rather than positive. The negative
value of E°cellE°cell indicates that the direction of spontaneous electron flow is the
opposite of that for the Zn/Zn2+ couple. Hence the reactions that occur spontaneously,
indicated by a positive E°cellE°cell , are the reduction of Cu2+ to Cu at the copper
electrode. The copper electrode gains mass as the reaction proceeds, and H2 is oxidized to
H+ at the platinum electrode. In this cell, the copper strip is the cathode, and the hydrogen
electrode is the anode. The cell diagram therefore is written with the SHE on the left and
the Cu2+/Cu couple on the right:

Pt(s)∣H2(g,1atm)∣H+(aq,1M)∥Cu2+(aq,1M)∣Cu(s)(19.4.9)
(19.4.9)Pt(s)∣H2(g,1atm)∣H+(aq,1M)∥Cu2+(aq,1M)∣Cu(s)

The half-cell reactions and potentials of the spontaneous reaction are as follows:

 Cathode:

Cu2+(aq)+2e−→Cu(g)E°cathode=0.34V(19.4.10)(19.4.10)Cu2+(aq)
+2e−→Cu(g)E°cathode=0.34V

 Anode:

H2(g)→2H+(aq)+2e−E°anode=0V(19.4.11)(19.4.11)H2(g)→2H(aq)+
+2e−E°anode=0V

 Overall:

H2(g)+Cu2+(aq)→2H+(aq)+Cu(s)(19.4.12)(19.4.12)H2(g)+Cu(aq)2+→2H(aq)
++Cu(s)

We then use Equation 19.4.219.4.2 to calculate the cell potential

E°cell=E°cathode−E°anode=0.34VE°cell=E°cathode−E°anode=0.34V

Thus the standard electrode potential for the Cu2+/Cu couple is 0.34 V.

5. Calculation the Standard Cell Potential.

 6. Electrochemistry of Batteries.

7. Electrochemical Principles of Corrosion.

8. Electrode Reactions during Electrolysis.

General chemistry 1 and 2, 2nd Edition (2018). New York: 3 G E-learning LLC

Zabala, A. A., Leano, C.B., Simbul, Y.B., Juan, Y.F., Villamor, J.J.T., and Hassan, H.G.
(2008) Chemistry. Plaridel, Bulacan: TCS Publishing House.

Wood, J.H.,Keenan, C.W. and Bull, W.E. (1972). Fundamental of College Chemistry.
New York: Harper & Row Publishers

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