Index

This index includes words which are explained in the text, so that (in conjunction with the text) it may also
be used in lieu of a glossary.

A Administrative tribunals. See Tribunals

Abandonment. See Waiver Administrators (of deceased’s estates), 389, 411–12.
Abatement of nuisance, 451, 452 See also Executors
Abatement of writ, 86 n. 43, 91 Admiralty, High Court of, 35, 131, 132–3
Abduction collisions in navigable rivers, 439 n. 71
of daughter, 490–1 criminal jurisdiction, 132
of servant, 489 salvage, 133, 401
of wife, 490–1 Adultery
Abetting, 567 as a tort, 490–1
Abeyance divorce for, 535, 536, 537, 538
of peerage, 287–8 n. 36 punishment for, 138, 229
of seisin, 296, 305, 323 Advocates, 166, 180–1. See also Counsel; Doctors
Abjuratio sub poena nubendi, 519 of law
Abjuration of the realm, 548, 553 Advowson, 138, 139, 322
Abridgments, 195–7, 209 Aequitas, 114
Ac etiam clause, 53–4, 587–8 Aequum et bonum, 115
Accessories to crime, 567, 568. See also Æthelberht I, king of Kent, 4, 5
Accomplices Æthelric, Bishop, 7
Accident Æthelstan, king of England, 11
as nuisance, 461–2 Affiliation proceedings, 528
in criminal law. See Misadventure Affinity, impediment of, 531, 533
in detinue, 416, 417, 419 Africa, slave trade in, 515
in trespass, 428–32 Agency, 376, 387
infrequency of accident litigation, 439 conversion by agent, 425 n. 147
See also Inevitable accident; God, act wife’s, 526–7
of; Negligence Agmondesham, John (d. 1598, M.P., bencher
Accomplices M.T.), 507
evidence of, 551 Agreement, 338
See also Accessories to crime; Approvers Aiding and abetting, 567
Account, action of, 386–90 Aids, feudal, 259
against guardian in socage, 261, 387 n. 6 Aiel, writ of, 254 n. 64
against tortfeasor, 388, 395 Air, right to, 406, 455, 456
case instead of, 391, 395 Alexander III (d. 1181, pope of Rome), decretal on
upon the law merchant, 387 n. 8 marriage, 517
specimen writ, 582–3 Alfred (d. 899, king of England), 5, 10
Account stated Alienation of land, 263–4, 280–5
assumpsit on, 365, 392 effect of alienability on feudal system, 246,
debt on, 386–7 280–3
Accroaching the royal power, 568 fine for, 259
Actions. See Cause of action; Double remedies; freedom of, 282, 292. See also Perpetuities
Forms of action; Joinder of actions;  methods of (table), 337. See also Conveyancing; 
Real actions Subinfeudation; Substitution
Actions in personam and in rem, 317 Aliens, 500–1
Actions on the case. See Case, actions on the deportation, 158
Actors xenophobia, 501 n. 16, 569
hooting at, 494 Alimony, 526, 527, 532, 536
punishment of, 229 Allegiance, 500, 511 n. 83, 568
Actual bodily harm, 573 n. 83 Allestree, Richard (d. 1655, of G.I.), 193 n. 37
Ad terminum qui praeteriit, writ of Allocutus, 594–7
entry, 255 Allodium, 242–3
Adgore, Gregory (d. 1504, bencher I.T., later sjt Allowance, writ of, 179
at law), 270 n. 22, 361, 409 n. 47 Allurement, 447 n. 127
Admeasurement of dower, 289 Almoner, king’s, 129, 413
Administrative Court, 161 Alms, free. See Frankalmoin
Administrative law, 161–4 Amercement, 552 n. 77
600 Index

American colonies Arches, Court of, 136

appeals from, 151 doctors of, 180
benefit of clergy in, 557 n. 105 Aristotle, and equity, 114
Chancery jurisdiction, 131 n. 34 Armorial bearings, 132, 488
Hale and fossils found in, 201 n. 75 name and arms clause, 314
transportation to, 556, 557–8 Army
See also New York; United States of feudal levy, 246
America; Virginia impressment of ex-slaves, 515 n. 115
Amos, Andrew (1791–1860, prof. of law), 182, military law, 131–2
233 n. 185 trained band, 431
Ancient lights, 456–7 Arraignment, 549–50
Anderson, Sir Edmund (1527–1605, CJCP specimen entries, 595–7
1582–1605), 193, 508 n. 60 Arrest of judgment, 91, 147, 149
Anglo-Saxon law and institutions, 4–14, 61, 242, Arrows. See Bows and arrows
411, 501–2, 541 Arson, 541, 573
Animals Art, works of, copyright in, 486
liability for, 435, 438, 451 Aske, Robert (d. 1537, barrister of G.I), 276
ownership of, 405, 406, 407–8, 412 Assets descending, 300–1
theft of, 575–6 Assignment of choses in action, 105 n. 4, 404
See also Dogs; Estrays; Horses Assigns, limitation to, 280
Anne Boleyn (1507–36, queen of England), 533, 534 Assistance, writ of, 113
Anne of Cleves (1515–57, queen of England), 533 Assizes (written laws), 17, 20
Anson, Sir William Reynell (1843–1914, Warden of Assizes, 23–5, 26
All Souls), 203 abolition of, 25
Anticipation, restraint on, 525, 526 n. 60, 527 Chancery issues tried at, 120
Anton Piller order, 216 disturbance of trials, 93 n. 83, 256
Apostolic succession, 141 n. 42 held in certain place, 23
Appeal of felony, 66, 67, 541, 543–5, 594–5 relationship with sessions, 153–4
abolition of, 545 supervision of local magistrates by, 153
Common Pleas, in, 45 Wales, extended to, 38
extraterritorial, 132 See also Gaol delivery
larceny, 67, 408, 415–16, 575 Assizes, petty, 20, 45, 61–2, 66, 80, 149, 252–4,
mayhem, 573 255–6. See also Mort d’ancestor; Novel
murder, 132, 572 disseisin; Utrum; and under Nuisance
rape, 490 n. 75, 573 (assize of); Offices (assize for)
receiving stolen goods, 568 Assumpsit, action of, 350–68
robbery, 544, 575 against bailee, 420–1
trial in, 80 against carrier, specimen writ, 586–7
Appeal of treason, 132 Australia, in, 76
Appeal of trespass, 66 consideration (q.v.)
Appellate jurisdiction, 36, 113, 127, 148–53, 163, damages in, 366, 367
210 n. 24 deceit alleged in, 357–8, 363, 364, 365
criminal, 149–50 for breach of promise of marriage, 518
ecclesiastical, 136, 141, 142–3 for breach of trust, 376
need for, 145 for misfeasance, 350–2, 356, 369, 432–3
precedent and, 211–12 for misrepresentation, 379
proposed reform (1656), 228 for money, 363–8
See also Error for negligence, 432–4, 586–7
Application for judicial review, 161, 163–4 for nonfeasance, 354–8, 586–7
Apprentices of the Bench, 168 indebitatus formula. See Indebitatus assumpsit
law school for, 187, 190, 197 meaning of ‘undertaking’, 338, 350–1, 355, 434
Apprentices of the law, 168, 171–2 on account stated, 365, 392
young apprentices ‘studying terms’, 208 n. 12 on bill of exchange, 365, 394
Apprenticeship (in trade), 481 onerabilis assumpsit, 394
conspiracy to prevent, 494 n. 106 privity in, 377–8
loss of apprentice’s services, 399, 489–90 quantum meruit, 392
luring apprentices into idleness, 463, 490 quantum valebant, 392
rising by London apprentices, 569 relationship with other actions. See under Forms
slaves turned into apprentices, 515 n. 116 of action (overlapping)
Approvers, 543, 544, 594–5 specimen writs, 586–7
Arbitration, 6, 32–3, 42 Atkin, James Richard (1867–1944, Baron Atkin,
Archbold, John Frederick (1785–1870, barrister lord of appeal), 442
L.I.), legal writer, 202, 489 n. 62 Attachment, writ of, 113, 593–4
Archdeacons, courts of, 135 Attachment of debts, 74 n. 85
 Index601

Attainder, acts of, 223 See also Consideration; Contract; Quid pro

Attaint, action of, 146 quo; Sale
Attempts to commit crimes, 128, 567 Barnard’s Inn, 170
Attorney-general, king’s, 175, 466 n. 12 Barnes Commission (1912), 537
Attorneys, 24, 52, 166–7 Baron et feme, 522
abolition of, 173 n. 35 Barons of the Exchequer, 56–7, 176–7
cast over the bar, 468 n. 23 Barony, 258, 287 n. 36
negligence by, 443 n. 102 Barrator, common, 546 n. 40
nonfeasance by, 357 Barrington, Daines (1727–1800, bencher of I.T.),
Attornment, 281 202
Audias, writ, 64 n. 26 Barristers. See under Inns of court;
Audience, rights of, 172 and also Counsel
Audience courts (episcopal), 136 Base fee, 293, 299 n. 4, 302 n. 22
Audley, Thomas (d. 1544, reader I.T., LK 1532–34, Bastardy, 528–9
Baron Audley and LC 1534–44), on uses, 274 bastard eigné, 529
Augustine of Canterbury (d. 604, archbishop and false assertion of, 469
saint), 4 villeinage and, 504–5
Augustine of Hippo (d. 430, bishop and saint), Bateman, William (d. 1351, bishop of Norwich),
517 n. 1, 565 136
Australia Bathurst, Henry (1714–94, Earl Bathurst, LC
assumpsit in, 76 1771–78), 441
transportation to, 558 Battery. See under Trespass
Avowry, 257 Battle, trial by
Ayton, John of (fl. 1340, canonist), 136 n. 6 in appeal of felony, 544, 547
in writ of right, 66, 80–1, 252
B Bawdery, 469 n. 32, 463
Baattrekking, 401 Beaulieu, Hants, 553
Bacon, Francis (1561–1626, Viscount St Albans, LC Becket, Thomas (d. 1170, archbishop of Canterbury
1617–21) 1162–70), 137–8
Coke and, 178, 367, 512 n. 90 Belfast, Northern Ireland, 40
dismissal for bribery, 121 Bench (Common Bench), 21–2, 167.
first king’s counsel extraordinary, 175–6 See also Apprentices of the
on codification, 232 Bench; Common Pleas; King’s Bench
on office of judge, 206 Bendlowes, William (d. 1584, sjt at law), 193
on the Statute of Uses, 276 Benefice (ecclesiastical).
reporters appointed by, 118, 194 See Advowson; Prebend; Tithes
Bacon, Matthew (d. 1757, barrister M.T.), his Benefit of clergy, 212, 554–7
abridgment, 197 abolition, 557
Bacon, Sir Nicholas (1509–79, LK 1558–79), 232, complaints about, 140
310 for burglary, 574
Bail, 50, 53, 113, 157, 506–7, 508, 509, 544 for homicide, 572
Bailiff for robbery, 575
account against, 387 for stabbing, 572
cognizance made by, 257 n. 79 for treason, 556, 570 n. 60
custody of land by, 267 origin of, 137–8
mentioned in novel disseisin, 253 n. 60 proposed abolition (1656), 228
of goods, 387 n. 6 specimen entry, 596–7
of ships and shops, 387 n. 9 Bentham, Jeremy (1748–1832), 99, 229, 233, 536
Bailment, 414–15, 417–18 Bereford, William de (d. 1326, CJCP 1309–26),
larceny by bailee, 576, 577 222, 299, 300
civil liability of bailee, 417–18, 420–3, 432–3, Berwick, borough of, 40
441 n. 87 Besaiel, writ of, 254 n. 64
Baking, monopoly of, 480, 481 n. 11 Bethell, Richard (1800–73, Lord Westbury, LC
Banc. See Motions in banc 1861–5), 233–4
Bane, 413 n. 70 Beverley, Yorks, 553
Banking, 173, 228, 394 Bezoar stone, 380
bank notes, 394, 570 n. 57 Bible
Bankruptcy, allegation of, 468 divorce mentioned in, 529 n. 81, 534
Banns of marriage, 51, 520, 521 incest, 531
Bar (profession), 171–4. See also Counsel; Doctors Lord’s Prayer, 67, 363
of law; Inns of court; Law officers; Legal Psalter (neck verse), 555
profession; Serjeants at law printing of, 485
Bargain, 359, 360 reading of, discouraged by Church, 511
bargain and sale enrolled, 277, 310 n. 68 Sermon on the Mount, 110
602 Index

Bigamus, 555 Roman and canon law in, 186

Bill of exchange, 234, 365, 394, 405 on alienation of land, 282
Bill of indictment, 546 on bailment, 421
Bill of lading, 405 on conditional gifts, 292–3
Bill of Middlesex, 46, 48, 49–50, 53 on contract suits, 339
Bill procedure on corporations, 213
origins of, 46–50 on coverture, 522
in Chancery, 109 on descent and purchase, 282
in council, 106 on finders, 413
in King’s Bench, 47–54 on incidents of tenure, 258 n. 82
in parliament, 218–19 on inheritance, 282–3, 286
Billa vera, 546 on jury, 82
Birds, ownership of, 406, 407–8 on lease for years, 318
Birmingham, Warw, Queen’s College, 182 on personal property, 404, 406
Bishop. See Apostolic succession; Ecclesiastical on pleading, 84
courts; Ordinary; Pope on remainders, 295
Black Death, 69, 326, 354 on seisin, 248, 260 n. 95
Blackstone, Henry (d. 1801, barrister I.T.), law on servitudes, 451
reporter, 195 on theft, 415–16
Blackstone, Sir William (1723–80, prof. of law, on villeinage, 245, 325–6, 502, 503
JCP 1770–80) on waiver of property, 413
Commentaries, 201–2 on wild animals, 406
lectures, 181–2, 229 on words of limitation, 282
‘medieval castle’ metaphor, 226 on writs, 62
on directness of ‘force’, 439–40 Bradshaw, John (d. 1660, judge of the Sheriffs’
on freedom of press, 512 Court, regicide), 395 n. 60
on legal continuity, 226–7 Bramwell, George William Wilshere (1808–92,
on legislation, 224 Baron Bramwell), 234 n. 195, 444
on libel and slander, 475 Branding, 556
on master and servant, 492 Breach of confidence, 486 n. 42
on money had and received, 400 Breach of faith, 139
on ‘real’ and ‘personal’, 317 n. 2 Breach of promise of marriage, 518
on writs, 67 Bread, monopoly of baking, 480, 481 n. 11
Blasphemy, 512 Breaking bulk, 576
Blinding Brehons, 36, 39
as a misdemeanour, 573 n. 82 Brett, William Baliol (1815–99, Viscount Esher,
as a punishment, 552, 573 MR 1883–97), 123
Blood, corruption of, 137 n. 15. See also Forfeiture Brevia Placitata, 197 n. 54
Blood-feud, 4–5, 6, 541, 542 n. 12 Bridgman, Sir Orlando (d. 1674, CJCP 1660–68,
Boleyn, Anne. See Anne Boleyn LK 1667–72), 44
Bond Bristol Tolzey Court, 30 n. 75
chose in action, 405 Britton, treatise called, 186
conditional, 33, 110, 345–7 Bromley, Sir Thomas (d. 1555, CJKB), on
debt on, 345–7 principals in second degree, 567
to perform covenant, 342 Brooke, Sir Robert (d. 1558, CJCP 1554–8),
Bookland, 242 abridgment, 185, 196
Books. See Copyright; Legal literature; Brougham, Henry Peter (1778–1868, 1st Baron
Libraries; Printing; Reports of cases; Brougham and Vaux, LC 1830–4)
Treatises; Year books law reform and, 230
Borough English, 285 on courts of law, 58
Boroughs and cities, 10 on railways, 384
courts of, 30, 113 serjeants at law, and, 174 n. 38
customs, 32 Browne, Thomas (fl. 1442, prothonotary),
elections in, 158–9 359, 360
reform of, 159 Bryan, Sir Thomas (1471–1500), 52 n. 47, 178, 422
See also London Bryt, John (fl. 1405, law reporter), 190, 203
Botany Bay (in Sydney, New South Wales), 558 Buggery, 573
Bougiers, 108 Builders, 446. See also Carpenters
Boulogne, France, 36 Building, when annexed to realty, 405
Bows and arrows Buller, Francis (1746–1800, JKB 1778–94, JCP
accidents with, 429, 430, 431 1794–1800), 373, 441
fictional, 68 n. 43 Bulstrode, Edward (d. 1659, Welsh judge), 194
Bracton, Henry de (d. 1268, JKB 1247–57), 186 Bunyan, John (1628–88), his Pilgrim’s Progress, 485
Bracton, treatise called, 64, 185–7, 188, 208 Burgage tenure, 32 n. 90, 275 n. 47
cases in, 208 Burglary, 574–5
 Index603

Burial Capital punishment. See under Death

expenses of, 400 Care. See under Negligence
mortuary present, 140 n. 38 Carpenters, 354, 356, 359, 360
shroud, ownership of, 140 n. 38, 413 Carriers, 383, 423 n. 132, 442 n. 92, 586–7
Burning Caryll, John (d. 1523, sjt at law), 190, 192, 193
death by, 138, 510, 570 n. 59, 573 Case, actions on the
in the hand, 7, 556 compared with Chancery subpoena, 47, 51,
property, 429 n. 13, 434, 573. See also Fire 386 n. 2
Burrow, Sir James (d. 1782, law reporter), 194 development of, 51, 69–71, 75, 76, 350
Buzones, 29 for what things
Bye-laws, 225, 481, 483 breach of covenant, 350–63
breach of trust, 269, 386 n. 2
C conversion, 423–5
Cabinet, chief justice serving in, 180 deceit (q.v.)
Cadwallon, king of Britain, 36 disturbances, 460–1
Caesar, Sir Julius (1558–1636, MR 1614–36), 117, 129 enticement, 491
Calais, Picardy, 36 n. 113 failure to repair, 453
Callidus nebulo, 531 infringing copyright, 485–6
Callings infringing patents, 482–3, 484
negligent exercise of, 357, 443 interfering with employment, 489–97
slander in respect of, 468 interfering with goods, 420–6
Cambridge University interfering with trade, 460
dialectical teaching, 199 marrying plaintiff ’s villein, 504 n. 37
Downing chair, 181 n. 78, 182 money owed, 363–8
law teaching, 34, 136, 141, 181 negligence, 436, 437–40
mandamus against, 159 nuisance, 452–5
money laid out by tutor, 399 n. 87 passing off, 488–9
Cambridge, Cambs, 549 n. 56, 594–5 words, 467–70
Cambridge, Massachusetts. See Harvard instead of older actions. See under Double
Canada, married women’s property law, 525 remedies; Forms of action (overlapping)
Canon law motions in banc and, 91
advocacy, 165 wager of law in, 70, 81
bastardy, 528–9 See also Assumpsit; Deceit
benefit of clergy, 137, 555, 570 Case law. See Precedent; Reports of cases
bigami, 555 Case stated
causa, 243 n. 8, 343, 361 civil, 92
Chancery and, 111, 115 criminal, 149, 153, 160, 564
Corpus juris canonici, 135 Castle-guard, 245
common law and, 137–40, 528 Castration, as punishment, 573
defamation, 139, 465, 471 Casual ejector, 322 n. 32
denunciatio evangelica, 111 Casus placitorum, 197 n. 54
dispensations, 531, 534 Catalla, 404
divorce, 529–32 Catherine. See Katharine
doctors of (q.v.) Catlyn, Sir Robert (d. 1574, CJKB 1559–74), 157
evidence, 520 Causa, 343, 361, 404 n. 9
jus commune, 33 n. 98 Causation
marriage, 517–20, 529–32 in assumpsit, 433 n. 30
novel disseisin and, 253 n. 58 in tort, 429, 430, 444
ordeals, 8 Cause of action, 53, 96, 99, 361, 400, 404 n. 8,
pacts, 344 n. 37 591 n. 21. See also Forms of action
procedure, 111, 120, 151 n. 37, 253 n. 58 Caveat emptor, 353, 380–2, 487
profession in religion, 501 Cecil, William (1520–98, Lord Burghley, lord
purgation, 554 treasurer), 481, 507, 511, 550 n. 65, 507
scope of, 137–9 Celtic custom, 3
systematization of, 17, 135 Certiorari, 159–60, 552, 562, 588–9
taught in universities, 165, 180, 181 Cessavit, 257
tenure, 243 n. 8 Cestui que use, 269. See also Uses
usury, 330 n. 97 Cestui que vie, 284
Canterbury, province of, 136 Challenge of jurors, 146 n. 5, 549 n. 53, 550
archbishop, 521 Chalmers, Sir Mackenzie Dalzell (1847–1927),
Canute. See Cnut 234, 382
Capias Chambers, Sir Robert (1737–1803, Vinerian Prof),
capias ad respondendum, 49–50, 54, 72, 74, 156, 202 n. 79
586–7 Champion, 252
capias ad satisfaciendum (ca. sa.), 74 , 588–9 Chance medley, 571, 572
604 Index

