Schlumberger Private
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and
Conditioning Equipment
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Systems of Rotary Drilling
) Three systems of rotary drilling operation:
1) Rotating system
2) Hoisting system
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3)) Circulating
g system
y
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Circulating System
) Circulating system includes the following.
& Drilling mud
& Pumping and Conditioning Equipment
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Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Drilling Fluid
) Drilling Fluid:
Drilling fluid has mainly two types.
& Liquid
♠ may be water, oil or mixture of water and oil with additives.
♠ mostly called drilling mud
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♠ water base mud 95% in drilling operation
operation, cheap as compare to oil
base.
♠ Oil base mud harder to dispose off, effects on environment
& Gas
♠ May be dry air or gas, or may be air or gas mixed with water and
foaming agent to form mist or foam.
♠ Used in special conditions.
♠ Its disadvantages limit its useuse.
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Key Drilling Fluid Functions
Maintain
Transmit
bore hole
Information
stability
Minimise Suspend barite
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loss of fluid under static and
t the
to th formation
f ti dynamic
conditions
Lubricate
the drill string Remove drill
cuttings and
cavings
Control from the well
formation
pressure
Protect the Provide hydraulic
productive
horse power
formation
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Functions of the Circulating System
) Circulating a fluid while drilling:
& Cleans the bottom of hole
♠ Regrinding the chips already broken off from formation is
wasted effort.
♠ High velocity stream creates turbulence and removes
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cuttings off bottom.
& Transport cuttings to surface
♠ Annular Velocity
• The annular velocity contributes major factor in
transporting cuttings from bottom to surface
surface.
• Liquid mud requires annular velocity 100 to 200 ft per hr.
• Gas or air fluid requires annular velocity 3000 ft per hr.
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Functions of the Circulating System (con’d)
& Cools the bit and lubricates the drill stem
& Supports the walls of the well bore
& Prevents entry of formation fluid into well bore which
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can cause kick or if not controlled, leads to blow out
& Transmits hydraulic power to down hole motors
& Reveals the presence of oil, gas or water from the
formation being drilled
& Reveals information about the formation, through the
cuttings
g
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Properties of Drilling Mud
) Properties of Drilling mud are its
& Density
& Viscosity
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& Gel strength
g
& Filtration.
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Properties of Drilling Mud (cont’d)
& Density
♠ The density or weight of the mud and its height determines
the hydrostatic pressure of mud column to prevent the kick.
♠ Too heavy column of mud can fracture the formation and
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lead to lost circulation.
♠ Excessive mud weight can slow down ROP.
♠ Barite, BaSo4, is the most common weighting material with
SG 4.2 TO 4.35.
♠ Barite does not hydrate or react with water.
♠ Other weighting material are calcium carbonate, sodium
chloride and some other inorganic salts
salts.
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Testing of Mud Properties (water base)
) Mud Weight
& Density is expressed in weight per unit volume ii.e
e
Kg/m3, PPG, SG, PCF
& Device used to measure mud density is mud balance
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Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Mud Weight Test by Pressurized Mud Balance
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Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Properties of Drilling Mud (cont’d)
♠ Viscosity
Viscosity is resistance to flow which is developed with following
materials.
materials
1. Bentonite - Naturally occurring clay, used in fresh water
2. Attapulgite is used when make up water is salty.
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3. Polymer
y - a chemical that consists of large
g molecules in repeating
p g
structure
Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and Starch
Polymers dissolve in water and increase viscosity without
added solids
solids.
Polymers form more powerful collides and gel than Bentonite.
Polymers affect other mud properties of mud than viscosity
and are so more useful.
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Properties of Drilling Mud (cont’d)
Viscosity is decreased by adding water or
chemicals. Water decreases the densityy where as
chemicals do not.
Chemical used to reduce viscosity and gel
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strength are called dispersants which
hich are
Lignite's, polyphosphates and lignosulphates used
in water base mud.
Lignite's and Lignosulphates also reduce the fluid
loss and the thickness of the filter cake.
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Properties of Drilling Mud (cont’d)
Disadvantages if viscosity is too high
• Requires high pump pressure
pressure, wear & tear of mud
pump
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• Swabbing which can cause a kick
• Surge pressure, fracture formation, cause lost
circulation
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Measuring Viscosity by Marsh Funnel
♠ 1q quart or 1 Liter of clean fresh water
at a temperature of 21 deg. Cent.
flows out of funnel in 26 seconds.
