SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Physical Science
Quarter 1 – Module :
Title: Biological Macromolecules
Science – Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module : Biological Macromolecules
First Edition, 2020
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Physical Science
Quarter 1 – Module :
Biological Macromolecules
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the Physical Science 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on
Biological Macromolecules!
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators
both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:
Notes to the Teacher
This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
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For the learner:
Welcome to the Physical Science 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on
Biological Macromolecules!
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
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accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:
What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.
What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to
check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.
What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link
the current lesson with the previous one.
What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be
introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.
What is It This section provides a brief discussion of
the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.
What’s More This comprises activities for independent
practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.
What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank
sentence/paragraph to be filled in to
process what you learned from the lesson.
What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will
help you transfer your new knowledge or
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skill into real life situations or concerns.
Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given
to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
the lesson learned. This also tends retention
of learned concepts.
Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the
module.
At the end of this module you will also find:
References This is a list of all sources used in
developing this module.
The following are some reminders in using this module:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
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answers.
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If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
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What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master Biological Macromolecules. The scope of this module permits it to be used
in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course.
The module has one lesson, namely:
Lesson – Biological Macromolecules
After going through this module, you are expected to:
Explain how the structures of biological macromolecules such as
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid, and proteins determine their properties
and functions
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What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Which major macromolecule is being represented in this image?
a. Carbohydrates c. Lipids
b. Protein d. Nucleic Acid
2. Which of the following contains the genetic code for protein
synthesis?
a. Carbohydrates c. Lipids
b. Protein d. Nucleic Acid
3. Which of the following contains the genetic code for protein
synthesis?
a. Carbohydrates c. Lipids
b. Protein d. Nucleic Acid
4. Which of the following decreases the activation energy necessary to
initiate the chemical change within the body?
a. Nucleotides c. Enzymes
b. Amino Acids d. Fatty Acids
5. What are the building blocks of proteins?
a. amino acids c. Fatty acids
b. Nucleotide d. Lipids
6. Why are lipids insoluble in water?
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a. Lipids are polar
b. lipids have a negative charge
c. lipids are non-polar
d. lipids are building blocks of proteins
7. Which of the four major biological macromolecules can be easily
identified by the nitrogen base and phosphate found in its structure?
a. Carbohydrates c. Lipid
b. Protein d. Nucleic Acid
8. You are analyzing a compound in the laboratory. You find that it is
made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of two
hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom. How will you classify the
compound?
a. Carbohydrates c. Lipid
b. Protein d. Nucleic Acid
9. Many plants have waxy coatings on some surfaces. This coating
reduces water loss because it is not water-permeable. This waxy
coating is which of the following types of organic molecule?
a. Carbohydrates c. Lipid
b. Protein d. Nucleic Acid
10. The human body maintains a temperature of around 98.6 degrees
at all times. Enzymes are involved in almost every chemical reaction in
the body. Which of the following describes the connection between
these two statements?
a. Enzymes function best at a specific temperature
b. The body is kept relatively warm to prevent too much enzyme
action
c. The body needs to be warm to prevent hypothermia
d. There is no connection between the two statements
11. Like complex carbohydrates, proteins are macromolecules that
serve many functions and can be chemically broken down and
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restructured. Both proteins and complex carbohydrates are which of
the following?
a. Polymers of smaller subunits
b. Lipids of large molecules
c. Sequence of sugars
d. Nucleotides of DNA
12. In living organisms, lipids function mainly as:
a. Sources of stored energy and transmitters of genetic
information
b. Transmitters of genetic information and catalysts of chemical
reactions
c. Sources of stored energy and components of cellular
membranes
d. Catalysts of chemical reactions and components of cellular
membranes
13. Monosaccharides are monomers of
a. Carbohydrates c. Lipids
b. Protein d. Nucleic Acid
14. The organic compounds that have many structural purposes and
are used in many processes within the cell are called
____________________.
a. Carbohydrates c. Lipids
b. Protein d. Nucleic Acid
15. Which macromolecule is shown?
a. Carbohydrates c. Lipids
b. Protein d. Nucleic Acid
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Lesson
1 Biological Macromolecules
Living organisms are made up of different Chemicals mixed to together to
sustain life itself. In this module, you will learn how chemistry is important in the
sustenance and growth of living organisms.
What’s In
Living organisms, even the tiniest creature, have a complex structure of
different chemicals. Lack or excess of each of the chemicals will not sustain life.