Chancellor (of diocese), 136 Charters, royal, 12–13, 64 n. 25, 107, 156, 216,
Chancellor, Lord, 107–8 217–18. See also under Company
appointment of judiciary by, 179 Chastity, vow of, 532
burdens imposed on, 120 Chattels, 318
legal training, 115, 117 n. 72 chattels personal, 403–26
reduction in status (2006), 179 chattels real, 317
Chancellor’s foot, Selden and, 118, 119 dangerous, 444
Chancery, 107–8 estates in, 322, 414–15
clearing-house for other institutions, 109 seizure without action, 403, 407
clerks of, 47, 108, 121, 169 settlement of use of, 322–3, 415
treason by, 570 villeins as, 503
clerk of the Crown, 108 See also Personal property
cursitors, 47, 108, 187 n. 13 Chaud mêlée, 571
masters in, 61–2, 108, 121 Chelmsford, Essex, 8 n. 17, 105
rolls of, 108 Chester, county palatine, 31
Chancery, High Court of Chevage, 503
accounts in, 389 n. 22, 390, 391, 401 n. 102 Children
appeals from, 151–2 custody of, 158, 536. See also Wardship
bills in, 109 legal status, 499. See also Bastardy; Infancy
business of, 112–14 reasonable parts, 411
commission of review, 151 trust for unthrifty son, 311
common law and, 46–7 Chirograph, of fine, 302
contract suits in, 51, 341, 348 Chivalry, High Court of, 132
copyhold protected in, 327 Choses in action, 404–5
copyright cases, 485 assignment of, 105 n. 4, 404
corpus cum causa, 113 trusts as, 328–9
cursus cancellariae, 118, 310 Christian, Edward (d. 1823, Downing Prof.),
delays in, 120–1 181 n. 78
equity (q.v.) Church. See Canon law; Chantries; Clergy; Divorce;
English side, 109–10 Ecclesiastical courts; Excommunication;
evidence in, 110–11 Marriage; Reformation
extraterritorial jurisdiction, 131 n., 34 Church of England, 141–2
King’s Bench and, 109 Churches
Latin side, 108–9 parson’s freehold, 461
leases and, 320 pews, 461
local courts, jurisdiction over, 113 robbery in, 556
mischiefs (practical defects) of, 120–2 See also Advowson; Sanctuary
mortgages and, 332–3 Circuit Judge, tenure of, 180
patent disputes, 484 Circuit system. See Assizes; Eyres; Nisi prius
procedure, 111–12, 120–2 Circumspecte agatis, 138
relations with other courts, 46–7, 116–18, 155, 157 Cities. See Boroughs and cities; London
relator action for injunction, 463 Civil law. See Roman law
relief against penalties, 346–7 Civil Procedure Rules, 102
reports of cases in, 118–19, 194 Civil war, allegiance during, 568
review of urban courts, 113 Civil War (1642–51), 130, 171, 227–8, 311, 395, 483
sworn clerks in court, 108 Claim form, 102
tort cases, 113, 119 Clandestine marriages, 518, 519–21
trial of fact, 94, 122 Clarendon, Lord. See Hyde, Edward
uses and trusts in, 113, 270 Clergy
Chancery Bar, 119, 124 as counsel, 165–6
Chancery Court of York, 136 criminal responsibility. See Benefit of clergy
Chancery Division, 123, 124 laying violent hands on, 139
Channel Islands, 35–6, 151 women as, 500 n. 9, 555
Chantries See also Advowson; Bishops; Chaplains; Churches;
failure to maintain chaplain, 436 n. 53 Tithes
failure to sing, 354 Clifford’s Inn, 170 n. 20
Chapel Royal, dean of, 129 Cnut (d. 1035, king of England), 5, 12, 542,
Chaplains. See Chantries 570 n. 63
Charging orders, 74 Cock-fighting, 463 n. 78
Charitable trusts, 309 Code Civil, Code Napoleon, 232
Charles I (1600–49, king of England), 508–9 Codes, Anglo-Saxon, 4–5, 10, 12
Charles II (1630–85, king of England), restoration Codification, 231–5
of, 228 n. 161, 229 Coif, 167
Charterparties, 133, 375 n. 42 Coining, 550 n. 64, 570
 Index605

Coke, Sir Edward (1552–1634, CJCP 1606–13, CJKB Commercial law, 93, 202, 373. See also Law merchant
1613–16) Commissions, judicial, 20
abridgments, on, 196 n. 48, 232 new forms disallowed, 105
administrative law, 154–5 of assize judges, 24, 25
appeals, 145 of peace, 28
Bacon and, 178, 367, 512 n. 90 of rebellion, 112 n. 38
Booke of Entries, 188 of review, 151
certainty in law, 307 of sequestration, 112
Chancery, 117–18, 155 tenure under, 180
Court of Requests, 129 n. 22 to deliver possession, 113
codification, 232 to try Chancery cases, 120
conciliar courts, 130 Commixtio bonorum, 407
copyhold, 327 Commixtio sexuum, 517
courts of equity, 105–6, 130 Commodum, 267, 456
dangers of innovation, 206, 211, 227 Common, rights of, 255, 452
defamation actions, 471 n. 49 Common callings. See Callings; Carriers
discretion, on, 154, 162, 224 Common counts, 369–70. See also under
dismissal, 117, 178 Indebitatus assumpsit
Ellesmere and, 117, 155 Common employment, doctrine of, 443–4, 445
formalism, 94 Common informers, 547
habeas corpus, 130, 157, 508 Common injunction. See under Injunction
heresy, 511 Common law, 33–4
High Commission, 142 n. 50, 155 development of, 207–14
Institutes, 200 geographical reach of, 33–41
James I and, 41, 105, 178, 512 n. 90 immutability of, 3, 206–7
judicial independence, 178 origins of, 16–25
King’s Bench supervisory jurisdiction, 154, 155, 161 relationship with canon law, 46–7, 137–40
law reform, 206, 211 relationship with custom, 17, 29, 31–2, 285 n. 29
legislation, 162, 223–4 relationship with legislation, 17, 33 n. 98, 162,
liberty of subject, 509 185, 217, 221–5, 231, 233–4
Magna Carta, 130, 157, 217, 225, 508, 510 relationship with equity, 114 n. 55, 115 n. 59, 116,
mandamus, 158 162–3, 215
marriage of, 520 Common learning, 171, 209, 303 n. 27, 563
minority decisions, 148 Common nuisance. See Public nuisance
monopolies, 483 Common pleas, 22–3, 45
natural justice, 223–4 in Exchequer, 55
parliamentary supremacy, 221 in Ireland, 39
perpetuities, 306, 307 in King’s Bench, 47–54
praemunire, 117 not to follow king, 22–3
prerogative courts, 130, 155, 162 trespasses as, 70
prerogative writs, 157, 163 Common Pleas (or Common Bench), Court of,
prohibitions 130, 155 22–3
readings, 171 abolition, 58
Reports, 194, 306 n. 45, 367, 417 n. 103 bar of. See Serjeants at law
royal prerogatives, 154, 508 conservatism, 47–8, 52–3
Roman law, 41 crib (pecunes), 168
Scotland, proposed union with, 41 jurisdiction, 44–5, 57
Shelley’s Case, 306 officers, 45
Slade’s Case, 367, 369, 371 clerk of the juries, 357
speaker of the Commons, 508, 511 filazers and exigenters, 45, 71, 460
specific performance, 130 prothonotaries, 52
torture, 510 relations with King’s Bench, 52–4, 150, 365–8,
uses, 328 424–5, 454
wager of law, 371 students in, 168
Collateral warranty, 301 Common recovery, 301–2
College of Doctors of Law, 180 falsification by termor, 320
College of Justice, in Scotland, 40 in manorial court, 327
Colonies rise of uses and, 272
appeals from, 151 Common scold, 546 n. 40
slavery in, 515 Common vouchee, 301
Combinations, unlawful, 494, 495. See also Trade Commonplace books, 195
unions Commons, House of. See House of Commons
Commendation, 11 Commonwealth period. See Interregnum
Commercial Court, 99 Communal justice, 6–10
606 Index

Company See also Administrative law; Due process; King;

bye-laws of, 481, 483 Legislation; Liberty; Parliament; Royal
formed by charter, 214, 482, 483–4 prerogative; Rule of law; Separation of
joint-stock company with limited liability, 215 powers; and under Judges (tenure of)
legal nature. See Corporation Construction. See Interpretation
shares, 405 Consultation, 138
Compensation culture, 449–50 Consumer protection, 382, 383, 446, 449.
Competition. See Trade See also Sale of goods
Compurgation Contempt of court
ecclesiastical, 554 as crime, 552
lay. See Wager of law as tort, 466
Comyns, Sir John (d. 1740, CBEx 1738–40), Digest, Contingent remainders. See under Remainders
196, 440–1 Continual claim, 256
Conciliar jurisdiction. Contra pacem clause, 68
See Admiralty; Chivalry; King’s Contract
Council; Privy Council; Regional Chancery jurisdiction, 51, 341, 348
conciliar courts change in meaning of, 338–9
Concubinage, 519, 522 n. 27 compared with property, 243–4, 247–9, 257,
Condictiones, 401 409–10, 416–17, 492
Condition compared with tort, 338, 350, 363, 427
conditional bond, 345–6 debt on, 343–5
of contract, 380, 382, 398 discharge, 398, 401
of feoffment, 269, 330 duress, economic, 384
of gift of land, 292. See also Entails elaboration of law, 372–5
to prevent barring the entail, 302–3 exclusion clauses, 383–4
Condonation and conduct conducing, 532, 536 feudal tenure as, 243–4, 247–9
Confession and avoidance, 85 freedom of contract, 231, 383
Confidence, breach of, 486 n. 42 frustration, 346, 398, 401
Conflict of laws fundamental breach, 384
as to slavery, 514 illegality, 398
as to marriage, 522 implied in law, 386
canon law and common law, 138–9, 141, 528 implied promises and terms, 380–2
Conquest, law and, 5 n. 9, 15, 36 n. 113, 37, 242–3 inducing or procuring breach of, 491–2, 496
See also Norman conquest intent to be bound, 375
Consanguinity, 519, 530 joint contractors, 399
Conscience mandamus to enforce, 159
arbitrariness of, 274 mistake, 373
common recovery and, 301–2 offer and acceptance, 373
in Chancery, 114–15 part performance, 372
law and, 111 privity, 375–8
Consideration rescission, 388, 389, 398, 401
attempts to rationalize, 374–5 standard forms, 383–4
failure of, 388, 389, 398, 401 terms of, 378–84
in assumpsit, 360, 361–3 unified law of, 369
in assumpsit for negligence, 421 See also Assumpsit; Consideration; Covenant;
in bailment, 421 Debt; Sale
in money counts, 365, 366 Contribution, between sureties and contractors,
in tort, 361 n. 75 399
mutual promises, 362–3 Contributory negligence. See under Negligence
negotiable instruments and, 394 Conversion
privity and, 376, 377–8 actions on case for, 423–5
to raise a use, 270, 275, 324 n. 50 by bailee, 422–3
Consistory courts, 136, 142 by mere detainer, 424–5
Consortium, 491 fraudulent, 577
Conspiracy mixed with assumpsit, 363–4
by husband and wife, 523 n. 35 of chattels, 422–5
crime of, 466 of money, 363–4, 390–1
tort of, 466, 492–4 Conveyancing
treasonable, 569 n. 50 bargain and sale enrolled, 276–7
Constable of England, 131–2 common recovery (q.v.)
Constables, 28, 158 creation of fee, 280, 283
Constitution deed to lead uses, 302
general principles, 180 n. 70 fraudulent conveyances, 268
unwritten, 216 lawyers should not do their own, 303 n. 29
 Index607

lease and release, 324–5 slander of, 468

manorial, 328 See also Bar (profession); Legal profession
modes of (table), 337 Count (declaration, narratio), 83, 167
perpetuity clauses, 264, 302–3, 306–7 multiple counts, 96, 379, 381, 397
registered title, 228 specimen entry, 593–4
trusts and, 311, 328 Counterclaim, 33, 99
‘upstart and wild provisoes’, 306 Counterfeiting, 488, 570
uses and, 271, 276–7 Counters (narratores), 166
words of limitation, 292, 306 County (shire), 12, 19, 23–4, 26–7, 29
See also Final concord; Livery of abolition of old county court, 27
­seisin; Mortgages; Settlements appeals of felony in, 544
Coparcenary, 285, 287–8 ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 136
Copyhold, 31, 317, 325–8 origins, 9–10
alienation of, 267, 326, 328 trespass in, 68
ejectment and, 327 County councils, 160 n. 106
entails of, 326, 327 County Courts (1846), 31
Copyright, 485–7 divorce jurisdiction, 537 n. 115
Coram rege. See Chancery; Exchequer; King’s County palatine. See Palatinates
Bench Court
Cornage, 245 concept of, 21 n. 32
Coronation oath, 10, 106, 541 n. 6 distinguished from individual judges, 100,
Coroner 145, 210
abjuration before, 553 See also Motions in banc
appeals of felony, 544, 594–5 Court for Crown Cases Reserved, 149, 564
indictment before, 546 Court for Divorce and Matrimonial Causes.
inquisition super visum corporis, 546, 571 See Divorce court
process to, 146 n. 5 Court of Admiralty. See Admiralty, High Court of
seizure of deodand, 412, 571 Court of Appeal, 150 n. 27, 152–3
seizure of treasure trove, 413 precedent in, 211–12
Corporal punishment, 552 Court of Appeal in Chancery, 151
Corporation Court of Arches, 136
as trustee, 329 Court of Chancery. See Chancery, High Court of
charters, 482, 483 Court of Chivalry. See Chivalry, High Court of
corporations sole, 214 Court of Common Pleas. See Common Pleas (or
fictional concept, 213–14 Common Bench)
leases by, 284 Court of Criminal Appeal, 150
process against, 54 Court of Delegates. See Delegates, Court of
See also Company; Monasteries; Mortmain Court of Exchequer. See Exchequer, Court of
Corporeal hereditaments, 325, 336 Court of King’s Bench. See King’s Bench, Court of
Corpus cum causa, 113, 157 Court of Justice of the European Union, 212
Corpus Juris Canonici, 135, 232. Court of Requests. See Requests, Court of
See also Canon Law Court of Session, 40, 41
Cosinage, writ of, 254 n. 64 Court of Wards and Liveries, 229
Costs, 73, 92, 101 Court-hand, 94–5
awarded to defendants, 49 n. 29, 73 n. 77 Covenant
in Chancery, 122 assumpsit described as, 351, 352
in Church courts, 467 bond to perform, 342
in criminal case, 547 compared with debt, 343, 369
nominal, 437 covenant to stand seised to uses, 275, 324 n. 50
prolixity punished by, 99 meaning of, 338, 340, 350–2
taxation of, 92 misrepresentation described as, 352
Council, king’s. See King’s council warranty and, 248 n. 33, 352
Council Chamber, Court of, 147 Covenant, action of, 339–42, 369
Council in the Marches, 129–30 disablement from performance, 342, 358
Council in the North Parts, 129 for misfeasance, 340, 342
Council in the West, 129 on a warranty, 353
Council of Law Reporting, 195 parol evidence in, 340–1
Council of Legal Education, 182 specimen writ, 582–3
Counsel Coventry, Sir John (fl. 1670), his nose, 573 n. 83
forgery by, 465 n. 3 Coverture, 522. See also Husband and
in criminal cases, 550, 551 wife; Marriage
malfeasance by, 358 Cowper, Henry (1758–1840, barrister M.T.), law
nonfeasance by, 357 reporter, 194
opinions of, 173 Cranach, Burchard (d. 1578, inventor), 482
608 Index

Cranmer, Thomas (1489–1556, Archbishop of Curia claudenda. See De curia claudenda