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♠ F
Funnel l viscosity
i it iis b
based
d on hhow llong
it takes 1 qt or liter of mud to flow
through the funnel.
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Properties of Drilling Mud (cont’d)
) Plastic Viscosity (Pv), Yield Point (Yp) and Gel strength
& Plastic Viscosity (Pv)
♠ Plastic viscosity is a fluid’s resistance to flow. It is measured
by direct indicating viscometer and its units are centipoises.
♠ Pv = 600 rpm reading-300 rpm reading
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♠ Units
U it iin centipoises
ti i
& Yield Point (Yp)
♠ It is the measure of forces required to start the mud to flow.
It is measured by direct indicating viscometer
♠ Yp = 300 rpm reading – plastic viscosity
♠ Units in lbs per 100 sq-ft
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Direct Indicating Viscometer
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Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Direct Indicating Viscometer
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Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Properties of Drilling Mud (cont’d)
♠ Gel Strength
• It is the measure of mud ability that holds cuttings
in place when circulation is stopped and prevents
cutting from falling back to bottom.
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• High gel strength may require high pump pressure
to break circulation and can cause formation
break down.
• Bentonite increases gel strength as well as
viscosity.
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Properties of Drilling Mud (cont’d)
& Testing Gel Strength
♠ Requires two tests
• The 1st, 30 second test shows how quickly the mud gels.
The sample remains undisturbed for 30 seconds and
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reading is taken at 3 rpm of direct indicating viscometer
which gives initial gel strength, in lb/100 sq-ft.
• The 2nd 10 minutes test shows how strongly it gels. The
sample remains undisturbed for 10 minutes and reading
is taken at 3 rpm of direct indicating viscometer which
gives 10 minute gel strength in lb/100 sq-ft.
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Properties of Drilling Mud (cont’d)
♠ Filtration:
Filtration takes place when the mud hydrostatic
forces the liquid part (water or oil) of drilling mud into
the permeable formation.
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In case of shale, no cake forms. Water in the mud
contacts the shale surface where there is just enough
permeability
p y which causes the shale to swell and
slough.
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Filter Cake
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Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Properties of Drilling Mud (cont’d)
♠ Fluid loss
q
Liquid p
part ((water or oil)) of the mud that flows into the
formation is called fluid loss.
Disadvantages
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The cake thickness is proportional to fluid loss which
reduces the hole dia. and can lead to pipe sticking.
High fluid loss may cause sloughing and caving of
shale
h l fformations
ti
High fluid loss in porous formation can also hinder the
interpretation
p of electric logs.
g
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Fluid Loss
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Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Properties of Drilling Mud (cont’d)
♠ Prevention of Fluid loss
Water sensitive formations cause sloughing and
caving which increases hole size and viscosity
and damage the producing zone. Calcium Hydro
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o ide Ca (OH)2
oxide (OH)2, G Gypsum
ps m Ca SO4
SO4, Calci
Calciumm
Chloride CaCL2 are used to inhibit the mud.
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
High Pressure, High Temperature Filter Press
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Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
High Pressure, High Temperature Filter Press
) Filter Press measures filtration rate. A
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Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Properties of Drilling Mud (cont’d)
) Ph
& The Ph of a fluid is its relative acidityy or alkalinity.
y
♠ Distilled water is neither acid nor alkaline which
has Ph of 7.
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♠ Ph scale is from 0 to 14 14.
♠ Mud must be alkaline with a Ph of 8 to 13 to allow
the chemicals in the mud to work well and
minimize
i i i corrosion.i
♠ Most commonly used chemical to increase Ph is
Caustic Soda ((Sodium Hydro y oxide),), Na OH.
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Ph Meter
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Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Properties of Drilling Mud (cont’d)
) Other Additives
& To improve the mud properties , other additives are as follows.
♠ Flocculants cause drilled solid to stick together
♠ Corrosion Control Agents reduce corrosion to the metal
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parts that salts in the mud can cause.
p
♠ De-foamers breaks up the foams when formation gas
contaminates the mud.
♠ Anti differential sticking additives help free sticking pipe
♠ Emulsifier improve lubricating properties, lower fluid loss and
help prevent the bit from balling.
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Oil Base Mud
) Liquid phase is oil, diesel or synthetic oil.
