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Information Technology Essentials
Session 4
Networks II
Acknowledgments:
Slides marked “CD” are adapted from Chris Dellarocas, U. Md.
.
Copyright © 2005 Thomas Malone, Chris Dellarocas
Outline
• Network protocols
– Enterprise networking
• Example: Looking at a web page
• Wireless networks
– Wireless telephony
– Wireless data communication
What does it mean to be on the
Internet?
• Run TCP/IP protocol
• Have an IP address
• Have ability to send IP packets to other machines on
the Internet
CD
Network Protocols
• Rules of behavior
– What, when, and how should A send messages to B and vice
versa?
• Protocol layers
– Each layer uses the layers below it and can be used by the layers
above it
– Often, multiple alternatives can be substituted at one layer
without affecting the other layers
Example:
TCP/IP protocol architecture
Application layer
Provides communication between applications on separate machines
(e.g., email, file transfer, web browsing)
Transport layer
Provides end-to-end reliable data transfer across multiple networks
(e.g., TCP - Transmission Control Protocol)
Internet layer
Routes data from source to destination through one or more networks
(IP - Internet Protocol)
Network access layer
Manages logical interface between a machine and its local network
(e.g., Ethernet, X.25)
Physical Layer
Converts bits to signals and back (e.g., wires, radio, etc.)
Different types of connection protocols
X.25 -- A packet switching protocol for connecting devices on
a WAN
Frame relay -- Another packet switching protocol for
connecting devices on a WAN (faster but less error
checking than X.25. Up to about 45 Mbps)
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) -- A “cell switching”
protocol that establishes “virtual circuits” from fixed size
packets (faster than X.25, e.g., suitable for real-time video.
Up to about 622 Mbps)
Different types of connection
“boxes”
Hub - Connects parts of a network, typically different parts of the same
LAN (network access level)
Bridge -- Connects two LANs using software (network access level)
Switch -- Connects different LANs, typically using hardware only
(network access level )
Router -- Connects two networks that may or may not be similar and
routes packets appropriately (Internet level)
Gateway -- Connects networks that use different protocols (transport level
or above)
Example: The World Wide Web
• A collection of interlinked documents stored on computer servers
all over the world and accessible to user clients via the Internet.
– Documents communicated in HTML (HyperText Markup Language)
– Rules for requesting and providing documents (and other interactions
between clients and servers) are defined by HTTP (HyperText Transfer
Protocol)
• Documents may contain easily “clickable” links to other
documents.
– Documents are identified by “web addresses” called URLs (Uniform
Resource Locators)
• “Hypertext” means text documents that contain embedded links
to other documents.
Looking at a Web page
• Connect your PC to the Internet
– Dialup an Internet service provider (via modem)
– Establish a point-to-point link with the provider’s machine
» Using PPP (Point to Point Protocol)
» Your PC receives a “temporary” IP address
• Using DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
» Your PC receives the address of a Domain Name Server (DNS)
• Start your browser program (e.g. Internet Explorer)
• Type in a URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
Looking at a Web page (cont.)
• Browser asks DNS for the IP address of the MIT Server
• DNS replies with [Link]
• Browser opens TCP connection to [Link]
• Browser sends the command GET/class/[Link]
• The MIT Server sends file [Link]
• TCP connection is released
• Browser displays the contents of [Link]
Adapted from Erik Brynjolfsson, MIT.
How a cell phone works
CD
Cellular Phone Networks
• Frequency
reuse
• Handoff
CD
Cellular Phone Networks
• Frequency
reuse
• Handoff
CD
Cellular Phone Networks
• Frequency
reuse
• Handoff
CD
Multiplexing: Squeezing many
channels into one
1 1
1
2 2 2 Frequency Division Multiple Access
3 (FDMA)
3 4 3
4 4
1 1
2 2
Time Division Multiple Access
1234 1234 12
(TDMA)
3 3
4 4
1 1
14312234212
2 23123441324 2 Code Division Multiple Access
3
41234312133 (CDMA)
32441123441 3
4 4
Multiplexer Multiplexer
Generations of cellular technology
• First Generation (“1G”, 1980’s and 90’s)
– Analog, primarily used for voice, low bandwidth (eg., 9.6Kbps)
– Ex: AMPS (USA)
• Second Generation (“2G”, 1990’s and early 2000’s)
– Digital, cheaper, somewhat higher bandwidth (e.g., 14.4 Kbps),
more data services (e.g., short messages, caller ID)
– Ex: GSM, TDMA, CDMA, PCS
• Third Generation (“3G”, started 2002)
– Digital, much higher bandwidth (e.g., 2Mbps), many more
services (e.g., video)
– Ex: WCDMA, CDMA2000
Different cellular standards
Voice
Appx. Multi
channels
Standard Freq. Mode plexing Comments
/ radio
(MHz) method
channel
Analog (AMPS) 800 – 900 Analog FDMA 1 Common in US, but becoming obsolete
GSM 900, Digital TDMA 8 Common in Europe & Asia, growing in
1800-2100 US.
CDMA 800 Digital CDMA 20-60 Qualcomm holds key patents
(IS-95)
TDMA (IS-54 & 800, Digital TDMA 3-6 Most common “digital” cellular in US
IS-136) 1800-2000
PCS 1800-2100 Digital - - Generic term for 1800-2100 MHz svcs
WCDMA Many Digital CDMA Many Migration path from GSM. Up to 2
Mbps.
CDMA2000 Any Digital CDMA Many Migration path from CDMA. Common
in S. Korea. Up to 2 Mbps
Note: Acronyms defined on next slide
Cellular acronyms
• AMPS – Advanced Mobile Phone System
• CDMA – Code Division Multiple Access
• FDMA – Frequency Division Multiple Access
• GSM - Global System for Mobile Communication
• IS – Interim Standard
• PCS – Personal Communications Services
• TDMA – Time Division Multiple Access
• WCDMA – Wideband CDMA
What is Wireless IP?
• A wireless connectivity solution employing IP that enables
devices to access an Intranet or the Internet
Existing Wireless Wireless
Infrastructure Devices
Wireless Internet/
Devices Spare radio capacity Intranet Wired
Devices
•PDAs •Laptops
•Cell Phones •Workstations
•Pagers •Future Devices?
CD
Wi-Fi
(Wireless Fidelity)
• Protocol for wireless LANs
• 802.11b format – 11 Mbps
• 802.11g format – 20+ Mbps
• Allows you to
– Connect to Internet in local “hot spots”
– Connect many PC’s to the Internet through one access point
Bluetooth
• Wireless device connectivity
• Named after Scandinavian king who united several unruly
kingdoms
• Short range (< 10m)
• Sample uses
– Wireless PDAs always connected to desktop via mobile phone
– Wireless headphones connected to notebook
– Office/Home device networks that automatically reconfigure by presence
– …
How will networks change business?