Canterbury 1533–56), 533, 534, 535 Curia Marescalli, 132
Cranworth, Lord. See Rolfe, Robert Monsey Curia Regis, 20–2, 165, 166
Crewe, Sir Ranulph (1558–1646, CJKB 1625–6), 178 legislation in, 218, 219
Crib (where apprentices stood in the Bench), 168 Cursitor Baron, 56
Criminal appeals, 149–50 Cursitors, 47, 108, 187 n. 13
Criminal conversation (crim. con.), action for, Curtesy, tenancy by, 290–1, 523
491, 535 Custody
Criminal damage to property, 573–4 of goods, compared with possession, 415, 576
Criminal jurisdiction, 12, 45 of heirs. See Wardship
assizes and quarter sessions, 20, 24, 25, 28–9 of land, holding ad opus, 267
Church courts, 138, 510–11 Customs
Common Pleas, 45 ancient, 3
gaol delivery (q.v.) bilocal, 394
justices of peace (q.v.) borough, 10, 32
King’s Bench, 45–6 city. See under London
sheriffs, 26, 28 local, 31–2, 39
Star Chamber, 128 as to ancient lights, 456–7
Criminal law as to beer for hundred beadle, 436 n. 53
compared with tort, 540–1 as to devising land, 275 n. 47, 282 n. 14, 308
concept of crime, 465, 540–2 as to imprisonment, 105
development of, 540, 562–4 as to market overt, 410
digest of, 234 as to privacy, 459 n. 43
equity in, 128 as to testation, 411 n. 62
inchoate offences, 128, 567 as to trademarks, 488 nn. 56–7
mens rea, 564–5, 566–7 as to trading by wife, 523
moral responsibility, 564–7 reasonableness, 31, 105
treatises on, 563 See also under London
Criminal libel, 128, 465 n. 3, 475–6, 512 manorial and tenurial
Criminal procedure, 540–52 as to alienation, 282
abjuration, 548, 553 as to copyhold tenure, 326
arraignment, 549–50 as to heirlooms, 405
depositions, 551 as to incidents of tenure, 260–1
discharge by proclamation, 550 as to inheritance, 249–50
indictment (q.v.) as to monopolies, 480
information, 546–7 as to villeins, 503
pleading, 88, 540, 562 assumpsit to recover customary fine, 393–4
record, specimen of, 594–7 changed by consent, 285
representation by counsel, 550, 551 mercantile, 30, 32 n. 94, 373, 394, 513
standing mute of malice, 549 realm, of, 435, 436, 438
summary proceedings, 551–2 Customs and services, writ of, 257
trial procedure, 547–52 Custos brevium, 45
wager of law, 547 Cut-purse, 575 n. 100
See also Appeal of felony; Benefit of
clergy; Grand Jury; Jury, trial D
by; Pardon; Police function Dacre, Lord. See Fiennes
Cromwell, Oliver (1598–1658, lord protector), 308 Dalison, William (d. 1559, JQB 1556–59), reports,
Cromwell, Sir Thomas (d. 1540, latterly earl of 193, 563
Essex), 274, 507 Damage, special. See Special damage
Crown Damages
clerk of, 108 aggravated and exemplary, 470, 472, 491, 505–6
crown jewels, 405 altered by the court, 92
demise of, 179 economic loss, 442, 447
descent of, 285, 286, 287 n. 34 for lost opportunity, 361
fiction or metaphor, 213 for nervous shock, 446
pleas of the. See Criminal jurisdiction;  for wasted expenditure, 490
Criminal law in actions of trespass, 6, 431 n. 22
proceedings against, 163 in assumpsit for money, 366, 367
See also King; Royal prerogative in Chancery, 123
Crown Cases Reserved, Court for, 141, 142, 151 in Church courts, 467
Crown Court (1971), 59 in Star Chamber, 128
Crown Office List, 161 nominal, 437
Cruelty, matrimonial, 532, 536 remoteness, 373, 446, 449
Cui in vita, writ of entry, 255 treble, 284
 Index609

Damnum absque injuria, 272, 466, 479, 493 Decretals, 135, 232, 517
Danby, Sir Robert (CJCP 1462–71), 179 n. 64 Dedimus potestatem, 112
Danelaw, 5, 16 Deed, 343
Darnel, Sir Thomas (d. 1640?), 508 conveyances by, 277, 324–5
Darrein presentment, assize of, 253 displaces need for consideration, 369 n. 1
Davies, Sir John (1569–1626, sjt at law), 39, 206 evidential function, 340–1, 346, 354
De apostata capiendo, 501 n. 19 for small matters, 340, 352
De bonis asportatis. See under Trespass gift of chattels by, 409
De curia claudenda, 451, 453 mutilation of, 422
De ejectione firmae. See Ejectment priority of specialty debts, 347 n. 56
De homine replegiando, 505, 506, 514 title-deeds, 256, 333 n. 118, 418
De leproso amovendo, 470 See also Bond; Indenture
De libertate probanda, 504 n. 33 Deer, stealing, 576
De nativo habendo (naifty), 504, 505, 580–1 Defamation
De odio et atia, 544 action on the case for, 467–70
De partitione facienda, 288 by conduct, 476
De rationabili parte bonorum, 411, 523 compared with injurious falsehood, 487
De re adirata, 416, 419 compared with passing off, 488
Death ecclesiastical jurisdiction over, 139, 143, 465–6,
as cause of action, 439, 445–6, 490 467, 469, 473 n. 63
penalty of, 552–3, 554–60 fair comment, 477
survival of causes of action on, 368, 427 injurious falsehood and, 487
See also Homicide; Inheritance innuendo, 474
Death duties and settlements, 315 justification, 474–5
Debt libel and slander, 475–7
arrangement to discharge, 376–7 mitior sensus doctrine, 471–2
as a wrong, 67, 363 privilege, 474–5, 477
assumpsit for, 363–8 publication, 474
compared with covenant, 343, 369 special damage, 468, 470, 473, 474, 476
discharge by satisfaction, 343 n. 34 words spoken lightly, 470–1
effect of death, 347–8, 368 See also Libel; Scandalum magnatum; Slander
imprisonment for, 74 of title
non-contractual owing, 370, 393–4 Default, judgment by, 72
Debt, action of, 342–7 Defence, formal, 83–4, 427 n. 1
compared with assumpsit, 364 Degrees (steps in an claim), 255
compared with covenant, 343 Degrees of kindred and affinity, 531
compared with detinue, 410, 416 Degrees of learning, 170
for fungibles, 342 Delays
for money in Chancery, 120–1
customary duty, 393 in common-law litigation, 72, 146
on account stated, 344, 389 Delegated legislation, 225–6
on bill of exchange, 394 Delegates, Court of, 141, 142, 151
in lieu of account, 388, 389 Demand, distinguished from plaint, 64
in the detinet, 405–6, 410 Demesne, holding in, 244, 279, 281
on a bond, 345–7 Demurrer
on a contract, 343–5 abolition of, 98, 99
on a record, 393 risky, 86 n. 43, 90, 356
shortcomings, 347–8, 363 to evidence, 91, 363
specimen writ, 582–3 to pleading, 84–5, 86
substantive law stunted in, 89, 344–5 Denmark, juries in, 548
Deceit Denning, Alfred Thompson (1899–1999, Baron
alleged in actions on the case Denning, MR 1962–82)
for assumpsit, 357–8, 363, 364, 365 bold spirits and timid souls, 211
for conversion, 363, 423 constructive trust, 334
for nuisance, 454 fundamental breach, 384
for words, 468 justice and law, 210 n. 26
fraudulent conversion, 577 law and equity, 124
fraudulent misrepresentation, 379 privity of contract, 378
Deceit, action on the case for, 352–3, 487, 488 statutory interpretation, 224
Deceit, writ of, 68 n. 40 Denunciatio evangelica, 111
Decision-making. See Discretion; Majority Deodand, 412–13, 445
Decisiones rotae, 136 Deontology, 229
Declaration. See Count Deportation, 158
Declaration of right, 161 Deposit, of goods, 421
610 Index

Depositions, 102, 112 Distringas, 72

Deraignment, of monk, 501 distringas juratores, 73
Dereliction. See Waiver Disturbances, 460–1
Desertion, as ground for divorce, 536, 538 Divine service, tenure by, 245
Despenser, Hugh le (d. 1265, Justiciar of Divisional Courts, 152, 153, 161, 211
England), 19 Divorce, 491
Detinue, action of, 416–20 action for abetting, 490 n. 75
abolition of, 76, 426 by consent, 537–8
by buyer of goods, 409–10 decree nisi, 537
compared with conversion, 424–5 judicial separation, 532, 536
compared with debt, 342, 410, 416 restitution of goods on, 523
compared with trespass, 420 types of
detinue as tort, 426 n. 157 a mensa et thoro, 532
for title-deeds, 256 a vinculo matrimonii, 529–31
mixed action, 404 causa castitatis, 532
on a bailment, 341, 356 n. 40, 417–18 statutory, 534–5, 536–8
on a devenerunt, 418–19 Divorce Court, 536
on a loss and finding (sur trover), 419 Dock brief, 551 n. 69
revival, 426 Doctor. See Medical negligence; Surgeon
shortcomings, 419–20 Doctor and Student. See St German
specificatio and, 422 Doctors of law, 141
specimen writ, 582–3 Doctors’ Commons, 180–1
Devenerunt ad manus in Chancery, 114
count in action on the case, 423 in royal courts, 140
count in detinue, 418 Dodderidge, Sir John (1555–1628, JKB 1612–28),
Devise and legacy 308
executory devises, 305–6, 323 Doe, John (fictional character), 53 n. 52, 321
legacy as a trust, 386 n. 2 Dogs, liability for, 435
of chattels real, 323 Doige, Mrs (Jane, widow of William Dogge), 358–9
of land, 215, 268–9, 273, 276 Domesday Survey, 80, 162 n. 115, 242–3, 502
customs as to, 275 n. 47, 282 n. 14, 308 Domestic relationships, interference with, 489–92
Diamonds not larcenable, 575 Doom, 12
Dicey, Albert Venn (1835–1922, Vinerian Prof.), Dominium, 241, 248
203, 230 Double pleading, 96
Dickens, Charles John Huffam (1812–70, novelist) Double remedies, rule against, 355, 364, 367,
on Chancery, 120, 124 n. 107 453–4
on Doctors’ Commons, 181 Douglas, Sylvester (1743–1833, barrister L.I., Baron
on husband and wife, 522 Glenbervie), law reporter, 194
on parties as witnesses, 99 Dower, 289–90, 322, 519, 524, 530, 532
Diem clausit extremum, 108 abolition of, 290
Dies non juridici, 73 ex assensu patris, deed needed, 341
Dignities, 336 informal marriages and, 518 n. 4, 520
ensigns of honour, 405 of chattels, 289 n. 45
See also Knights; Peers trusts and, 290, 329
Dilatory plea, 84 n. 34 Dower, writ of right of, 322
Discontinuance Dowry, 259, 291
of action, by negligence, 357 Draco’s laws, 569
of estate, 284, 295 Drake, Sir Francis (d. 1596, admiral), 132
Discovery of documents, 101, 102, 112 Driving. See Motor vehicles; Running-down
Discretion, 154 accidents
‘incertain and crooked cord’ of, 224 Druids, 3, 36
Disparagement of ward, 261 Drunkenness, 565
Dispensation, ecclesiastical, 531, 534 Dublin, Ireland, 38–9
Disseisin Duchy Chamber, 30 n. 80, 131
accountability of disseisor, 388, 395–6 Duck-decoy, 493
changes in meaning, 248, 250, 253, 256 Due process of law, 60, 66, 105–6, 121, 126, 506
compared with nuisance, 451 Dum fuit infra aetatem, 255
emblements for disseisor, 407 Dum non fuit compos mentis, 255
See also Novel disseisin; Seisin Dung, 405
Dissenters, 142 Duress, economic, 384
Dissolution. See under Monasteries Durham, county palatine of, 31
Distraint, distress Dyer, Sir James (1512–82, CJCP 1559–82), 192,
of chattels, 248, 257, 258, 319, 416 470, 471
on third party, 257, 397, 400 posthumous slander of, 476 n. 83
 Index611

E Golden Speech, 482

Ealdorman, 5, 6, 9 legitimacy of, 533, 534
Earl Marshal of England, 131–2 outlaws, 72 n. 72
Earnest money, 372, 409 restricts speech in the Commons, 508, 511
Easements, 334, 456–7 Ellenborough, Lord. See Law, Edward
East India Company, 482, 483 Ellesmere, Lord. See Egerton, Thomas
Ecclesia, different meanings of, 213 Elopement, 490, 522 n. 26
Ecclesia Anglicana, 141 Embezzlement, 576–7
Ecclesiastical courts, 135–44 Emblements, 326, 407
damages and costs in, 467 Emergency powers, 513 n. 101
powers of punishment, 138, 510–11 Enclosure of common, 454
prohibitions to, 138 Enemies, alien, 417, 569
spiritual matters Engagement to marry, 518
alimony, 526, 532, 536 England, kingdom of, 5
bastardy (q.v.) English bill jurisdictions, 54, 66
benefices, 138, 139 See also Chancery; Conciliar courts
contract, 348 English language
criminous clerks, 137–8. See also Benefit of law reports in, 194
clergy legal proceedings in, 95, 109
defamation, 139, 143, 465–6, 467, 469, English Reports, 193
473 n. 63 Englishry, 570 n. 63
marriage and divorce, 517 Engrossing, 479 n. 2
succession to movables, 411–12 Enrichissement illégitime, 401
uses, 270 Enrolments of sales of land, 276–7, 324
Economic loss, 356, 442, 447, 454, 461, 468, Entails, 292–4
473, 493, 495. See also Trade abolition of, 315
Economic torts, 479–98 barring of. See Common recovery; Final concord
injurious falsehood, 487 chattels and, 415
intimidation and conspiracy, 492–7 copyhold and, 326, 327
loss of services, 489–90 durability of, 299–303
passing off, 489 feodum talliatum, 292
Eden, William (1744–1814, barrister M.T., Baron leases and, 323
Auckland), 202 origin, 292–3
Edward the Confessor (d. 1066, king of England), perpetuity clauses, 300, 302–3, 306–7
5–6 proposed abolition (1529), 273 n. 37
Edward the Elder (d. 925, king of Wessex), 11 tenancy after possibility, 298
Edward I (d. 1307, king of England), 37 tenant in tail holds of the reversioner, 263 n. 111
Egerton, Thomas (d. 1617, Baron Ellesmere, LC uses and, 303, 304–5
1603–17) Enticement, action for
Chancery jurisdiction, 114–15, 117 by husband, 491
Coke, quarrels with, 117, 155 by master, 489, 492 n. 88
ejectment, 321 Entries, books of, 188
entails, 302 Entries of pleadings, specimen, 592–3
executors’ liability, 368 Entry, right of, 256
parliament, 221, 223 tolled by descent cast, 322
solicitors, denigration of, 172 Entry, writs of, 254–5, 295
statute law, 223 specimen writ, 582–3
trusts, 328 Equity
Ejectment, 54, 318 attendancy of terms, 324
by copyholder, 327 equitable estoppel, 360, 372
by freeholder, 320–2 equitable remedies, 113, 121
land recovered in, 319–20 equity of redemption, 332–3
mesne process unnecessary, 227 n. 154, 321 fusion with law, 122–3, 228
specimen writ, 584–5 hardening of, 119
Eldon, Lord. See Scott, John in action of account, 387 n. 4, 388
Elections in Chancery, 114–16
municipal, 158–9 in common law, 114 n. 55, 115 n. 59, 116, 215,
parliamentary, 27, 159, 333, 461 347 n. 51 and 53
Elegit, 74 in criminal law, 128
Elizabeth I (1533–1603, queen of England) in Exchequer (q.v.)
accession, 500, 534 intellectual property, 488
chides a M.P., 508 legal change and, 207, 214–16
Drake and, 132 licences, 334
freedom of thought, 511 married woman’s separate property, 524
612 Index

Equity (cont.) king’s evidence, 557

maxims of, 119 parol evidence rule. See under Deed
new forms of, 124 parties excluded, 99, 371
novel courts of, 105 points of law arising on, 149, 562, 563 n. 3, 564
palatinates, in, 131 rules of, 110–11
part performance, doctrine of, 372 verdict contrary to, 93
past childbearing, 215 See also Accomplices; Deed; Witnesses
precedent and, 119 Ex officio oath, 142
prerogative courts of, 105 Exceptions in pleading, 84
Scotland, in, 40 Exchequer
statutory interpretation in accordance with, 114, barons of, 56–7, 176–7, 368 n. 112
222, 224 curia regis at, 21, 22, 26
See also Chancery, High Court of; Executory origins, 21
interests; Powers; Trusts; Uses remembrancers’ sides of, 55
Erle, Sir William (1793–1880, CJCP 1859–66), and sheriffs supervised by, 26
trade unions, 495 See also Barons of the Exchequer
Error, proceedings in, 30, 146–8 Exchequer, Court of, 54–7
abolished, 148 abolition of, 58
from Channel Islands, 36 assizes and, 57 n. 78
from Ireland, 39 common pleas in, 57
from municipal jurisdictions, 30 coram rege, 58, 147
from Wales, 38 equity side, 55, 139
in King’s Bench, 147 reports in, 194
specimen writ, 588–9 Exchequer Chamber, informal judicial assemblies
See also Exchequer Chamber (1585) in, 149–50, 366–7, 564
Escambium, 248, 252, 301 Exchequer Chamber (1357), 147
Escape (from gaol), 222, 417 n. 101, 556 Exchequer Chamber (1585), 54, 147–8
Escapes (of noxious matter), 462 status of decisions, 209, 210
Escheat, 260, 288, 294 Exchequer Chamber (1830), 148, 152
Escheator, 108, 262 status of decisions, 211
Escrow, 346 Exchequer of Chester, 131 n. 31
Esher, Lord. See Brett, William Excise duty, 277, 483
Espinasse, Isaac (1758–1834, barrister G.I.), Exclusion clauses, 383–4
439 n. 72 Excommunication, 138, 139, 270, 476 n. 86, 499, 520
Espousals. See Marriage; Sponsalia Execution of judgments. See Final process
Essoins and essoiners, 66, 166 Executors
Estates, 279 actions of trespass by, 427 n. 3
classification of (table), 298 liability for debts, 347–8, 364, 365–6, 367–8
in chattels, 322 liability for torts, 368, 397, 398
in land, 279–96. See Curtesy; Dower; Entails;  liability in detinue, 418
Fee simple; Lease for years;  power to sell land, 308
Settlements; Tenancy property passing to, 411–12, 415
in nubibus, 296 trustees, similarity to, 409 n. 43, 415
legal, ‘the ancient darling of the common law’, 328 Executory interests, 303–8
Estoppel executing the use, 274, 277
as to status, 504 executory devise of a chattel, 323
by bringing action, 408 Exemplification, 302
by deed, 325 Exigenters, 45
promissory, 360, 372 Extradition, 158
Estrays, 414 Extravagantes, 135
Europe Eyres, 19–23, 26, 42
European Convention on Human Rights, 212, appeals of felony in, 544
225 county court, relationship with, 26
European courts, 212 criminal trials in, 547–8
European Economic Community, 375 decline and end of, 23
harmonization of commercial law in, 373 eyre, meaning of, 19
Evershed Committee, 101 forest eyres, 19, 23 n. 46, 160 n. 102
Evidence general eyres, 19, 20
admissibility of, 99 in Channel Islands, 36
demurrer to, 91 procedure without writ, 48, 60
digest of law of, 234 quo warranto in, 156
in attaint, 146 reports of cases in, 189, 563
in criminal cases, 550, 551 revenue from, 19–20
in equity, 110–11 whether ‘in a certain place’, 20 n. 26, 23
 Index613