& Oil base Mud > oil
oil, emulsifier
emulsifier, stabilizing agent
agent, salt
and water less than 5%
& Oil emulsion mud > water base mud with some oil
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added.
& Invert - emulsion mud or invert oil mud > oil base
mud with some water added (10 to 60 %) %).
& Synthetic Mud > vegetable and mineral oil, less
environmentally hazardous
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Oil Mud
& Oil mud is used for following reasons.
♠ Protecting producing formations
♠ Drilling water-soluble formations
♠ Drilling deep, high temperature holes
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♠ Preventing differential pressure sticking
♠ Coring
♠ Minimizing gelation and corrosion problems (when used as a
packer fluid)
fluid).
♠ Mitigate severe drill string corrosion
♠ Preventing entrainment of gas
♠ Drilling troublesome shales
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Oil Emulsion Mud
) Advantage of oil emulsion mud
& Any mud with water content more than 30% does not
burn.
& Costs less than oil base mud.
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) Disadvantage of oil emulsion mud
& High water loss
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Oil Base Mud (cont’d)
) Disadvantages of oil base mud
1.
1 It is expensive
2. The problem of contamination from ground water
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3. Its flammabilityy
4. Safety and health concerns for the crew (slipperiness
and dirtiness are objectionable and can cause
accidents)
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Equipment used in Mud System
) Equipment used to move a liquid drilling fluid of
g System
Circulating y is as below.
I. Mud Tanks i.e. Active tank, Reserve tank, Slug pit,
Trip tank etc.
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a. With enough mud storage capacity for cleaning,
conditioning and mixing of mud.
b Act as reservoir for cooling off return mud
b. mud.
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Mud Pumps
I. Mud Pumps
a Heart of circulating system
a.
b. Two or three mud pumps
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c. Large
g GPM required
q for top
p holes and high
g
pressure for greater depths.
d. One pump as stand by.
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Mud Pumps
) Reciprocating Pump
& Reciprocating pump is a positive displacement pump
pump.
& Single acting pump > 3 pistons moving inside liners in
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one direction.
& Double Acting Pump > 2 pistons moving inside two
liners in both direction.
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Mud Pumps
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Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Triplex Pump
).
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Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Duplex Pump
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Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Triplex Mud Pump
) Major Components of Power end
& Electric Motor
& Chain and sprockets or Belts and Pulleys
& Pinion Shaft or Jack shaft
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& Bull Gear
& Bull Gear or Herringbone gear
& Crank Shaft
& Connecting Rod
& Cross Head
& Ponyy Rods,,
& Main Bearing, Eccentric Bearings, Jack shaft Bearings
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Major Components of Power End
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Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Lubricating System
) Bearings and cross heads requires lubrication.
& Built in System > Crank shafts picks up the oil from
sump and sprays
& External lube oil pump
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Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Lubricating System
Wipers on pony rod as barrier
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Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Fluid End
) Suction and discharge sections
) Major Parts
& Module, Liner, Piston, Piston rubber (Natural Rubber
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or oil resistant synthetic rubber), Piston Rod, Seat,
Valve
& Liner Packing > weep hole
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Fluid End
) Volumetric Efficiency
& Ratio of theoretical volume and Actual Volume
& Duplex Pump efficiency no more than 90%.
& Triplex closer to 100 %. 97% is most common.
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) What causes Drop in Efficiency
& Mud cut with air and gas is the most frequent cause of reduction
in efficiency.
& Poor Suction
& Leakage of mud between piston and liner
& Leakage in valve and seat
& Leakage in Liner and fluid end body
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Controlling Pump Output
) Pump speed and pressures are varied by changing the
p p
input power or changing
g g the horse p power.
& Pressure rating of different size of liners is the limit to
max. operating pressure of the system.
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Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Suction
) For 100% volumetric efficiency, flooded suction is
q
required
) Flooded suction means suction full of mud without air
) If suction is not full, air will enter which reduces
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efficiency.
) Supercharging ( centrifugal pump) pump ensures
flooded suction
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Fluid knocking
) Fluid Knocking also called hydraulic hammer or water hammer
) It is due to the insufficient suction head (Incoming mud can not keep
up with the piston speed).
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Effect of fluid knocking
g
& Metal fatigue in the pump parts and discharge line
& Suction valve strike harder on seat causing premature failure of
valve seals
seals.
& Piston rod carries the shock to power end causing added stress.