Understanding how one macromolecule affect a living organism is crucial.
Humans, for example, require to intake a certain amount of food every day
in order for us to survive. But what’s in our food that is so important in our body?
How do those ―things‖ affect us? Let’s find out in this module.
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What’s New
Biological macromolecules are important cellular components and
perform a wide array of functions necessary for the survival and growth of
living organisms. The four major classes of biological macromolecules are
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
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What is It
How do the four biological macromolecules differ from each other and what
are their specific functions to our body?
Lipids
A fat molecule consists of two main components: glycerol and fatty
acids. Glycerol is an alcohol with three carbons, five hydrogens, and three
hydroxyl (OH) groups. Fatty acids have a long chain of hydrocarbons with a
carboxyl group attached and may have 4-36 carbons; however, most of them
have 12-18. In a fat molecule, the fatty acids are attached to each of the three
carbons of the glycerol molecule with an ester bond through the oxygen atom.
The major function of fats is energy storage.
A gram of fat stores more than twice as much energy as a gram of a
polysaccharide such as starch.
Because plants are immobile, they can function with bulky energy
storage in the form of starch. Plants use oils when dispersal and
compact storage is important, as in seeds.
Animals must carry their energy stores with them and benefit from
having a more compact fuel reservoir of fat.
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Humans and other mammals store fats as long-term energy reserves
in adipose cells that swell and shrink as fat is deposited or withdrawn
from storage.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates can be represented by the stoichiometric formula (CH2O)n,
where n is the number of carbons in the molecule. Therefore, the ratio of
carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1 in carbohydrate molecules. The origin
of the term ―carbohydrate‖ is based on its components: carbon (―carbo‖) and
water (―hydrate‖). Carbohydrates are classified into three subtypes:
monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
Structure of Monosaccharide
Structure of Disaccharide
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Structure of Polysaccharide
Monosaccharides are simple sugars made up of three to seven carbons,
and they can exist as a linear chain or as ring-shaped molecules.
Glucose, galactose, and fructose are monosaccharide isomers, which
means they all have the same chemical formula but differ structurally
and chemically.
Disaccharides form when two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration
reaction (a condensation reaction); they are held together by a covalent
bond.
Sucrose (table sugar) is the most common disaccharide, which is
composed of the monomers glucose and fructose.
A polysaccharide is a long chain of monosaccharides linked by
glycosidic bonds; the chain may be branched or unbranched and can
contain many types of monosaccharides.
Proteins
The shape of a protein is critical to its function because it determines
whether the protein can interact with other molecules. Protein structures
are very complex, and researchers have only very recently been able to easily
and quickly determine the structure of complete proteins down to the atomic
level. (The techniques used date back to the 1950s, but until recently they
were very slow and laborious to use, so complete protein structures were
very slow to be solved.) Early structural biochemists conceptually divided
protein structures into four ―levels‖ to make it easier to get a handle on the
complexity of the overall structures. To determine how the protein gets its
final shape or conformation, we need to understand these four levels of
protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
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Protein structure depends on its amino acid sequence and local, low-
energy chemical bonds between atoms in both the polypeptide
backbone and in amino acid side chains.
Protein structure plays a key role in its function; if a protein loses its
shape at any structural level, it may no longer be functional.
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Primary structure is the amino acid sequence.
Secondary structure is local interactions between stretches of a
polypeptide chain and includes α-helix and β-pleated sheet structures.
Tertiary structure is the overall the three-dimension folding driven
largely by interactions between R groups.
Quarternary structures is the orientation and arrangement of subunits
in a multi-subunit protein.
Nucleic Acids
The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is the genetic material found in all living
organisms, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals. It
is found in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in the chloroplasts and
mitochondria. In prokaryotes, the DNA is not enclosed in a membranous
envelope, but rather free-floating within the cytoplasm.
The entire genetic content of a cell is known as its genome and the
study of genomes is genomics. In eukaryotic cells, but not in prokaryotes,
DNA forms a complex with histone proteins to form chromatin, the
substance of eukaryotic chromosomes. A chromosome may contain tens of
thousands of genes. Many genes contain the information to make protein
products; other genes code for RNA products. DNA controls all of the cellular
activities by turning the genes ―on‖ or ―off. ‖
The other type of nucleic acid, RNA, is mostly involved in protein
synthesis. In eukaryotes, the DNA molecules never leave the nucleus but
instead use an intermediary to communicate with the rest of the cell. This
intermediary is the messenger RNA (mRNA). Other types of RNA—like rRNA,
tRNA, and microRNA—are involved in protein synthesis and its regulation.