F conversion of detained goods, 424–5

Fact and law in legal development, 79 coram rege formula, 46
Fair, 30. See also Market corporate personality. See Corporation
Fairfax, Guy (d. 1495, JKB 1482–5), 47, 51 criminal elements in Star Chamber bills, 127
Faith. See Breach of faith debt to king in quominus, 56
False imprisonment, 75, 157 n. 81, 351 n. 9, 506 deceit, in actions on the case, 212, 358, 365, 381,
False judgment, 26 454, 468
Falsification of recovery, 320 execution of recovery, 301
Farm (firma), 319 execution of use, 275
Fault. See Negligence; Strict liability final concord (q.v.)
Fealty, 11, 244 force and arms, 68, 69, 350
owed by lessee, 319 foreign places in England, 131, 133
Fearne, Charles (1742–94, conveyancer), 202 implication by statute, 382
Fee (feodum), 243, 279 implied terms in contracts, 380–2
alienation of, 281–3 jurors, pious perjury by, 558–9
base fee, 293 knowledge
fee farm, 319 in action for deceit, 352, 381
fee pure, 280 n. 7 of compurgators, 81
fee simple, 283, 294 lease and ouster, in ejectment, 212, 321–2
fee tail. See Entails lease and release, 324
two fees concurrently, 294 loss and finding in trover, 212, 419, 424
Fees parties in test case, 307 n. 50
in Chancery, 50, 121 pregnancy of female convict, 559
in common-law courts, 47 n. 23, 50, 395, 460 presence of master made liable vicariously,
of counsel, 142, 173, 468 438 n. 66
of judges, 177 promise
of king’s counsel, 175 in indebitatus assumpsit, 369–70, 391–2, 393
recoverable in assumpsit, 393 n. 46, 395, 397 in insimul computassent, 392
Felony, 542 in quantum meruit, 392
attempts to commit, 567 quia dominus remisit curiam, 30, 255
degrees of participation, 567–8 request
false accusation of, 468 for work done, 365, 399
forfeiture for, 260 to lay out money, 399–400
intention in, 564–5 returns of writs, 72
misprision of, 568 sale, in quantum valebant for converted goods,
punishment for, 552–3 399
See also Appeal of felony; Criminal law; Mens service
rea; and particular felonies loss of services, 491
Female sex. See under Sex and gender servant of court official, 56
Feme covert, 522. See also Husband and special verdict, converted from case stated, 92
wife; Marriage suit, 341, 344
Feodum (fee), 243, 292, 542 n. 12 title in common recovery, 301
Feoffment and feoffees, 269 trespass in Middlesex, 49, 51, 53, 74
Feud. See Blood-feud trespass writs in Common Pleas, 52, 54
Feudal system, 241–2 undervaluation of stolen property, 559
bastard feudalism, 247 unity of husband and wife, 213, 522
fiscal feudalism, 272–3, 277 wager, to try Chancery issue, 120 n. 94
jurisdiction under, 30–1 waiver of jurisdiction, by lord, 255
See also Incidents of tenure; Fief, 243 n. 7
Lordship; Services; Tenure Fiennes, Thomas (d. 1534, Lord Dacre of the
Fictions South), 274
abolition of, 98 Fieri facias (fi. fa.), 74
adultery, in divorce petitions, 537, 538 Filazers, 45, 71
agency of deserted wife, 526 Filius nullius, 528
as instrument of legal change, 207, 212–14 Final concord, 290, 302, 524
bailment, in detinue against seller, 409 Final process, 73–4
bastardy of villein, 212, 505 in Chancery, 113
bill of Middlesex, 49–50, 53 Finch, Heneage (1621–82, earl of Nottingham, LC
cestui que use treated as legal owner, 271, 275 1675–82), 119 n. 85
clergy, in cases of felony, 212 ac etiams, 53, 54
civil death, of monks, 213, 501 conscience, 119
common bail, 53 n. 52 equity of redemption, 333
common recovery (q.v.) informal contracts, 371
consideration, nominal, 365, 392 notes on Coke, 200
614 Index

Finch, Heneage (cont.) trusts, 329

part-performance, 372 n. 24 in indictments, 562
perpetuities, 312, 323 in writs and pleadings, 94, 95, 98–100
Statute of Frauds, 371 in records, 147, 209
trusts, 328, 329 See also Due process of law; Forms of action
Finch, Sir Henry (1558–1625, sjt at law), 199, 220 Formedon, 293, 295, 300
Finder of chattel in manorial court, 327
civil liability. See Trover specimen writ, 582–3
larceny by, 576 Forms of action, 60–76
Fine based on factual situations, not concepts, 65,
as punishment, 552 253, 256, 342–3, 344, 410, 416, 418,
for licence to alienate, 259, 273, 280 419 n. 113, 452
for licence to reach accord. See Final concord end of, 74–6, 428
for original writ, 47, 50, 53, 61 ghosts of, clanking their chains, 76, 401
for trespass, 429, 430 n. 14 overlapping
Fire assumpsit and account, 390–1, 395
criminal damage by, 560 n. 131, 573 assumpsit and assize for office, 395
Fire Court, 393 n. 43 assumpsit and conversion, 398–9
fireworks, alarm caused by, 446 assumpsit and covenant, 350–61
liability for, 434, 435, 436 assumpsit and debt, 363–8
made from flintstone, 308 assumpsit and deceit, 357–9, 379
neighbours and, 442 assumpsit and ejectment, 397
See also Burning assumpsit and replevin, 397, 400
Fiscal feudalism. See under Feudal system case and detinue, 421–6
Fish, ownership of, 406 debt and account, 388, 389
Fitzherbert, Sir Anthony (d. 1538, JCP 1522–38) debt and covenant, 343
Graunde Abridgement, 196, 232 special and indebitatus assumpsit, 397–8
New Boke of Justices, 563, 575 trespass and assize of nuisance, 452–5
New Natura Brevium, 64, 199, 209 trespass and case, 432, 436–8, 439–40
bad writ brought by, 95 trespass and detinue, 420
on assumpsit against executors, 366 posthumous rule of, 75–6, 401
on contingent remainders, 296 proposed abolition (1656), 228
on public nuisance, 464 Formularies, 187–8
on writs, 64 Fornication, 138, 229
Fitzherbert, John (d. 1517), his will, 307 n. 47 Fosteal, 13 n. 38
Fitzjames, Sir John (d. 1538, CJKB), his will, 415 Fortescue, Sir John (d. 1479?, CJKB 1442–61),
Fixtures, 405, 407, 575 conscience, 116
Fleet Prison (and the Liberty of the Fleet) constitutional monarchy, 177
marriages in, 521 descent of use, 270 n. 23
warden of, 212 King’s Bench bills, 49
Flooding natural law, 223 n. 124
adjournment on account of, 44 parliament, 221
liability for, 436, 451, 453 serjeants, 168
Folkland, 242 France
Folk-right ( folcriht), 10, 11 England and, 326
Food and drink, sale of, 357, 380, 381 legislation concerning informal contracts, 371
Foolishness or folly See also Normandy
injuries caused by, 438 Franchises
protection against, 110, 112 claims to, 155, 452, 460
Forbearance, as consideration, 365, 366, 392 disturbance of, 460–1
Force and arms, 68–9, 71 jurisdictional, 30
Forcible entry, 6, 127, 256 Franciscan friars, land given for, 267–8
Foreign currency, debt in, 364, 392 Frankalmoin (free alms), 245
Foreseeability, 446 Frank-marriage, gift in. See Maritagium
Forespeakers, 6 n. 14, 166, 167 Frankpledge, 9, 28
Forest law, 15, 406 n. 24 Fraudulent conversion, 577
Forestalling, 479 n. 2 Fraudulent conveyances, 268
Forfeiture as a punishment, 260, 542, 570, 571 Freedom. See Liberty; and under
Forgery, 127, 346, 466, 541 Alienation; Contract
Formality and formalism Freehold, 279, 318
in creating obligations flying freehold, 405
contracts, 343, 371–2 Freezing order, 101
covenants, 339–41 French language, 35, 83, 85, 109 n. 21, 166
marriage, 518, 519–21 French pox (syphilis), 469–70
 Index615

Friars, 268, 501 Gloucester, Gloucs, school in, 480, 481

Frigidity, 531 Gluttony, 138
Frobisher, Martin (d. 1594, explorer), voyage to God, act of, 417
Labrador, 557 God, law of, 115, 520, 533, 535
Frowyk, Sir Thomas (d. 1506, CJCP 1502–06), 360, God’s penny, 409
364, 380 Gold
Frustration of contract, 346, 401 ore belongs to Crown, 406
Fundamental breach of contract, 384 treasure trove, 413, 541
Fundamental laws of the realm, 509 Goods, 404. See also Chattels; Sale of goods
Fungibles, 342 Goodwill, 480, 488
Future interests. See Executory interests; Graduation, 170
Remainders; Reversions Grand assize, 66, 80
Fyneux, Sir John (d. 1525, CJKB 1495–1525) Grand jury, 66, 80, 545–6, 548, 549
assumpsit, 359, 360–1, 362 Grand larceny. See Larceny
de homine replegiando, 505 Grand serjeanty, 245
homicide, 567 Gratian’s Decretum, 17, 135, 137, 517
reforms under, 51 Gray’s Inn, 169
treason, 569 readings and moots, 112 n. 41, 114 n. 53,
223 n. 124, 276 n. 50, 359
G Great Britain, 41, 108
Gage, 66, 254, 330 Great seal, 107–8, 570
Galley-service, 557 Great Sessions in Wales, 38
Game, stealing, 576 Gretna Green, Dumfriesshire, 522 n. 26
Gaol delivery Grievous bodily harm, 573 n. 83
commission of, 20, 21, 25 n. 51, 28 Grith, grithbryce, 12 n. 38
length of trials, 551 Grotius, Hugo (1583–1645, Dutch jurist), 35 n. 112,
procedure at, 549–51 373, 401
specimen entry, 594–7 Guarantee, 372
Gaoler, liability of, 222, 417 n. 101 Guardian. See Wardship
Gascoigne, Sir William (d. 1413, CJKB 1400–13), Guilds, 481
105, 178 Guilford, Lord. See North, Sir Francis
Gavelkind, 32, 285 Guyer, Denis (fi. 1480, common vouchee), 301 n. 15
Gender. See Sex and gender
General issue, 84, 85, 87, 96–7, 99 H
end of, 97, 99 Habeas corpora juratorum, 73, 156
in assumpsit, 365, 393 Habeas corpus, 130, 156–8, 506–10, 514
in criminal cases, 88, 540 corpus cum causa, 113
in debt, 344 for a slave, 514
in detinue, 417, 420 specimen writ, 590–1
in novel disseisin, 66 Habere facias possessionem, 320, 327 n. 71
in trespass, 429–30, 431, 433 Habere facias seisinam, 73
Giffard, Hardinge Stanley, 1st Earl of Halsbury, Haddon, Sir Richard (d. 1516), his will, 303 n. 31,
(1823–1921, LC), 179 306
Gift Hale, Sir Matthew (1609–76, CBEx 1660–71, CJKB
of chattels, 408–9 1671–76)
of land. See Entails age of criminal responsibility, 565
Gilbert, Sir Jeffray (1674–1726, CBEx 1725–6), 201, assumpsit in lieu of account, 391
374 assumpsit in lieu of debt, 369 n. 2, 371
Glanvill, Sir Ranulf de (d. 1190, CJ 1180–89), 17 codification, 233
Glanvill, treatise called, 165, 185–7, 217 commercial law, 373
alienation of land, 282 equity of redemption, 333
cases in, 207 infancy defence, 565
contract suits, 339 insanity defence, 566
courts, 22 jurisdiction of courts, 54, 56
criminal pleas, 541–2, 575 law reform, 227, 228, 233
dower, 290 legal change, 206
equity, 114 parliament, 220–1
grand assize, 252 pension granted to, 179 n. 66
inheritance, 286 perjury, 371
intestacy, 411 n. 65 stare decisis, 210
maritagium, 291 Statute of Frauds, 372
sale of goods, 409 traps in pleading, 94
tenure, 244 wager of law, 371
villeinage, 502 writings, 200–1
616 Index

Half blood, exclusion of, 288 hazards in, 436, 443

Halifax gibbet law, 543 n. 17 negligence in, 464
Hallmoot, 11 nuisances in, 463
Halsbury, Lord. See Giffard, Hardinge rule of the road, 439
Hamsocn, 12 n. 38, 574 Hilary Rules (1834), 97
Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 156 Hire of goods, 344, 352 n. 12, 414, 425, 427, 577
Harvard Law School, 400 Hobbes, Thomas (1588–1679, philosopher), 374 n. 35
Headley (Hetley), Thomas (d. 1637, barrister G.I., Hody, Sir John (d. 1441, CJKB 1440–41), 505
sjt at law, official reporter), 194 n. 40 Holt, Sir John (1642–1710, CJKB 1689–1710)
Hearsay, 550 appeal of felony, 545
Heath, Sir Robert (1575–1649, A.-G. 1625–31, CJCP bailment, 421
1631–4), 175 n. 45 interference with trade, 493
Heineccius, Johann Gottlieb (1681–1741, German isolated escapes, 462
prof. law), 373 money counts, 396, 398, 400
Heir natural justice, 160
chattels due to, 405–6 promissory notes, 394
en ventre sa mère, 306 n. 44, 312 remedy for every right, 60
female, 261 n. 98 and n. 102, 287–8, 499 right to vote, 461
heir apparent, 283 slavery, 513
heir presumptive, 283 n. 17 Holt, Sir Thomas (d. 1654, baronet), 471
heirlooms, 405, 415 Homage, 244, 254 n. 65, 260, 279, 288, 291
lord cannot be, 292 Home Secretary, 558
limitation to ‘heir’, 306 Home, Henry (1696–1782, Lord Kames, Scottish
nominated by ancestor, 249, 285 judge), 400 n. 94
See also Inheritance Homicide, 570–2
Hemming, Henry Baird (law reporter), 195 n. 44 felonious. See Manslaughter; Murder
Hengham, Ralph de (d. 1311, CJCP), 186 n. 9, 221–2 misadventure, 557, 571
Henry I (d. 1135, king of England), 15, 206, 216, negligence, 571–2
260, 279, 411 provocation (q.v.)
Henry II (1133–89, king of England), 16–20, 21, 137, self-defence, 557, 571
250–3, 554 stabbing, 572
Henry VII (1457–1509, king of England), 126 treated as treason, 556
Henry VIII (1491–1547, king of England), 140 Honours, tenurial, 30, 244
defender of the faith, 510, 534 Horses
legislation of, 220 injuries to, 68, 351
marriages of, 532–4 out of control, 431, 438
sanctuaries and, 554 sale of, 382, 411
severe penal legislation, 569 smell of, 459
uses and wills, 273, 274, 276 House of Commons, 218
Henry VIII clause, 38, 226 conference with Lords, 508–9
Herbert, Sir Alan Patrick (1891–1971, barrister I.T., elections and franchise, 27, 159, 333, 461,
M.P.), 537 510 n. 73
Hereditaments, 323, 325, 336 freedom of speech in, 511
Heresy, 138, 140, 141–2, 469, 510–11, 532, 573 n. 86 imprisonment by, 510
Heriot, 260, 405–6 House of Lords
Hermaphrodites, 200 abolition (1649), 227, 228 n. 158
Hetley, Thomas. See Headley, Thomas appeals to, 39, 151
Hewart, Gordon (1921–43, Baron Hewart, LCJ effect of Judicature Acts, 152–3
1921–40), 162–3, 226 from Chancery, 151
High Commission, 141, 142, 155, 157, 227, 511, from Ireland, 39
532 n. 95 from Scotland, 41
High Court of Admiralty. See Admiralty, High judges summoned to advise, 496 n. 114, 566
Court of precedent in, 211
High Court of Chancery. See Chancery, High appellate jurisdiction abolished, 153
Court of Black Rod, 393 n. 46
High Court of Chivalry. See Chivalry, High conference with Commons, 508–9
Court of divorce petitions in, 535
High Court of Justice (1649), 229 error jurisdiction, 148
High Court of Justice (1873), 58. See also imprisonment by, 510
Chancery Division; Divisional trial by peers, 506
Courts; Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Housebreaking, 574–5
Division; Queen’s Bench Division Hue and cry, 544
Highway Hughes, William (fl. 1640, barrister G.I.),
damaged by large vehicles, 128 n. 17 abridgment, 196
 Index617

Human rights, 161 pending trial, 157

Humphreys, James (d. 1830, barrister L.I.), 315 See also Bail; False imprisonment; Goal delivery
Hundreds, 9–10, 11, 12, 27–8 In consimili casu, writ of entry, 284, 295
abolition of, 31 Incidents of tenure, 258–64
ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 136 effect of uses on, 272–6
Hunne, Richard, 140 in villeinage, 503
Husband and wife Inclination, estate by, 296 n. 77
actions for adultery, 590 Incorporeal hereditaments, 336
alienation of wife’s property, 523–5 Indebitatus assumpsit, 365, 366, 369–70
chastisement of wife (rule of thumb), 522 common counts, 369–70
consortium, loss of services and, 491 fictions in, 213, 369–70, 391–2, 393
coverture, concept of, 522–3 generality of formula, 366, 369–70
deserted wife’s earnings, 525 n. 56 for money had and received, 395–9
deserted wife’s equity, 215–16 for money laid out, 399–400
deserted wife’s necessaries, 526–7 for profits of land, 395–7
grant by husband to wife, 267, 524 for work done, 370, 399
imprisonment of wife, 158 quasi-contractual uses, 393–400
joinder of actions, 527 to enforce judgment, 393
judicial separation, 532, 536 to enforce trust, 386 n. 2
paraphernalia, 523 to try titles, 395–7
petty treason by wife, 570 Indecent exposure, 128 n. 17
pin-money (wife’s personal allowance), 313, Indenture, parties to, 375
524, 525 India
separate trading, 523 codes for, 233
separation agreement, 532 government of, 483
unity of person, 213, 289, 522 Indictment, 66, 545–6, 562
wife’s agency, 376, 526–7 certainty required, 546
wife’s contracts, 526–7 conspiracy to lay, 466, 493
wife’s property, 215, 311, 523–6 removed by certiorari, 159
wife’s torts, 527–8 Inducing or procuring a breach of contract,
See also Divorce; Dower; Marriage; Petty 491–2, 496
treason; Pin-money; Widows Industrial Revolution
Husbryce, 574 contract and, 383
Huscarl, Roger (d. c. 1230, judge of Curia Regis), intellectual property and, 484
176 law reform and, 230–1
Huse, Sir William (d. 1495, CJKB 1481–95), nuisance law and, 463
116 n. 70, 178 tort and, 448
Hustings, 10 Ine (d. 726, king of Wessex), 5
Hyde, Edward (1609–74, Earl of Clarendon, LC Inevitable accident, 431–2
1658–67), 53, 107, 179, 486 n. 41 Infangthief (infangenetheof), 12 n. 38, 543
Hywel Dda (d. 950, king of Gwynedd), 37 Infancy
age for purposes of wardship, 261
I age of marriage, 530
Idleness, encouraging contracts, 369 n. 3
as a crime, 463 conveyance by, 256
as a tort, 490 criminal responsibility, 565
Ignoramus, 546 tortious responsibility of, 429
Immigration appeals, 161 n. 113 Infection, tort committed by, 458–9
Imparlance, perpetual, 215, 347 n. 53 Infidels, 513
Implication. See under Contract (implied Information
promises) criminal, 128, 546–7
Impossibility of performance, 346 in nature of quo warranto, 156
Impotence, 531, 533 informers, common, 55 n. 61, 547
Imprisonment Inherent jurisdiction, 211 n. 35, 216
arbitrary or unlawful, 506–10 Inheritance
as a punishment abolition of, 288
ecclesiastical, 556 as a fact, 249
in lieu of purgation, 555 becomes a legal right, 251–2, 253–4, 285–6
for felony, 549, 558 customs of, 249–50
for refusal to plead, 549 effect of alienation on, 281–3
with hard labour, 558 effect on feudal system, 246
civil, 228 lord cannot be heir, 292
customary power of, 105 modes of, 337
in account, 387 nominated heirs, 249, 285
618 Index