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Fluid Knocking
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Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Pulsation Dampener
& Suction Dampener
& Discharge line Dampener
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Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Pulsation Dampener
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Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Pressure Relief Valve
) Protects the pump when discharge line or bit nozzle gets
plugged
p gg
) Discharge line > should be short, preferably without
bends, rigidly anchored.
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) Slope in discharge line
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Priming
) Fill up the pump prior to run it > dry liner may ruin the
p
piston.
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Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Lubricating and Cooling
) The piston rubber can burn and damage liner in 30
minutes if not cooled.
) Cooling spray should completely flush the entire stroke
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area.
) Check angle and direction of cooling water nozzles
) Inspect your fluid end parts when pump not in use
use.
) Check suction strainer when pump not in use
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Equipment used in Mud System(cont’d)
III. Shale Shakers
a. The 1st equipment to remove cuttings from return mud.
b. Two or three shale shakers on a rig
IV. Sand Trap
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Drilled solid fall through shale shaker screens into sand traptrap.
a. 10 to 20 bbls capacity
b. Sloping sides
c. S lid larger
Solids l than
th 74 micron
i settle
ttl outt iin sand
d ttrap
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Equipment used in Mud System(cont’d)
V. De-sander
VI. De
De-slitter
slitter
VII.Mud cleaner
VIII.Mud Gas Separators
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p
IX. Mud Agitators
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Equipment used in Mud System(cont’d)
) Shale Shaker
& Mud flow on the screen is controlled byy changing
g g
angle of screen either uphill or down hill.
& To determine right size of screen, the mud should
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travel down one-half
one half to two third of the length of
screen before completely passing through it.
& The greater the screen mesh size, smaller the particle
size
♠ 20 mesh screen > 765 micron
♠ 100 mesh screen > 149 micron
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Equipment used in Mud System(cont’d)
) Shale Shakers (cont’d)
& Salts dissolved in mud can cause screen plugging
plugging.
The dissolved salts coat the screen wires as the
water evaporates and leave the coats on the screen
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mesh wall.
all When salt is hardened,
hardened it ca
causes
ses plugging.
pl gging
So regular screen washing is required.
& Pyramid
y screens have 40% more surface area than a
flat screen which almost double the screen flow
capacity.
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Equipment used in Mud System(cont’d)
) Shale Shakers (cont’d)
♠ Shale shaker can remove particle above 74 micron
micron.
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Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Solid Control Equipment
) Desander and Desilter
& Shale Shaker removes solids ranging up to 74
micron.
& Desander removes solids ranging 74 to 40 micron.
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& Dessilter removes solids ranging 40 to 20 micron.
& Mud Cleaner removes solids ranging 20 to 7 micron.
& Centrifuge
C t if removes solids
lid ranging
i 7 tto 4 micron.
i
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Solid Control Equipment (cont’d)
) Desander
& More useful while drilling top holes as it removes
large solid build up in the mud.
& Usually has 1 to 3 cones.
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& Cone diameter is 6 to 12 inches.
& It is installed down stream shale shaker
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Hydro cyclone
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Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Solid Control Equipment (cont’d)
) Desilter
& Cone size is 3 to 5” dia.
& Removes solids 10 to 20 micron
♠ Desilting the drilling mud can drastically reduce
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• mud pump wear
wear,
• hole problem,
• bits wear,
• time
ti required
i d tto d
drill
ill th
the h
hole,
l
• amount of water required for mud treatment.
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Solid Control Equipment (cont’d)
) Operating pressure of Desander and desilter
& Desander operates at 25 to 35 psi
& Desilter operates at 30 to 45 psi
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& Never use centrifugal
g p pumpp that is used for desander
or desilter for any other purpose.
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Solid Control Equipment (cont’d)
) Maintenance of hydro cyclone
& Most common problem are cones wear due to
excessive pump pressure
& Plugging due to large cuttings which come from shale
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shaker torn screen.
& Inspect centrifugal pump for proper discharge and
operating pressure.
pressure
& Regular inspection and cleaning of cones helps avoid
plugging problem.
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Solid Control Equipment (cont’d)
) Mud Cleaner
& The hydocylone removes
the silt and discharge to
next down stream tank.
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& The underflow of hydro
cyclone goes to fine mesh
screen. The drilled solid
larger than screen size go
t waste
to t pit.
it
Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
Drilling Mud
The End
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Drilling Fluid, Mud Pumps and Conditioning
Equipment