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The two main types of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA.
Both DNA and RNA are made from nucleotides, each containing a five-
carbon sugar backbone, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.
DNA provides the code for the cell’s activities, while RNA converts that
code into proteins to carry out cellular functions.
The sequence of nitrogen bases (A, T, C, G) in DNA is what forms an
organism’s traits.
The nitrogen bases A and T (or U in RNA) always go together and C and
G always go together, forming the 5′-3′ phosphodiester linkage found in
the nucleic acid molecules.
What’s More
3-2-1 Macromolecules
Name three things that you learned about macromolecules…
3
Name two things that you enjoyed about the lesson.
2
What is one question that you still have about macromolecules?
1
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What I Have Learned
The Molecules of Life tells us that:
Within cells, small organic molecules are joined together to form larger
molecules.
These large macromolecules may consist of thousands of covalently bonded
atoms and weigh more than 100,000 daltons.
The four major classes of macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and nucleic acids.
What I Can Do
Look for the nutrition facts you eat this day. List down all the
macromolecules included on that food. See the attached link for further
instruction.
https://ecdn.teacherspayteachers.com/thumbitem/Biological-Macromolecules-Activity-
Macromolecules-in-my-Food-1771063-1431693927/original-1771063-2.jpg
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Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which major macromolecule is being represented in this image?
a. Carbohydrates c. Lipids
b. Protein d. Nucleic Acid
2. Which of the following contains the genetic code for protein
synthesis?
c. Carbohydrates c. Lipids
d. Protein d. Nucleic Acid
3. Which of the following contains the genetic code for protein
synthesis?
a. Carbohydrates c. Lipids
b. Protein d. Nucleic Acid
4. Which of the following decreases the activation energy necessary to
initiate the chemical change within the body?
a. Nucleotides c. Enzymes
b. Amino Acids d. Fatty Acids
5. Why are lipids insoluble in water?
a. Lipids are polar
b. lipids have a negative charge
c. lipids are non-polar
d. lipids are building blocks of proteins
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6. What are the building blocks of proteins?
a. amino acids c. Fatty acids
b. Nucleotide d. Lipids
7. Which of the four major biological macromolecules can be easily
identified by the nitrogen base and phosphate found in its structure?
a. Carbohydrates c. Lipid
b. Protein d. Nucleic Acid
8. The human body maintains a temperature of around 98.6 degrees
at all times. Enzymes are involved in almost every chemical reaction in
the body. Which of the following describes the connection between
these two statements?
a. Enzymes function best at a specific temperature
b. The body is kept relatively warm to prevent too much enzyme
action
c. The body needs to be warm to prevent hypothermia
d. There is no connection between the two statements
9. You are analyzing a compound in the laboratory. You find that it is
made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of two
hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom. How will you classify the
compound?
a. Carbohydrates c. Lipid
b. Protein d. Nucleic Acid
10. Many plants have waxy coatings on some surfaces. This coating
reduces water loss because it is not water-permeable. This waxy
coating is which of the following types of organic molecule?
a. Carbohydrates c. Lipid
b. Protein d. Nucleic Acid
11. In living organisms, lipids function mainly as:
a. Sources of stored energy and transmitters of genetic
information
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b. Transmitters of genetic information and catalysts of chemical
reactions
c. Sources of stored energy and components of cellular
membranes
d. Catalysts of chemical reactions and components of cellular
membranes
12. Like complex carbohydrates, proteins are macromolecules that
serve many functions and can be chemically broken down and
restructured. Both proteins and complex carbohydrates are which of
the following?
a. Polymers of smaller subunits
b. Lipids of large molecules
c. Sequence of sugars
d. Nucleotides of DNA
13. Which macromolecule is shown?
a. Carbohydrates c. Lipids
b. Protein d. Nucleic Acid
14. Monosaccharides are monomers of
a. Carbohydrates c. Lipids
b. Protein d. Nucleic Acid
15. The organic compounds that have many structural purposes and
are used in many processes within the cell are called
____________________.
a. Carbohydrates c. Lipids
b. Protein d. Nucleic Acid
20
Additional Activities
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Answer Key
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References
\
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/types-of-biological-macromolecules/
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/dna-and-rna/
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Sup
plemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/C
ollision_Theory/The_Collision_Theory
23
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