Inheritance (cont.) marine, 133

rules of, 285–8 mercantile custom and, 32 n. 94
use, descent of, 270 policy, 381 n. 86, 405, 447 n. 130
words of, 280, 282 tort and, 448
See also Fee; Heir; Mort d’ancestor; Relief Insurrection, as treason, 569
Injunction Intellectual property. See Copyright; Monopolies; 
common injunction, 114, 116, 123 Patents; Trademarks
granted by courts of law, 123 Intention
in lieu of quo warranto, 156 in criminal law, 564–5
interlocutory, 216 in trespass, 429–30, 437
to deliver possession, 113 not triable, 341 n. 18, 564 n. 15
to protect copyright, 486 Interest, on loans, 200, 330
to protect trademark, 487 Interference, 479
to restrain judgment at law, 116–17 Interpretation
to restrain nuisance, 457, 463 of contracts, 384
to stay latitats, 53 of legislation, 114, 221, 222, 224, 225
to stay mandamus, 154 n. 56 of spoken words, 474
Injuria, 427. See also Damnum absque injuria; and Interregnum
under Maxims and aphorisms (Volenti non decline of legal education, 171
fit injuria) law reform during, 53, 227–9
Injurious falsehood, 487 marriage law, 520
Injurious reliance, in assumpsit, 356, 360, 362 Interrogatories, 120
Inner Temple, 169 Intestate succession to personalty, 138, 411–12
chambers broken into, 575 n. 98 Intimidation, tort of, 492–7
early Tudor law reporters in, 190, 191 Inventions. See Patents
readings, 274, 328, 361, 453 n. 12 Ireland
Innkeeper benefit of clergy in, 556
inn sign, 488 kingdom, 38 n. 129
liabilities of, 69 n. 50, 435, 576 king’s serjeants in, 175 n. 40
licensing of taverns, 483 law in, 38–40, 43
nuisance by, 459 n. 45 lord chancellor of, 108 n. 18
slander of, 477 marriage in, 522
Innocent II (pope of Rome 1130–43), decretal on union with England, 40
marriage, 517 Issue (in pleading), 84–5
Innocent III (pope of Rome 1198–1216), condemns specimen entry, 592–3
Magna Carta, 217 n. 87 See also General issue
Inns of chancery, 169–70
Inns of court, 168–71 J
barristers, 170, 172–3. See also Counsel Jabber de boys, 458
benchers, 170, 172 Jail. See Gaol
chambers, breaking into, 575 n. 98 James I (1566–1625, king of England; self-styled
influence of, 34, 170–1, 197–8, 209 king of Great Britain; James VI of Scotland
origins, 169 from 1567), 41, 155, 178, 511–12
readings and moots, 169–71, 198, 209, 219, 563 Javolenus Priscus (fl. 85 ad, Legatus Juridicus of
students taken advantage of, 127 Britannia), 4
suits for non-payment of dues, 72 n. 72 Jeofails, 90, 94
unincorporated bodies, 268 Jeopardy (jocus partitus), 84
visitatorial jurisdiction, 159 Jessel, Sir George (1824–83, MR 1873–83), 123
year books and, 190 Jews, 137, 303 n. 27, 521
Innuendo, 474 John (d. 1216, king of England), 22, 38, 286
Inquest of office. See under Jury Joinder of actions, 379, 427, 527
Inquest super visum corporis, 546 Joint enterprise, 567, 572
Inquisition post mortem, 108–9, 262, 274, 320 Joint tenancy, 272, 288
Insanity Joint tortfeasors. See under Tort
defence to crime, 565–6 Jointure, 290, 524
effect on marriage, 530 Jones, Sir William (1746–94, Indian judge 1783–94),
madhouses, detention in, 158, 566 on bailment, 202
Insimul computaverunt and insimul computassent Judges
(account stated), 365, 387 n. 3, 392, 393 n. 42 action for contempt of, 466
Insolvency, priority of debts on, 347. advisers to House of Lords, 496 n. 114, 566
See also Bankruptcy case-management by, 101–3
Insurance changes in role, 100–3
carriers, 383 criminal trials, counsel for prisoner in, 550
London Assurance Chamber, 32 direction to jury, 88–9, 93, 101, 559
 Index619

discretion in adjusting punishment, 540, 552, meaning of, 80

555, 558, 560 misconduct of jurors, 82, 146
dismissal of, 178 mitigation of punishment by, 558–60
facts tried by, 100 perjury by, 158, 559
independence of, 177–80 questions to, 82, 92
informal meetings of. See Exchequer rise of, 79–83, 547–8
Chamber; Serjeants’ Inn sequestration of, 82
jury, and, 87–9, 93, 101 special, 373
king and, 274, 509 summoned ‘nisi prius’, 24
lawmaking role, 90, 206, 209, 231 treating jurors, 82
legislation and, 118, 221–5 unanimity, 83
majority decisions, 148 See also Grand Jury; Recognition; New trial; Nisi
notebooks of, 93, 564 prius; Trial procedure
professionalization of, 22, 165, 176–7 Jus accrescendi, 272
reluctance to decide doubts, 146 Jus commune, 33 n. 98
reluctance to give reasons, 148 n. 18 Jus gentium, 132, 413
retirement of, 179 Jus in re, jus ad rem, 328
salaries, 177 n. 51 Jus recadentiae, 286
serjeants, appointed from, 176–7 Jus regni, 33
slander of, 466 Jus usus, 271
tenure of office, 178–9 Justices of peace
Judgment orders by, 160
arrest of judgment, 91, 147, 149 origin, 28–9
assumpsit on, 393 summary powers, 29, 160, 527, 547, 552
automatic, 87 supervision of, 153–4, 160, 552
change in character of, 100–01 tenure of, 180
debt on, 393 n. 43 women as, 500 n. 8
finality of, 115 n. 60, 117–18, 145–6 Justiciarius, 18–19, 165
in default of appearance, 72 n. 71, 75 Justicies, 27, 64 n. 26
reopened in Chancery, 145–6 specimen writ, 580–1
specimen entry, 594–5
See also Precedent K
Judicature Commission, 58, 152 Kames, Lord. See Home, Henry
Judicial Appointments Commission, 180 Katharine of Aragon (1485–1536, queen of
Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, 151, 152 England), 533
Judicial notice, 146 n. 9 Katharine Howard (d. 1542, queen of England),
Judicial review 533
of administrative action, 159–64. Keilwey’s Reports, 190, 380
See also Prerogative writs Kent
of contracts, 384 customs of, 32
of legislation, 223–4 lathes of, 9
Judicial separation, 536. See also under Divorce Kenyon, Lloyd (1732–1802, Baron Kenyon, CJKB
(a mensa et thoro) 1788–1802), 211 n. 32
Judicial writs, 71–4 King
specimens, 586–9 ascendancy of monarchy, 4, 5, 9, 11–13
Jurats, 36 assent to bills, 218
Jurisdictional shifts, 47–54 constitutional monarchy, 34, 177, 508
Jury coronation oath, 10, 106, 541 n. 6
aliens (de medietate linguae), 501 de facto and de jure, 568–9
attaint of, 146 descent of the crown, 285, 286, 287 n. 34
decline of, 100 imprisonment by, 507, 508–9
directions to, 89, 550 judges and, 274, 509
final speech to, 551 judicial authority, 106
in actions of covenant, 340 not bound by statute, 259
in actions of trespass, 67, 70, 81 presence in court, 106
in criminal cases, 547–8 styles and titles, 36, 38, 41, 141, 510
in libel cases, 512 tremendum regiae majestatis imperium, 16
inquest de bono et malo, 548 two bodies of, 214
inquest of office, 554, 566 See also Royal jurisdiction; Royal prerogative
specimen entry, 596–7 King’s advocate, 180
judicial character, 82–3 King’s almoner, 129, 413
legal development and, 78–9 King’s Bench, Court of
Magna carta and, 548 appeals of felony in, 544
matrons, 559 bill procedure, 46–50
620 Index

King’s Bench, Court of (cont.) Lambarde, William (1536–1601, bencher L.I.),

clerk of papers, 395 22 n. 37, 548 n. 52
conscience, not a court of, 115 Lancaster (county palatine), 31
criminal law developed in, 128 Lancaster (duchy), 12, 30 n. 80, 131, 273 n. 34
early history of, 22, 23 and 37
informations in, 547 Lancaster castle, Lancs, court in, 557 n. 104
innovations in, 50–2 Land. See Real property
jurisdiction, 45, 47–54, 57 Larceny, 575–7
appeals of felony, 544 abolished, 577
error, 147 grand and petty, 575
commercial cases, 365 restitution of stolen goods, 410
convictions, review of, 522, 562 See also Robbery; Theft; Waif; and under Appeal
habeas corpus, 57, 117, 154 n. 57 of felony (larceny)
informations, 547 Lateran Council (1215), 8
supervisory, 154–5 Lathes, 9 n. 23
king’s presence, 45–6, 105 Latin language, 64, 94–5, 228
origins, 22 Latitat, 49–50, 156
relations with Chancery, 109 specimen writ, 586–7
relations with Common Pleas, 52–4, 150, 365–8, Law Commission, 231, 235
424–5, 454 Law, Edward (1750–1818, Baron Ellenborough,
reporting in, 191 CJKB 1802–18), 180
Star Chamber, succeeds to functions of, 128 Law French, 35, 166, 228
stationary, becomes, 45–6 Law Merchant, 30, 32 n. 94, 387 n. 8.
surveillance of administrative authority, 154–5 See also Merchants
King’s Bench Division. See Queen’s Bench Law officers of the Crown. See Attorney-
Division general; King’s advocate; King’s
King’s council serjeants; Solicitor-general
Chancery and, 106, 109, 113 Law reform movements, 226–31
clerk of requests in, 129 Law Reports (The), 195. See also Reports of cases
common law and, Law Society, 173, 182 n. 81
jurisdiction, 126–34 Law, wager of. See Wager of law
appeals from dominions, 36 Lawyers. See Legal profession
extraterritorial matters, 131 Leake, Stephen Martin (d. 1893, 1egal writer), 234
supervision of local authorities, 153 Lease and release, 324–5
legislation by, 17, 217–18, 226 Lease for life. See Tenancy for life
new writs and, 63 Lease for lives, 284–5
parliament and, 217 Lease for years, 317–25
prerogative of mercy and, 558 n. 116 attendant on inheritance, 324
See also Admiralty; Chivalry; Privy changing character of, 264, 318–20
Council; Regional conciliar courts; Star compared with licence, 334
Chamber deed as evidence of, 340
King’s counsel, 175–6 in settlements, 322–4
King’s Inns, Dublin, 39 lease and release, 324–5
King’s peace long leases, 322
crimes against, 17, 541, 542 mortgage by, 318, 319
trespass against, 26, 48, 62, 66–8, 72, 139, 350, parol leases, 397
434, 564 satisfied terms, 323–4
King’s printer, 219, 485 n. 33 wardship and, 320
King’s proctor, 537 waste against tenant, 284
King’s serjeants, 175, 468 n. 23 Lectures
Knight-service in the inns of court. See Readings
abolition of, 227, 277, 278 in the universities, 181–3, 201–3
incidents of, 261, 262 copyright in, 486
origins of, 245, 246, 247 on criminal law, 563
presumption in favour of, 278 n. 60 Lee, Sir Henry (1530–1610, Master of the
Knights, 245 Ordinance), 506 n. 44
aid for knighthood, 259 Leets, 28, 30
armour of knight, 405 Legal dress, 167, 176, 180
Kyng, Robert (fl. 1480, common vouchee), 301 n. 15 Legal education
early, 168, 186–7, 197
L in inns, 170–1
Labourers, 354, 489. See also Trade disputes; in universities, 181–3
Workmen Legal history, in the past, 3, 129, 157, 201, 202, 508
Lacy, Henry de (d. 1311, earl of Lincoln), 169 Maine’s thesis, 207
 Index621

Legal literature. See Formularies; Reports of to alienate land, 259, 273, 280

cases; Treatises to alienate in mortmain, 262–3
Legal profession, 165–84 to enter land, 333
apprentices, 168 to keep tavern, 483
attorneys (q.v.) to marry, 521
barristers. See under Inns of court to occupy land, 333–5
Chancery bar, 119, 124 Liege lord, 244, 261 n. 101
civilian advocates. See Doctors of law Lien, 425
criminal bar, 551 Light, right to, 456–7
deceit by lawyers, 166, 357, 468 n. 23 Limitation clauses in contracts, 383–4, 445
dress of, 167, 176, 180–1 Limitation of actions
forespeakers, 6 n. 14, 166, 167 contract and tort, 398
king’s counsel, 175–6 debt, 347 n. 55, 392
negligence by lawyers, 357, 434 n. 35, real actions and assizes, 254, 256, 257,
443 n. 102, 447 322, 452
origins of, 24, 165–8 seisin of services, 257
patent bar, 485 trespass and case, 437
serjeants at law (q.v.) writs, limitation periods in, 253 n. 59,
slander of lawyers, 468 256
solicitors (q.v.) Limitation of estate, words of, 292, 306
See also Counsel; Inns of court; Judges;  Lincoln’s Inn, 124, 169
Legal education Lindley, Nathaniel (1828–1921, Lord Lindley, MR
Legal year 1897–1900), 174
Chancery always open, 112 Litigation
divisions of, 72–3 cards on the table approach, 102
Legate, papal, 140, 141 delays in. See Delays
Legatus juridicus, 4 likened to game, 84
Leges Edwardi Confessoris, 5–6, 15 privilege of litigants, 156–7
Leges Henrici Primi, 16 slander of litigants, 466
Legislation, 216–26 volumes of business, 45, 47–8, 50,
Anglo-Saxon, 4, 5, 12, 216 51–4, 112
apocryphal, 219 Littleton, Sir Thomas (d. 1481, JCP 1466–81)
conservatism of, 206–7 on pleading, 78
consolidation of, 232 on redemption of mortgage, 332
Angevin. See Assizes Tenures, 191, 198
equity and, 114 Liveries (of clothing), 108, 547 n. 41
Henry II and, 17, 216–17. See also Assizes Liverpool, Lancs, University College, 182
interpretation of, 221–5 Livery companies, 481
judicial review of, 118, 223 Livery of seisin, 276
oral, 216 n. 83 Llywelyn ap Gruffydd (d. 1282, prince of
texts of, 219 Wales), 37
Tudor, 220 Loan
See also Henry VIII clause of chattel, 421
Legitim, 411 of money. See under Money
Leonard, William (fl. 1590, barrister G.I.), reports, Local justice, 25–31, 68. See also Borough
193 Courts; Communal justice;
Leprosy, 470 Manorial courts
Letters patent Local government, supervision of, 29
forgery of, 570 Lollards, 510 n. 76
grant of, 108 London (city and metropolis)
See also Patents for inventions administrative divisions, 10
Levari facias, 74 n. 79 building in, 456–7, 463
Lex mercatoria. See Law Merchant churches: St John’s priory, 554;
Lex terrae, 33, 63, 508 St Paul’s, 168, 180, 463
Libel, 475–7 city courts, 351, 353 n. 20, 357, 381,
criminal, 128, 465 n. 3, 475–6, 512 395, 453
juries and, 512 city customs: fire, 434; market overt, 410;
See also Defamation merchants, 394; new buildings, 456;
Liberty, personal. See Habeas corpus;  scavage, 392; separate trading by
Imprisonment; Slavery; Thought;  wives, 523; succession, 411;
Villeinage; Worship trademarks, 488 n. 56; wager of
Libraries, legal, 185 law as to homicide, 547 n. 46;
Licence water-bailage, 392; windows, 456,
liability to licensees, 445 459 n. 43
622 Index

London (city and metropolis) (cont.) Lucy, Sir Richard de (fl. 1160–70, Justiciar of
Evil May Day (1517), 569 England), 18, 19, 165
health hazards, 463 Ludlow, Salop, custom of, 459 n. 43
institutions: Covent Garden Opera Lying in wait, 466, 505, 571
House, 492; Doctors’ Lyndewode, Dr William (fl. 1440, canonist),
Commons, 180–1; Guildhall, 136 n. 6
King’s Bench trials in, 51;
livery companies, 481; London M
Assurance Chamber, 32 n. 94; Macklin, Charles (d. 1797, actor), 494
University of London, 182. See also McNaughtan (or M’Naghten), Daniel, 566
Inns of court Magic, 380, 568
lawyers in, 166, 173–4 Magistrates. See Justices of Peace
merchants in, 373, 394 Maine, Sir Henry James Sumner (1822–88, prof. of
places in: Bedlam (Bethlehem Hospital), 566; law), 203, 207, 212, 216
Cheapside, 453 n. 12, 459; Fleet Mainour, 543, 596–7
Prison, 222, 500 n. 8, 521; Maintenance, crime and tort of, 171, 255
Hyde Park, 462; Little Lincoln’s Maintenance of spouse. See Alimony
Inn Fields, 438; Lombard Street, 394; Maitland, Frederic William (1850–1906, Downing
Newgate, 459, 563; Old Bailey, Prof.), 183
563 n. 4; St Paul’s, 168 n. 14; Bracton’s flirtation with Romanism, 318
Smithfield, 352; Strand, 463. chattels, importance of, 403
See also Westminster deodand, 412–13
quo warranto against city, 67 entails, 292
recognizances enrolled in, 331 equity and law, 123
smog in, 460 feudal system, 242
standards of hygiene, 463 forms of action, 75
surgeons in, 357 Henry II’s reforms, 251
trained bands, 431 inns of court and ‘tough’ law, 171
London (diocese), bishop of, ordinary for jury, unanimity of, 83
Newgate, 554 n. 87 leases and usufruct, 318
London agents, 173 marriage formation, 518
London University, 182 Norman conquest, 15
Long Parliament, 227–8, 277 Reception of Roman law, 46
Long Quinto, 190 n. 23, 191 seisin, 247–8
Lopus, Jerome (Geronimo Lopez, tentative pleading, 85
Portuguese goldsmith), 380 textbooks by, 203
Lord of Appeal in Ordinary, 153 year books, end of, 192
Lord Chancellor. See Chancellor, Majority decisions
Lord by judges, 148, 210
Lord Chancellor’s Department, 120 by jurors, 83
Lord Chief Justice, 180 Male sex. See under Sex
title, 58 Malice
villein as, 505 in criminal offences, 565, 572
Lord Great Chamberlain, 288 n. 37 in defamation, 471, 475
Lord Justice of Appeal, 152 in tort, 429 n. 13, 437, 495
Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, 107 malicious falsehood, 487
Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal, 129 malicious damage, 573–4
Lord Lieutenant, 153 malicious prosecution, 475, 494
Lords, House of. See House of Lords Manchester, Owens College, 182
Lordship Mandamus
alienation of, 281 action for, 163 n. 124
legal character of, 244, 248 writ of, 154, 158–9, 494
liege lord, 244, 261 n. 101 Mandatory order, 159 n. 99
lord cannot be heir, 292 Mandeville, Geoffrey de (d. 1166, earl of Essex), 19
lord’s action for driving away tenants, 493 Manors, 10, 11, 244, 249
origin, 11, 242 common recovery in, 327
seignorial courts, 11, 30–1, 244, 249, 254, 258, courts of, 31, 42, 253, 465
317, 326 customs of. See under Customs (manorial)
See also Commendation; Incidents of economic privileges in, 481
tenure; Manors; Tenure steward of, 466 n. 12
Loss of property. See Finder taxation in, 503
Lottery ticket, 398 See also Copyhold
Love-day, 32 Mansfield, Lord. See Murray, William
Love-letter, 473 Manslaughter, 556, 571–2, 594–5
 Index623

Manufacturers workmen’s compensation, 445

liability in contract, 382 See also Labourers; Petty treason; Trade
liability in tort, 445, 446, 449 disputes; Vicarious liability
new manufactures. See Patents Master of the Rolls, 108, 120, 122
Manumission, 504, 505, 506 Master of the Wards, 273
Manwood, Roger (d. 1592, CB Exch. 1578–92) Masters
mischief rule, 224 in Chancery, 61–2, 108, 121
uses likened to clay in hands of potter, 305 of Requests, 129
Marches of Scotland, 40 n. 136 of Supreme Court, 122 n. 100
Marches of Wales, 37–8 Matilda (d. 1167, dowager empress of Germany,
Mareva injunction, 216 titular queen of England), 216, 250 n. 41, 286
Maritagium (marriage-gift), 291–2, 300 Maule, Sir William Henry (1788–1858, JCP
Maritime law. See Admiralty; Sea 1839–55), 536
Markets, 12, 410, 480–1 Maxims and aphorisms
interference with, 452, 460, 493 Actio personalis moritur cum persona, 368
sale in market overt, 410, 416 n. 92 Actus non facit reus nisi mens rea, 565 n. 16
Marow, Thomas (d. 1505, bencher I.T., later sjt at Better to suffer a mischief than an
law), 563 n. 6, 575 ­inconvenience, 87, 110
Marriage Caveat emptor, 353, 380–2, 487
agreement in consideration of, 372, 376 Chancery mends no man’s bargain, 119
arranged marriages, 530 Equality is equity, 119
banns, 519, 520, 521 Equity prevents mischief, 119
breakdown of, 538 Ex nudo pacto non oritur actio, 344, 361, 374
capacity to marry, 530–1 Executory contract imports an assumpsit, 367
ceremony of, 289, 518, 519 He that killeth a man drunk, sober shall be
civil forms, 520, 521, 536, 537 hanged, 565
clandestine, 518, 519–21 In fictione juris semper est aequitas, 214
common-law, 522 Jura naturae sunt immutabilia, 223
consent, founded on, 517–18, 530 King can do no wrong, 177
consummation, 517–18, 531 Lex fingit ubi subsistit aequitas, 214 n. 64
disputed in trespass action, 490 n. 75 Malicia supplet aetatem, 565 n. 23
endangered by slander, 469 Most horrible trespass dies with wrongdoer, 427
guardian’s right to arrange, 261 Nemo dat quod non habet, 410
impediments, 519, 528, 529, 530–1, 533 Not doing is no trespass, 355
jurisdiction over, 138 Nullus recedat a curia cancellariae sine
licence for, 520, 521 remedio, 110
money promised on, 344–5 Res ipsa loquitur, 442
nullity, 530–2 Reum non facit nisi mens rea, 565
parental consent, 521 Sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas, 455, 462
registration of, 519, 521 Solus Deus heredem facere potest, 283
words of, 518 Ubi jus ibi remedium, 461
See also Divorce; Husband and wife; Volenti non fit injuria, 443, 445
Maritagium; Marriage settlement Maxims of equity, 119
Marriage-gift. See Maritagium Mayhem, appeal of, 351 n. 9, 572–3
Marriage settlement, 313–14, 525 Maynard, Sir John (1602–90, sjt at law), 192 n. 29
Married women. See Husband and wife Media, libel and the, 477
Marshal. See Earl Marshal of England Mediation, 33
Marshalsea gaol, 48, 49 Medical evidence, 446, 566
Marshwood, Dorset, barony, 249 n. 37, 251 n. 45 Medical negligence, 351–2, 356, 357, 433 n. 32
Martial law, 131 n. 36, 569 n. 56 Memory, limits of, 252. See also Time immemorial
Mary I (1516–58, queen of England), 141–2 Menaces. See Intimidation
deemed to be a feme sole, 499 Mens rea, 564–5, 566–7
heresy and, 510, 569 Merchants
legitimacy of, 534 alien, 500
Masquerade ticket, conversion of, 398 customs of, 30, 32 n. 94, 373, 394, 513
Massachusetts, province of, 156 judges and, 373
Master and servant mercantile courts, 500
common employment doctrine, 443–4, 445 mercantile law. See Commercial law; Law
departure by servant, 354 Merchant
enticement of servant, 489, 492 n. 88 overseas trading companies, 482
loss of services, 489–90 slander of, 468
property in labour of, 492 Merchet, 403
theft and embezzlement by servant, 576–7 Mercia, law of, 16
time wasted by, 463, 490 Mesne lord, 244 n. 14, 263, 277
624 Index

Mesne process, 71–3 counterfeiting coin, 570

Mesne, writ of, 257 debt in foreign currency, 364, 392
Metaphor and metonymy, distinguished from earnest money (q.v.)
fiction, 213 loan, 318, 330, 331, 344, 370, 421
Middlesex, county of loss of, 416, 423 n. 134, 425
county court, 27 money had and received, 388, 395–9
King’s Bench and, 46, 48, 49–50, 53 money laid out, 399–400
Mildmay family, 307 n. 50 money paid by compulsion, 399–400
Military tenure. See Knight service money paid by mistake, 395, 396 n. 63
Mill money paid into court, 347 n. 53, 477 n. 91
diverting water from, 453 n. 9, 454 paper, 394
mill-stone as fixture, 405 receiver of, 387–8
mill-suit, 480 trust of, 329, 386, 387, 389
nonfeasance by mill-maker, 356 See also Account; Debt; Indebitatus assumpsit
Milsom, Stroud Francis Charles (1923–2016, Monks, 213, 501, 503
prof. law) condition against alienation to, 303 n. 27
Henry II’s reforms, 251 petty treason by, 570
forms of action, 419 n. 113 See also Friars; Monasteries; Petty treason
juridical monster (fee tail), 300 Monopolies, 479–84
law and fact, 79 Monstravit de libertate probanda, 504 n. 33
seisin, 248 Moore, Sir Francis (1558–1621, sjt at law), 193, 324
unassailable mortmain, 272 Moots (folk assemblies), 6, 10, 11
Minerals, 405 Moots (pleading exercises), 169
Misadventure, 557, 571 More, Sir Thomas (1478–1535, LC 1529–32),
Mischief 35 n. 107
of statute, 224 equity and the Chancery, 115–16, 118
preferred to inconvenience, 87, 110, 346 persecution of heretics by, 510
Misdemeanour Utopia, 305 n. 40, 534
attempt to commit, 567 n. 37 Mort d’ancestor, assize of, 253–4, 285, 584–5
bail for, 509 n. 68 Mortgages, 330–3
civil wrong as, 542 by way of conditional feoffment, 330–1
‘common’ offences, 546 by way of charge, 331
law undeveloped, 564, 566 by way of demise, 318, 319, 330, 331
offence of violence as, 573 by way of uses, 331
punishment for, 552 equitable, 333 n. 118
relationship with felony, 67–8, 542, 572–3 equity of redemption, 332–3
relationship with trespass, 66, 67, 542 foreclosure, 332
Star Chamber and, 127–8 house purchase by means of, 331 n. 105, 333
trial of, 552 Mortmain, 262–3, 268
See also Information; Public nuisance Morton Commission (1955), 537
Misfeasance Motions in banc, 90–3, 149
as trespass, 350–2, 355 appeal from, 152
assumpsit for, 350–2, 355, 369 reports of, 191
in covenant, 340, 342 transferred to Divisional Courts, 153
negligence and, 440–1 Motive, in tort, 430 n. 16, 431, 495, 496–7
Misprision Motor vehicles, 427 n. 3, 440, 448 n. 137, 449, 462
of felony, 569 Movables. See Chattels
of treason, 570 Mulier puisné, 529
Misrepresentation, damages for, 379. Murder, 565, 571–2
See also Deceit benefit of clergy removed, 556, 572
Mistake poisoning, 556 n. 99
in contract, 373 See also under Death (penalty of)
payment by, 395, 396 n. 63 Murray, William (1705–93, earl of Mansfield, CJKB
Mitior sensus, 471–2, 473, 474 1756–88)
Monasteries certainty in law, need for, 211
corporate character, 213 commercial law, 58, 93, 202, 373
dissolution of, 138, 263, 501 consideration, 374
grants to. See Mortmain intellectual property, 486
monastic lands, 262 jury, role of, 93, 512, 559
sanctuary in, 553–4 law and equity, 215
Money, 342–3 legal change, 211
banking and bank notes (q.v.) mandamus, 159
clipping coin, 570 money counts, 400–1
conversion of, 363–4, 390–1, 422, 425 reports of his decisions, 194
 Index625

slavery, 514–15 role of judge, 145

trover action, nature of, 425 specimen entry, 592–3
trusts, 329 Noise. See under Nuisance
Music Non detinet, plea of, 417
copyright in, 486 Non est factum, plea of, 346
musical instrument not larcenable, 575 Non est inventus, return of, 49
musicians punished, 229 Non obstante veredicto, motion for judgment, 92
Mute of malice, 549 Nonconformists, 511, 520 n. 17, 521
Mutilation, as punishment, 552 meeting-houses attacked, 569 n. 53
See also Lollards; Puritan lawyers; Quakers
N Nonfeasance
Naifty, writ of. See De nativo habendo as trespass, 354–8
Name assumpsit for, 354–8
changed by royal licence, 314 n. 84 nuisance and, 455
name and arms clause, 314 prescriptive duty, 436
right to surname, 488 Nonsuit, 150, 152, 594–5
Napoleonic code, 232 Norman conquest, 15, 242–3, 501, 502 n. 23,
Narratio. See Count 570 n. 63
Narratores, 83, 166 Norman yoke, 227
Natura Brevium, 64, 197 Normandy
Natural justice, 161, 162, 163, 223 law in, 35–6
Natural law, 223 loss of, 22, 36
Natural rights in land, 457–60 novel disseisin in, 318 n. 6
Naturalization, 500–1 North, Sir Francis (1637–85, CJCP 1675–82, 1st
Necessity, unavoidable, 431, 438 Baron Guilford, LK 1682–85)
Neck-verse, 555 ac etiams, 54
Negligence perpetuities, 312
actionable per se, 436–8 Statute of Frauds, 372
actions on the case for, 436, 437–40 Northampton, Marquess of. See Parr, William
by bailee, 421, 432–3 Northampton, Northants, custom of, 282 n. 14
by drivers, 437, 439, 440 Norwich, diocese of, 505
contributory, 444 Norwich, Norf
duty of care, 440–50 delivery of Marshalsea at, 594–7
general principle of liability, 440–3, 449–50 Guildhall Court, 30 n. 75
gross, 441 n. 87 Not Guilty. See General issue
in criminal law, 571–2 Notary, forgery by, 466
in performing an undertaking, 432–4 Nottingham, Lord. See Finch, Heneage
nature of, 433, 440–3 Nottingham, Notts, custom of, 285
neglect of a strict duty, 433, 441 Novae narrationes, 83, 187–8
non-delegable duties, 444 n. 105, 448 n. 135 Novel disseisin, assize of, 253, 255–6
res ipsa loquitur, 442 by lord, 259
role in tort, 427–32, 434–50 displaced by ejectment, 322
social policy and, 443–50 in Normandy and Scotland, 318 n. 6
standard of care, 434, 441–2 special verdicts in, 88
textbooks on, 440 specimen writ, 582–5
Negotiable instruments, 394 Nudum pactum, 361, 374
Negotiorum gestio, 399 Nuisance
Negroes, 513 abatement of, 451, 452
Neif, 504 acquired rights, 456–7
Neighbours, duty towards, 442–3, 449 assize of, 452
Nervous shock, 446 continuing, 455
New trial natural rights, 457–60
motion for, 92–3, 149, 150, 152 neighbours and, 442
where conditional verdict set aside, 150 public nuisance, 438, 462–4, 542
New York, Supreme Court of Judicature, remedies for, 451–5
58 n. 87 special types of
Newspapers, libel and, 477 isolated occurrence, 461–2
Newton, Sir Isaac (1642–1727, prof. of noise, 453, 458, 463
mathematics), 440 smell, 453, 458–9
Newton, Sir Richard (d. 1448, CJCP 1439–48), 359 smoke, 459
Night, definition of, 574 Nullity of marriage. See Divorce
Night-walker, common, 546 n. 40 Nullus liber homo (clause in Magna Carta), 502,
Nisi prius, 23–4, 89 506, 548
reports, 381, 439 Nuns, 501
626 Index

O attendance in, 258

Oath bill procedure, 218–19
ex officio, 142, 511 conference between houses, 508–9
of judges, 177 jurisdiction, 147
of jurors and compurgators, 82 knights of shire in, 29
of king. See Coronation oath origins, 217–18
of lawyers, 166 power of imprisonment, 158
trial by, 7. See also Wager of law representation in, 159
Obligation. See Bond rolls of, 219
Obscene libel, 512 supremacy of, 221
Obtaining credit by fraud, 577 See also House of Commons; House of
Obtaining property by false pretences, 577 Lords; Legislation
Occupanti ceditur, principle of, 284 Parliamentary draftsman, 233
Occupatio, 406 Parol evidence rule. See under Deed
Occupiers’ liability, 444, 445, 447, 448 Parr, William (1513–71, Marquess of
Offa (d. 796, king of Mercia), 5 Northampton), divorce of, 534
Offices Parricide, 570 n. 61
assize for, 158, 256, 460 Part performance, 372
assumpsit to try title, 395–6 Particular estate, 295, 296, 304
disturbance of, 460–1 Partition, 57, 288
employment distinguished from, 460 Partnership, digest of law of, 234
impartible, 288 Passing off, 488–9
restored by mandamus, 158 Patents for inventions, 484–5
sex disqualification for, 500 Pawn, 330 n. 94, 411 n. 60, 414, 425
Old Bailey (Newgate sessions), 551 Peace, king’s, 17, 26, 48, 62, 64, 66, 68, 72, 434, 541,
Old Tenures, 197 542, 564
Oléron, customs of, 132 justices of. See Justices of Peace
Onerabilis assumpsit, 394 keepers of, 28
Ordeals, 3 n. 2, 7–8, 79, 80, 547 Peake, Thomas (1771–1838, sjt at law), 439 n. 72
Ordinary, 554–5 Peasants’ Revolt, 466
Original writs, 29, 60–71 Peculiar jurisdiction, 143
specimens, 580–7 Pecunes, pekennes, 167
Ostensurus quare formula, 65, 66–7, 350 Peers
specimens, 584–7 coronet and robes, 405
Outer Temple, 169 peerage law, 287–8 n. 36, 529
Outlawry, 27, 72 process against, 54
Oven-suit, 480 slander of, 465
Ownership, 241 n. 2, 247, 414. See also Property trial by, 506
Oxford, Council of (1222), 465 See also House of Lords
Oxford, Oxon, friars in, 268 n. 3 Peine forte et dure, 228, 549
Oxford University Pekennes. See Pecunes
courts of, 105 Penalties, 215, 346–7
legal education, 180, 181–2, 201, 203, 229 Penance, 139, 465, 473, 511, 541
Oyer and terminer, commission of, 20, 25, 28 Penenden Heath, Kent, 7 n. 15
Per and cui, writ of entry in, 255 n. 68, 582–3
P Per quod consortium amisit, 491
Palatinates, 31 Per quod servicium amisit, 490, 491
Paley, William (1743–1805, archdeacon of Peremptory exceptions, 84
Carlisle), 375 Periodic tenancy, 325
Panopticon, 229 Perjury, 128
Papal delegates, 136 by juries, 146, 558
Papinian (Aemilius Papinianus, d. 212 AD, in contract cases, 370–1
Praetorian Prefect at York), 4 Perkins, John (d. 1545, of I.T.), Profitable Book,
Parage, 287 198 n. 62
Paraphernalia, 523 Perpetuities
Pardons, 72, 149, 556, 557–8, 564, 566, 571 doctrine of, 312
Parentela, 286 leases and, 322–3
Parish, 10. See also Benefice; Tithes perpetuity clauses, 264, 302–3, 306–7
Park, John James (1795–1833, prof. of law), Personal liberty. See Liberty, personal
233 n. 184 Personal property (personalty)
Parke, James (1782–1868, Baron Wensleydale, distinguished from realty, 241, 317, 404
JKB 1828–34, BEx 1834–55), 97–8, 210 modes of transfer, 408–11
Parliament possession and, 403
as a court, 207, 219, 220–1 succession to, 411–12
 Index627

termination of, 412–14 Pone ad respondendum, removal of cases by, 26,

trusts of, 330, 421 27, 66 n. 32, 251, 255
types of, 404–6 Poor persons
Petition of right, 109, 161 settlement of, 160
Petition of Right (1628), 509 suits by, 112, 129
Petty assizes. See Assizes, petty Pope (bishop of Rome), status of, 17, 135, 137, 139,
Petty Bag, 108, 109 141
Petty jury, 548. See also Jury Popham, Sir John (d. 1607, CJKB 1592–1607),
Petty larceny, 553 n. 79, 575 366–7, 381
Petty serjeanty, 245 Port, Sir John (d. 1540, JKB 1525–40), reports,
Petty sessions, 29 191, 192
Petty treason, 570 Porter Committee, 477
Pews in churches, 461 Portions, 313
Physicians. See Medical negligence portions term (in settlement), 313, 323–4
Piepowder, courts of, 20 Portmanmoot, 10
Pilgrimage of Grace (1536), 276 Positive law, reason of, 368 n. 111
Pilate, Pontius (fl. 36 AD, Procurator of Judaea), Possession
82 n. 21 abstract concept of, 577
Pin-money, 313, 525 compared with custody, 415, 576
Pipe Roll, 21 compared with property, 414
Piracy, 132 quieting of, 113
Plague See also Habere facias possessionem; Seisin
adjournment for, 49 n. 32 Postea, 92 n. 77, 592–5
false assertion that inn infected, 469 n. 34 Pothier, Robert Joseph (1699–1772, prof. of law
nuisance by, 458 and French judge), 375, 378
Plaint, distinguished from demand, 64 Powers, 308–9, 315, 329
Plantations and Colonies, appeals from, 151 Pox, 469–70, 471
Playing-cards, 482–3 Praecipe writs, 26, 62, 65–6, 67, 317
Plays, stage option of performance in, 65
copyright in, 486 praecipe in capite, 250, 580, 250, 580–3
right to hiss or applaud, 494 Praecipimus tibi, formula in writs, 61, 504, 580
Plea rolls, 19 Praemunire, 117, 139
at odds with reports, 355–6, 454 Pratt, Charles (1714–94, Earl Camden,
Pleading LC 1766–70), on copyright, 486
Chancery, 112, 120 Prebend, 159
degeneration of, 94 Precedent, 207–12
dispensed with, 98 in equity, 119
double, 96 Precedent books. See Formularies
equitable defences, 123 Pregnancy, plea of, 559
fault, issues of, 429–32 Prerogative. See Royal prerogative
importance of, 78, 99 Prerogative courts, 105–6
law revealed by, 83–9 Prerogative writs and orders, 61, 153–60, 177
oral, 83, 85–9 Prescription
principles of, 84–5 ancient lights, 457
special and general, 84, 87–8, 96–8, 228 duty to find a chaplain, 436 n. 53
study of, 78 duty to provide beer for beadle, 436 n. 53
tentative, 85–7, 90 for jurisdiction, 30, 155–6
variance, 84 for monopolies, 480–1
written, 89–90 for special sanctuary, 554
See also General issue See also Custom; Time immemorial
Pleas of the Crown. See Criminal jurisdiction; Press. See Printing
Criminal law Pressing. See Peine forte et dure
Pleasure, things of, 334, 575–6 Prime serjeant, 175 n. 43
Plowden, Edmund (1518–85, bencher M.T.), 193–4, Primer seisin, 260, 274, 276
209–10, 222, 563 Primogeniture, 228, 287
Pocket-picking, 575 n. 100 Principal and accessory, 567–8
Poisoning, 556 n. 99 Printing
Police function, 10, 27, 28, 29 freedom of the press, 512
Pollock, Sir Frederick (1845–1937, prof. of law), law books, 185, 190, 191–2
203, 234, 428 n. 8 legislation, 219
Pollock, Sir Jonathan Frederick (1783–1870, CBEx libel and the press, 477
1844–66), 202 n. 80, 210 printers’ copyright, 485
Pollution, 458–60, 462–3 Prison. See Imprisonment
Pone per vadium, original writ of, 66 Prisoners of war, 132, 501
628 Index

Privacy, right to, 459 compared with contract, 247–8

Privilege compared with possession, 414
defence to defamation, 475 types of (table), 336
of court officers, 48, 55, 56, 109, 154 n. 57, 156–7 See also Intellectual property; Personal
Privity property; Real property
in account, 387 Protest, public, 513 n. 101
in debt, 344–5 Protestant religion, 499, 510, 517 n. 1, 534.
in detinue, 418–19 See also Church of England
in tort, 445, 447–8, 492 Prothonotary. See under Common Pleas, Court of
of contract, 375–8 (officers)
bar to action in tort, 445, 447–8 Provisors, 139
to legislation, 220 Provocation, 565, 572
Privy Council Public law, 163–4. See also Administrative
appeals to, 142–3, 151–2 law; Constitution; Criminal law;
control of lawyers by, 172 Royal prerogative
government by proclamation, 226 Public nuisance, 462–4. See also Highway
origin, 129 Punishment
patent disputes in, 484 adjustment by trial judge, 540, 552, 555, 558, 560
imprisonment by councillors, 507–8 avoidance or mitigation of, 552–60
prerogative of mercy and, 558 n. 116 cruel or unusual, 552 n. 77
See also King’s council for felony, 552–3
Privy seal for misdemeanour, 552
forgery of, 570 for petty treason, 570
writs of, 64 n. 24, 129–30, 177 for tort, 542
Prize, 133 for treason, 568
Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division, 133, purpose of, 541
143 n. 54 theories of, 560
Probate jurisdiction, 136, 141, 142, 143, 228, 411 types
Procedure. See Formalism; Forms of blinding, 552, 573
action; Motions in banc; Original death. See under Death (penalty of)
writs; Pleading; Process; Trial procedure fine, 552
Process. See Due process; Final process; Mesne hard labour, 558
process imprisonment (q.v.)
Proclamation mutilation, 552
as to strays, 414 peine fort et dure (q.v.)
discharge of prisoners by, 550 transportation, 556, 557–8
legislation by, 226 whipping, 552
of final concord, 302 Pupillage, 181
Proctors, procuratores, 143, 166, 180. Purchase, legal meaning of, 282, 306
See also King’s proctor Purgation. See under Compurgation
Procuring a breach of contract. See Inducing or (ecclesiastical)
procuring a breach of contract Puritan lawyers, 506 n. 47, 507
Profession in religion, 501 Pusey horn, 425 n. 156
Profits à prendre, 334, 456–7 Pyrwykes, 113 n. 43
Prohibitions, 61, 155
to Admiralty, 132 Q
to Chancery, 155 Quadripartitus, 15 n. 2
to Church courts, 138, 142, 467 Quaestiones de statutis, 198
to conciliar courts, 126, 130 Quakers, 521
to Requests, 129 Quale jus, 262 n. 107
Prolocutor, 166, 167 Quamdiu se bene gesserit, 178
Promise Quantum meruit, 392, 397
distinguished from contract, 338–9 Quantum valebant, 392, 399
distinguished from misrepresentation, 352–3, Quarantine, widow’s, 290 n. 48
379 Quare clausum fregit. See under Trespass
distinguished from trust, 376 Quare ejecit infra terminum, 318, 319
distinguished from undertaking, 350–1 Quare impedit, 57, 65, 322
implied promises, 367, 380–2, 386, 391–400 Quare levavit mercatum, 460, 481
mutual promises, 362–3 Quare non tenet conventionem, 342 n. 25
promissory estoppel, 360 Quarter sessions, 28–9, 153–4
See also Assumpsit; Covenant appeal to, 552
Promissory note, 394 review of, 160. See also Case stated
Proof, distinguished from trial, 79 Quashing order, 160 n. 109
Property, proprietas, 241 n. 3, 414 Quasi-contract, 386–402
 Index629

Queen, as feme sole, 499, 523 formulaic character and opaqueness, 89,
Queen, Queen’s. See King, King’s 146, 208
Queen’s Bench Division, 58, 59, 99 n. 115, 161 permanence of, 94
admiralty business in, 133 precedential value, 208
cases stated to, 153 See also; Certiorari; Error; Plea rolls
equity in, 124 Recorders, 30, 177
Quia dominus remisit curiam, writ of right, 255 Recovery, common. See Common recovery
Quid pro quo, 343, 344–5, 348, 374, 376 Reformation of religion, 141–2, 220
Quo minus. See Quominus marriage law and, 532–4
Quo warranto, 155–6 Regiam Majestatem, 40 n. 138
Quod permittat, 65, 451, 452 Regional conciliar courts, 130–1
specimen writ, 582–3 Registers of writs, 62, 187
Quominus, 55–6, 57 Registration
specimen writ, 586–9 of copyright, 486–7
Quorum, 28, 148 n. 17 of deeds, 277, 324
of horse sales, 411
R of marriages, 519, 521
Racial hatred, 512 of titles, 228
Railways of trademarks, 488 n. 61
accidents, 440, 444 Regrating, 479 n. 2
carriages as deodand, 413 Reichskammergericht, 46
nuisance caused by, 462 Rejoinder, 85 n. 36
standard-form contracts, 383–4 Relation, as fiction, 213
travelling with intent to avoid fare, 401 Relator action, 443
Rainsford, Sir Richard (1605–80, CJKB 1676–8), 179 Release. See Lease and release
Ralegh, William (d. 1250, JCP), 318 n. 9 Relics, theft of, 576 n. 104
Ram, James (1793–1870, barrister I.T.), 211 Relief, 259–60
Ransom Religion
of flesh and blood, 503, 504 profession in, 501, 532. See also Church; Friars;
of king or lord, 259 Monasteries; Monks; Mortmain
Rape, 523 n. 35, 541, 573. See also Ravishment Remainder
Rastell, William (d. 1565, JQB 1558–63), 188 barred by fine and recovery, 302
Ravishment, of women, 490 chattel, in, 323
Raymond, Robert, Lord Raymond (1673–1733, contingent remainder, 296, 304
CJKB 1725–33), 71 deed required to prove, 340
Readings (lectures in the inns of court), 170–1, legal recognition of, 295–6
198, 209, 219, 563 rules concerning, 303–4
Real actions, 317, 404 Remittitur, 92
Real property (realty), 241, 317, 404 Renaissance, law and the, 34, 46–7
Reasonable expectation, 384 Rent
Reasonable man, 441–2 assize for, 255
Reasonable parts or shares, 411 n. 61 assumpsit for, 370 n. 12, 397
Reasonableness rent-charge, deed needed to prove, 340
in contract law, 384 Reparari facias, 452, 453
in sentencing, 552 Repleader, 92
in tort, 441–2, 460 Replegiare (replegiari) facias, 257, 580–1
Reasons, need to disclose, 148 Replevin, 45, 256, 416
Rebutter, 85 n. 36 in a trespass action, 505
Receiver. See under Money of men. See De homine replegiando
Receivership, 121 Replication of a Serjeant at Law, 115, 274
Receiving a felon, 568, 594–5 Reports of cases, 188–95
Receiving stolen goods, 568, 577 at Newgate, 563
Reception of Roman law, 46–7 at nisi prius, 381
Recognition (of an assize), 80 in Chancery, 118–19
Recognizance, 74 in eyres, 189, 563
in nature of statute staple, 331 in Ireland, 39
to enforce fine, 160 in Rota, 136
to obey judgments, 112 in Serjeants’ Inn, 565
Record medieval. See Year books
amendment of, 146 official or professional reporters, 118, 189–90, 194
change in concept of, 160 Representation, for purposes of inheritance, 286
contracts on, 339, 393 Requests, Court of, 128–30
courts of, 45, 109, 147, 159, 160 n. 109, 277, Requests, local courts of, 31
393 n. 43 Res adirata. See De re adirata
630 Index

Res ipsa loquitur, 442 influence on procedure, 253 n. 58

Res nullius, 412 personal property, 404 n. 4 and 8, 406
Rescission of contract, 388, 389, 398, 401 reception of (q.v.)
Rescue of felon, 568 study of, 34, 181
Rescue, duty to, 442 words and phrases
Reserved cases, 149–50 aequum et bonum, 116, 400
Responsalis, 166 alienum non laedas, 455, 462
Restitution bona, 404
different meanings, 402 n. 103 causa, 343
of benefits, 386, 401–2. See also Quasi-contract condictio, 401
of stolen goods, 410 n. 54, 415–16, 544 dominium, 241, 248
writs of restitution (for property), 158 dos, 291
Restitution, writ of (mandamus), 158 ferae naturae, 406 n. 24, 412
Restoration of the Monarchy (1660), 228 n. 161 fictio, 212
Restraint of trade. See under Trade nudum pactum, 361, 374
Restraint on anticipation, 525 res fungibilia, 342 n. 28
Restrictive practices, 479 n. 2 res nullius, 412
Resulting use. See under Uses servitudes, 451
Retrait lignager, 282 n. 13 specificatio, 406–7
Return of writs, 49, 62, 73. usufruct, 318
Reversion, 294–5 See also Canon law
assignment of, deed required to prove, 340 Rome, bishop of. See Pope
barred by fine and recovery, 302 Romilly, Sir Samuel (d. 1818, K.C.), 560
Rhodes, sea law of, 132 Rooper family, 51
Ridings, 9 n. 23 Rota (Papal Court of Audience), 136
Right, writ of, 30, 250–1 Royal family, members of
quia dominus remisit curiam, 255 compassing death of, 568
trial in, 80 marriage of, 219 n. 101, 521
writ of right patent, 61, 250–1, 255, 580–1 Royal commissions of inquiry, 231
Right of way, 322, 451 Royal jurisdiction, establishment of, 11–12, 16–23,
Riot, 127, 513 n. 101 25–6, 68, 105–6
Roads. See Highway Royal prerogative
Robbery, 541, 556, 575 absolute and ordinary, 154
hundred answerable for, 27 n. 66 deodand, 412
Rolfe, Robert Monsey (1790–1868, Baron estrays, 414
Cranworth, LC 1852–8, 1866–8), 233, 234 fines for alienation, 259
Rolle, Henry (d. 1656, CJ Upper Bench 1648–55), fish, royal, 406
Abridgment, 196, 477 forfeiture for treason, 260, 542 n. 12, 568
defamation cases, 472 imprisonment without cause, 508–9
legacy as trust, 386 n. 2 judicature, 12, 105–6, 126
money had and received, 395 monopolies, 481–4
privity, 377 natural resources, 406
Rolls overseas trade, regulation of, 483–4
assize, 256 pardoning, 557–8
Chancery, 108. See also Master of the Rolls press, partial control of, 485
manorial court rolls, 326 primer seisin (q.v.)
plea rolls (q.v.) proclamations (q.v.)
rolls of Parliament, 219 surveillance of administrative action.
See also Record See Prerogative writs
Roman Catholics, 142, 511, 521 treasure trove, 413
Roman Curia, 135 waif, 414
Roman law wardship, prerogative, 262
Admiralty, in, 131, 132 wreck, 413
age of criminal responsibility, 565 year, day and waste, 542 n. 12
age of marriage, 530 See also King
bailment, 421 Rule of law, 115, 154, 162–3, 507
Chancery, in, 117 Rules nisi and absolute (orders in a cause), 149
codification, 231–2 Running-down accidents, 437, 438, 439, 440
contracts, 374 Runnington, Charles (d. 1821, sjt at law), 97
in Bracton, 186, 318
in early Britain, 3–4 S
in England, 34, 117, 181 Sac. See Sake and soke
in Scotland, 40–1 Sacrilege, 556
in Wales, 37 n. 117 St Augustine. See Augustine
 Index631

St Francis, Order of. See Franciscan Friars Sedition, 511, 512

St German, Christopher (d. 1540, barrister M.T.) Seduction, tort of, 491
Doctor and Student, 115 n. 62, 199, 223, 301 Seignory. See Lordship
ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 140 Seisin, 247–8, 250
common recovery, 301–2 abeyance of, 296, 305
defamation, 469 n. 27 by villein, 326
equity, 115 n. 62, 118 leases and, 317, 318 n. 6
legislation, 213 of heir staying in, 260 n. 95
St John of Jerusalem, Order of, 169, 554 of office, 460
Sake and soke, 11–12 of services, 257
Sale of goods, 409–11 of servitude, 452
action for quantum valebant, 392, 399 of villeins, 504
deceit in, 352–3, 380–1 See also Disseisin; Livery of seisin; Primer seisin
formality, 372 Selden, John (1584–1654, barrister I.T.)
indebitatus assumpsit by seller, 370 chancellor’s foot, 118, 119
passing of title, 409–11 dominion of the sea, 35 n. 112
registration of title, 410–11 liberty of subject, 508
repudiation for breach of condition, 379–80, 398 Self-defence, 88, 97, 557, 571
warranties and implied terms, 381–2 Self-help, 6, 407, 452
Sale of land Self-incrimination, privilege against, 157 n. 70
assumpsit by purchaser, 358 Senchas Már, 39
enrolled, 277, 310 n. 68 Separation of powers, 153 n. 50
executory, 362 Sequestration, 112
maliciously procuring, in breach of contract, 492 Serfdom, 501–2
need for writing, 372 Serjeants at law, 25, 56–7, 167–8, 174–5
Salford Hundred, 30 n. 75 Serjeants’ Inns, 174–5, 177
Salisbury, Roger of (d. 1139, Justiciar of England), cases discussed in, 149, 150–1, 564, 565
18 nuisance to, 459 n. 45
Salmond, Sir John William (1862–1924, prof. of Serjeanty, tenure by, 245, 247
law and J, N. Zealand), 428 Servants. See Master and servant
Salvage, 133, 401 Services, feudal, 245–7
Sanctuary, 553–4 commutation of, 246–7, 326
Satisfaction of debt, 343 n. 34 lord’s property in, 257
Satisfied term, 323–4 unfree services. See Villeinage
Savigny, Friedrich Carl von (1779–1861, German Servitude (over land), 451, 456, 460.
jurist), 375 n. 40 See also Easements; Profits
Scandalum magnatum (scan. mag.), 465 Session, Court of, 40, 41
Scavage, 392 Set-off, 32, 99, 388
Schism, 141 Settlements, 299–315, 323–4
School marriage settlements, 313–14, 525
nuisance by, 458 motives for resettlement, 314
right to conduct, 480, 481 strict settlement, 312–15
Scienter action, 435 Sewers, commissioners of, 159, 162 n. 114, 225,
Scintilla juris, 305, 306 588–9
Scire facias, 156, 302 n. 26, 347 n. 54 Sex and gender
Scold, common, 463 commixtio sexuum, 517–18, 519
Scot, William (d. 1350, CJKB 1341–46), 592–3 gifts in tail female, 499 n. 3
Scotland gifts in tail male, 294
divorce in, 534 hermaphrodites, 200
law in, 40–1, 43 homosexual activity. See Buggery
novel disseisin in, 318 n. 6 liber homo, gender neutrality of, 499 n. 1
postnati, 500 n. 11 males preferred as heirs, 287, 499
union with England, 41, 107–8, 485–6 sexual diseases. See Syphilis
Scott, John (1751–1838, Earl of Eldon, LC 1801–27), sexual misconduct, 139, 469, 473.
119, 121–2, 488 See also Adultery; Fornication
Scutage, 246 See also Marriage; and under Women (legal status)
Sea Sext, 135
boundary of, 35 Sheffield, Yorks, 463
repair of sea-wall, 70 Shelton, Sir John (d. 1539), 276 n. 55
sea-coal, 459 Sheppard, William (d. 1674, sjt at law), 196,
See also Admiralty 199–200
Secta. See Suit law reform proposals, 228
Secta ad furnum, 480 on contract, 362
Secta ad molendinum, 480, 580–1 Sherfield, Henry (d. 1634, bencher L.I.), 328
632 Index

Sheriff Stage-coaches, 439

criminal jurisdiction, 12, 26, 543 Staple Inn, 170
punished in Star Chamber, 128, 507 n. 54 Star Chamber
return of writs by, 62, 73 abolition, 93, 106, 126, 227, 371
tourn, 27–8, 29 building regulation by, 463
woman as, 500 n. 8 criminal law in, 128, 564
Shifting use, 307, 308 defamatory bills in, 475
Ship-money, 178, 227, 509 informations ore tenus in, 128 n. 13, 547 n. 42
Shire. See County James I in, 117
Shooting accidents, 431 jurisdiction, 127–8
Shorthand, 87, 195 libel and, 465, 476
Shrewsbury, Salop, eyre at, 340 perjury, 371
Siamese twin, 513 n. 102 press control, 512
Silk gown, 176 punishment of jurors, 146, 559
Silver solicitors denigrated in, 172
ore belongs to Crown, 406 Stare decisis, 210
treasure trove, 413 Starkie, Thomas (1782–1849, barrister I.T.,
Sin, punishment of, 5 n. 5, 138, 139, 541 Downing prof.), 233 n. 185, 476 n. 88
Six clerks, and sixty clerks, 108, 121 Statement of case, 102
Skeleton arguments, 102 Statement of claim, 99
Skimmington, riding, 476 Statham, Nicholas (d. 1472, bencher L.I.), 195–6
Slander. See Defamation Stationers’ Company, 485
Slander of title, 487 Status, 246, 357, 499–501. See also Bastardy;
Slavery, 158, 501, 513–15 Husband and wife; Infancy; Peers; Villeinage
Smell. See under Nuisance Statute
Smith, Sir Thomas (1513–77, prof. of civil law), 221 action on, 129, 354, 445–6, 466, 489
Soc. See Sake and soke statutory duty, 445
Socage, 245, 261 See also Legislation
Society for Promoting the Amendment of the Statute-book, 217, 219
Law, 536 Statute merchant, 331
Society of Gentlemen Practisers, 173 Statute staple, 331
Sokemen, 245 Statutes at Large, 219
Solicitor-general, king’s, 172 n. 31, 175 Statutes of the Realm, 219
Solicitors, 172–4 Statutory instruments, 226
liability for negligence, 447 Staunford, Sir William (1509–58, JCP 1555–58),
Somerset, James (fl. 1772, slave), 514 199, 232, 563
South Sea Bubble, 121 Steam engine, Boulton and Watt’s, 484 n. 29
Special case (in writ). See Case, actions on Stephen (d. 1154, king of England), anarchy during
Special case stated. See Case stated his reign, 16, 250, 253, 286
Special damage Stephen, Henry John (1787–1864, serjeant at law),
in defamation, 468, 470, 473, 476 97–8
in public nuisance, 464 Stephen, Sir James Fitzjames (1829–94, JHC
Special jury. See under Jury 1879–91), 234, 372 n. 26
Special occupant, 284 Steward, manorial, 11, 175, 328, 355 n. 31, 358,
Special pleading. See under Pleading 466 n. 12
Special verdict, 91 Strand Inn, 197 n. 57
guilty but insane, 566 n. 28 and n. 33 Strange’s Inn, 169
in criminal cases, 564, 565 Straying cattle. See Estrays
Specialty. See Deeds Strict liability
Specific performance for animals, 435
in covenant, 339, 341, 342 for defamation, 477
in equity, 130, 215, 270, 338, 348 for escapes, 462
in trespass, 453 for fire, 434–5, 443 n. 101
Specificatio, 406–7, 422 in tort, 430, 431, 433, 435, 448–9
Spelman, Sir Henry (d. 1641, of LI, antiquary), in trespass, 431
242 n. 4 of bailee, 417, 421
Spelman, Sir John (d. 1546, JKB 1531–46), 191, of carriers, 435, 442 n. 92
192–3, 195, 364, 565 statutory, 566–7
Spiritual matters. See under Ecclesiastical courts Strict settlement. See under Settlements
Sponsalia per verba de praesenti vel futuro, Strikes, industrial. See Trade disputes
517–18, 533 Subinfeudation, 243, 263, 281
Sport, as public nuisance, 463 n. 78 compared with lease, 319
Springing uses, 307–8 Subpoena
Stabbing, 572 in Chancery, 111–12
 Index633

in Exchequer, 55 pur auter vie, 284

specimen writ, 588–9 Tenancy for years. See Lease for years
Subrogation, 527 Tenancy in common, 288, 313
Substitution, alienation by, 263, 268, 280, 281 Tenancy per legem Angliae, 291
Succession Tennis master, office of, 460–1
to land. See Devise (of land); Inheritance Tentative pleading. See under Pleading
to personalty, 411–12 Tenure, feudal. See Feudal system; Incidents of
Suicide, 553 n. 79, 565 tenure; Lordship; Services
Suit produced by plaintiff, 7, 339–40, 344 Term of years. See Lease for years
Suit of court, 258 Term Reports, 195
Suit of kin, 504 Terms and vacations, 72, 75
Sullivan, Alexander Martin (1871–1959, last Irish Textbooks. See Treatises and textbooks
sjt), 175 n. 40 Theft
Summary proceedings, 29, 160, 541–2, 543, 547, accusation of, 467–8
551–2 Anglo-Saxon treatment of, 541
red-handed thieves, 541, 543 bailee excused by, 416, 417, 423
summary accusation, 543 common thief, indictment as, 546
summary conviction, 160, 552 customary law of, 562 n. 1
Supersedeas, 53 felony, as, 575
Support, easement of, 457 modern law of, 577
Supreme Court (2009), 58 n. 87, 153 sheriff ’s jurisdiction, 540–1
Supreme Court of Judicature (1875), 58, 122, 152. See also Larceny; Robbery
See also Court of Appeal; High Court of Third University of England, 170
Justice Thornton, Gilbert de (d. 1295, CJKB 1290–95),
Supreme courts at Westminster, 152 n. 45 Summa of, 186 n. 9
Sureties Thought, freedom of, 510–13
assumpsit against, 364 Threats. See Intimidation
contribution between co-sureties, 399 Thring, Henry (1818–1907, Baron Thring,
debt against, 343 parliamentary draftsman), 233 n. 188
Surgeons. See Medical negligence Thurlow, Edward (1731–1806, Baron Thurlow, LC
Surrebutter and surrejoinder, 85 n. 36 1778–92), 525
Surrender and admittance, 328 Time immemorial, 32 n. 91, 156
Swans, 406 Tithes, 138–9, 408
Synod, 136 failure to remove, as nuisance, 458
Syphilis, allegation of having, 469 Tithings, 9, 10, 27–8
Title-deeds, 333 n. 118, 405, 418
T Tobacco, nuisance by, 459 n. 45
Tail. See Entails Tolls (in market), 452, 480
Tales, 73 Tolt, 251, 255
Tallage of villeins, 503, 504 Tonsure, 555
Tally, 345 n. 43 Tort
Taltarum (Thomas Talcarn), 301 n. 17 compared with contract, 363, 427
Taxation compared with crime, 540–1
commissioners, 162 n. 114 detinue as, 426 n. 157
consent needed, 217 n. 90, 218, 259, 273 in Chancery, 113, 119
excise duty, 277, 483 joint tortfeasors, 400
forced loan, 178, 227, 508 waiver of, 398–9, 400
imprisonment and, 508 Torture, 510, 548
ship-money (q.v.) Tottell, Richard (d. 1594, printer), 485 n. 34
tax collector, shooting by, 431 Tourn, 28–30
varieties of, 277 Tournai, 36 n. 113
villeins and, 503 Towns. See Boroughs and cities
See also Aids; Incidents of tenure Townshend, Roger (d. 1493, JCP 1485–93), 190
Teacher, neglect by, 361 Trade
See also School malicious interference with, 493
Temple (The), lawyers in, 169 overseas, monopolies in, 482, 483–4
Tenancy at sufferance, 270 restraint of, 480 n. 4, 483
Tenancy at will, 325, 326 trade disputes, 496–7
Tenancy by copy of court roll, 326 unfair and deceptive competition,
Tenancy by the curtesy, 290–1 487–9
Tenancy by the virge, 326 Trade unions, 494, 495, 496–7
Tenancy for life, 283–5 Trademarks, 487–8
powers granted in settlements, 285, 309, Trailbaston sessions, 46, 48
314–15 Transportation, 556, 557–8
634 Index

Traverse Trover count

to inquisition, 109 in case for conversion, 423–5.
to pleading, 84 See also Conversion
Treason, 541, 553, 568–70 in detinue, 419
compassing the sovereign’s death, 568 Trusts, 215, 268, 309–11
counsel in trials for, 550 n. 61 account and, 387
forfeiture for, 260 charitable, 309
levying war, 568–9 chose in action, 328
non-clergiable, 556, 570 n. 60 constructive, 329, 334–5, 401
overt act, 569, 570 coupled with powers, 329
petty, 570 distinguished from uses, 309 n. 66
statutory, 569–70 effect of Judicature Acts, 123
violating the queen consort, 533 implied, 329, 335
Treasure trove, 413, 541 interests in land, as, 328–30
Treasury, counsel to legacy as trust, 386 n. 2
junior counsel, 176 n. 47, 179 n. 68 married woman’s separate estate, 311, 524, 525–6
parliamentary counsel, 233 of money, 329, 386, 387, 389
Treaties, 154 of personalty, 329–30
Treatises and textbooks, legal, 197–203, of promise, 376, 378
234–5 perpetuities and, 303
Trent, Council of (1563), 135 n. 5, 520 protective, 311
Trespass secret, 310
breach of covenant as, 350–4 to raise portions, 313
cestui que use as trespasser, 270 treatises on, 330
concept of, 67 trust as consideration for promise, 376
debt as, 363 n. 84 to preserve contingent remainders, 311, 313
detinue as, 420 See also Uses
felony and, 542
not doing as, 355. See also Nonfeasance U
nuisance as, 452–5 Ultimogeniture, 285
property acquired by, 408 Unavoidable necessity. See Inevitable accident
trespass ab initio, 213 n. 51 Undertaking. See Assumpsit
trespasser, liability of occupier to, 447 Uniformity of process, 57–8
Trespass, writs of, 67–71, 74–5 proposed (1656), 228
abduction, 489, 490 United States of America
battery, 429, 430–1 attorneys in, 173 n. 35
fault in, 428–32 Bentham and, 233 n. 183
in defence of chattel, 404 n. 3 constitution of, 83 n. 30
specimen writ, 584–5 courts of common pleas, 58 n. 88
by copyholder, 327 criminal law, 542, 557 n. 105
de bonis asportatis, 67–8, 421 judicial review of legislation, 224 n. 131
directness and force, 71, 436, 439–40 married women’s property, 525
false imprisonment, 75, 157 n. 81, 351 n. 9, 506 restitution, 401
in nature of de homine replegiando, 505 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 225 n. 139
intention in, 429–30, 437 Universities
jury trial in, 70 courts, 105
lying in wait, 466, 505 degree restored by mandamus, 159
quare clausum fregit, 68, 256, 592–5 legal education in, 181–3
against seducer, 490–1 visitatorial jurisdiction, 159
relevance of fault in, 428–32 See also under the names of particular universities
replevin awarded in, 505 Unjust enrichment, 401. See also Quasi-contract
specimen writ, 584–5 Unlawful assembly, 513 n. 101
taking cattle, specimen entry, 592–3 Upper Tribunal, 163
wilfulness, 437, 440 Usage
See also Case, actions on the; Criminal distinguished from custom, 32
conversation; Ejectment rule of the road, 439
Trial, modes of. See Battle; Jury; Summary Use and occupation
proceedings; Wager of law of chattels, 415
Trial procedure, 82–3, 102, 549–52 of land, 397
disturbance of trials, 93 n. 83, 256 Uses, 267–78
Tribunals, statutory, 160, 162–3 active, 309
Trinity Rules (1853), 98 Chancery and, 113
Tristram, Dr Thomas Hutchinson (1825–1912, charitable, 268, 309
doctor of law), 181 common law and, 271, 273, 305–7
 Index635

descent on intestacy, 270 Virginia

double (use upon a use), 310–11 slave laws in, 514 n. 110
dower and, 290 transportation to, 557 n. 114, 558
enforced by assumpsit, 269 Viscontiel writs, 27
entailed, 303, 304–5 nuisance, 452, 453, 456 n. 29
execution of. See Executory interests Visitatorial jurisdiction, 159
feudalism and, 271–6 Visitors, 444, 445, 447
implied, 270 Volenti non fit injuria, 443, 445
interests in land, as, 271 Voucher to warranty
married woman’s separate use, 311, 524 for goods, 415–16
mortgage by way of, 331 for land. See Warranty
nature of, 317
powers to change, 308–9 W
repugnant, 310 Wager of law, 7, 8, 81, 370–1
resulting, 270, 275 n. 49 abolition of, 81, 426
secret, 270 advantages of, 81, 365
shifting and springing, 307, 308 n. 54 avoided by using assumpsit, 363, 365, 370–1
troublesome, 309–10 avoided by using conversion, 422–6
See also Trusts conscience and, 118, 348
Usufruct, 318 disadvantages of, 347–8, 365
Usury, 330 n. 97, 347 n. 51 fictionalization of, 81
Utfangthief (utfangenetheof), 12 n. 38 in criminal cases, 547
Utilitarianism, 231, 536 in what actions
Utrum, assize, 138, 253 account, 388–9
covenant, 340
V criminal cases, 547 n. 46
Vacations, 72, 75 n. 92 debt, 344, 347–8
Vattel, Emer de (1714–67, Swiss jurist), 373 detinue, 417–18, 422, 426
Vaughan, Sir John (1603–74, CJCP 1668–74), 119, praecipe actions, 66
210, 369 quominus, 55
Venire facias ad respondendum, in Exchequer, 55 trespass on the case, 70, 81
Venire facias juratores, 73, 80 menacing the oath-helpers, 493
specimen entry, 592–3 procedure, 81
Venison, 406 Waif, 414
Venour, Elizabeth (fl. 1460, Warden of the Fleet), Wainage, 503 n. 28
500 n. 8 Waiver
Venue, 82 of property, 414
Verdict, 79 of tort, 398–9, 401
guilty but insane, 566 Wales, 36–8, 42
in trial without jury, 100 prince of, 37, 130
majority, 83 union with England, 37–8
partial, 558–9 Welsh language, 474 n. 68
special. See Special verdict See also Welsh Assembly
specimen entry, 594–5 Walmsley, Thomas (d. 1612, JCP 1589–1612), 367,
subject to case stated. See Case stated 368 nn. 111 and 114, 395 n. 58, 436 n. 48,
tentative, 88 454 n. 19
Veterinary surgeon, 351 Walter, Hubert (d. 1205, archbishop of
Vi et armis. See Force and arms Canterbury), 186 n. 4, 216 n. 83, 519
Vicarious liability, 437, 438, 439, 443–4 Waltham, John of (MR 1381–86), 111
Vice-chancellors of England, 122 Wapentakes, 9 n. 23
Victoria (1819–1901, queen of the United War
Kingdom), assassination attempts, 566 declaration of, 154
View, right to pleasant, 457, 459 levying, 568–9
Vifgage (vivum vadium), 330 n. 96 military jurisdiction, 131–2
Vill and village, 10 prisoners of, 132, 501
Villeinage Wards, master of, 273
accusation of, 467, 468 Wards and Liveries, Court of, 227, 277
lying in wait to seize a villein, 466, 505 Wardship, 261, 262–4
status, 212, 501–6 account against guardian in socage, 261, 387 n. 6
tenure in, 245, 246, 253 n. 57, 325–6, 502. effect on term of years, 320
See also Copyhold of heir of intestate cestui que use, 273
Viner, Charles (1678–1756) Warranty
Abridgment, 196–7 by feudal lord, 245, 248, 251–2, 282, 292,
founder of chair of law, 181 292 n. 59
636 Index

Warranty (cont.) defamation jurisdiction, 467

compared with promise, 248, 353, 378–9 king’s divorce, 533
deed required to prove, 340–1 misuse of legatine jurisdiction, 140
entail barred by, 300–1 sanctuaries, 554
implied, 381–2 Star Chamber and, 127
on sale of goods, 352–3, 378–9, 380–2 under-courts, 129
Waste Women
equitable, 119 n. 86 benefit of belly, 559
of men, 503 benefit of clergy, 555
of time, 463, 490 female lawyers, 183
Waste, action of homage by, 244 n. 11
by guardian, 261 inheritance by, 287, 288, 499
by tenant for life, 284 jury of matrons, 559
specimen writ, 594–5 legal status, 499–500
Water married women. See Husband and wife
bursting reservoir, 462 n. 65 offices held by, 500
control of (and flooding), 436, 451, 453 provision in settlements for, 313–14
diversion of, 451, 454 punishment for treason, 570 n. 59
pollution of, 453 slander of, 473
See also Flooding; Sea trial by battle, excused, 544
Way. See Highway; Right of way See also Sex and gender
Websites, 477 Woolf, Harry (b. 1933, Baron Woolf, MR 1996–2000,
Wed, 519 LCJ 2000–15), 102
Wedding. See under Marriage (ceremony of) Words
Welfare state, 160 actionable as negligence, 447–8
Welsh Assembly, 38 deed required to prove, 340–1, 355, 372
Wensleydale, Lord. See Parke, James interpretation (q.v.)
Wessex, law of, 9, 16 slang, 470–1
West Indies spoken words
slave trade in, 513 but ‘wind’, 465 n. 2, 471 n. 49
transportation to, 558 copyright in, 486
Westbury, Lord. See Bethell, Richard mere ‘naked breath’, 346
Westlake, John (1828–1913, prof. of law), 203 supported by suit, 339
Westminster Abbey, 553 See also Deed; Defamation; Writing
Westminster Palace, 44–6 Workmen
ordinary of, 554 n. 87 right to work, 494, 495–6
See also Exchequer Chamber; Star Chamber; strikes, 495, 496–7
White Hall trade unions, 494, 495, 496–7
Westmorland, hereditary sheriff of, 26 n. 58, 500 n. 8 workmen’s compensation, legislation for, 445
Whales, 406 n. 25 See also Master and servant
Whipping, 552, 556 Worship, freedom of, 511
White Hall, court of requests in, 129 Wreck, 414
Widows Wriothesley, Sir Thomas (1505–50, Baron
dower (q.v.) Wriothesley and Earl of Southampton, LC
marriage with, as canonical bigamy, 1544–47), 117
261 n. 102, 555 Writing
Wife. See Husband and wife administration through, 12–13
Wilkes, John (1727–97, politician), 27 contracts required to be in or evidenced by, 372
William I (1027–87, king of England), 5 n. 9, 15, slander in. See Libel
242–3. See also Norman conquest trusts required to be evidenced by, 329
Will. See Devise words required to be evidenced by, 340, 355, 372.
Winch, Sir Humphrey (d. 1625, JCP 1611–25), 193 See also Deeds
Windfalls, 405 Writs
Witan, 12, 21, 106 abolition of, 75
Witches, swimming of, 8 n. 17 Anglo-Saxon, 13, 61
Withernam, 35 n. 107, 257 n. 78 books about, 64, 197, 199
Witnesses Chancery and, 107, 108, 110
compared with jurors, 82 fines (fees) for, 47, 50, 53, 61
in criminal cases, 550, 551 judicial, 71–4
interested persons as, 551 limitation periods in, 253 n. 59, 256
king’s evidence, 557 original, 29, 60–71, 580–7
witness statements, 102 power to invent, 63, 355 n. 32
Wolsey, Cardinal Thomas (d. 1530, LC 1515–29), registers (collections) of, 62, 187
chancellor, 108, 115, 117 return of, 62, 73
 Index637

service of, 75 precedent in, 208

specially endorsed, 75 n. 91 York, province (archiepiscopal), 136,
study of, 169 180 n. 72, 411
types of (table), 77 Yorke, Philip (1690–1764, Lord Hardwicke, CJKB
uniform writ of summons, 75, 591 1733–37, LC 1737–56)
See also Forms of action; Judicial writs;  clandestine marriages, 521
Original writs equity, 119
Wulfstan (d. 1023), archbishop of York, 5 slavery, 513, 514
trademarks, 488
X trusts, 311
Xenophobia. See under Aliens
Z
Y Zong, The, 515 n. 114
Year, different ways of reckoning, 73 n. 73 Zouche, Edward (Baron Zouche, lord president of
Year books, 189–91 the Council in Wales), 130