Section 8.

1: Using Basic Integration

Formulas

A Review: The basic integration formulas summarise the forms of indefinite integrals for may of the functions we have
studied so far, and the substitution method helps us use the table below to evaluate more complicated functions involving
these basic ones. So far, we have seen how to apply the formulas directly and how to make certain u-substitutions.
Sometimes we can rewrite an integral to match it to a standard form. More often however, we will need more advanced
techniques for solving integrals. First, let’s look at some examples of our known methods.

Basic integration formulas

ˆ ˆ
1. k dx = kx + C (any number k) 12. tan(x) dx = ln | sec(x)| + C

ˆ ˆ
n xn+1
2. x dx = +C (n 6= −1) 13. cot(x) dx = ln | sin(x)| + C
n+1
ˆ ˆ
1
3. dx = ln |x| + C 14. sec(x) dx = ln | sec(x) + tan(x)| + C
x
ˆ ˆ
x x
4. e dx = e + C 15. csc(x) dx = − ln | csc(x) + cot(x)| + C

ˆ ˆ
ax
5. ax dx = +C (a > 0, a 6= 1) 16. sinh(x) dx = cosh(x) + C
ln(a)
ˆ ˆ
6. sin(x) dx = − cos(x) + C 17. cosh(x) dx = sinh(x) + C

ˆ ˆ x
1
7. cos(x) dx = sin(x) + C 18. √ dx = sin−1 +C (a > 0)
a2 − x2 a
ˆ ˆ
1 1 −1 x
 
2
8. sec (x) dx = tan(x) + C 19. dx = tan +C (a > 0)
a2 + x2 a a
ˆ ˆ x
1 1
9. csc2 (x) dx = − cot(x) + C 20. √ dx = sec−1   + C (a > 0)
 
x x2 − a2 a a
ˆ ˆ x
1
10. sec(x) tan(x) dx = sec(x) + C 21. √ dx = sinh−1 +C (a > 0)
a2 + x2 a
ˆ ˆ x
1
11. csc(x) cot(x) dx = − csc(x) + C 22. √ dx = cosh−1 +C (x > a > 0)
x2 − a 2 a
Section 8.1: Techniques of Integration MATH 142

Example 1 - Substitution: Evaluate the integral

ˆ 5
2x − 3
√ dx.
3 x2− 3x + 1

ˆ 5 ˆ 11
2x − 3 1
2 √ dx = √ du
u = x − 3x + 1 3
2
x − 3x + 1 1 u
ˆ 11
du = 2x − 3 dx = u−1/2 du
1
hi 11

1/2 
u = (3)2 − 3(3) + 1 = 1 = 2u 

1
u = (5)2 − 3(5) + 1 = 11 √ √
= 2 11 − 2 1
√ 
= 2 11 − 1

Example 2 - Complete the Square: Find

ˆ
1
√ dx.
8x − x2

8x − x2 = −(x2 − 8x) ˆ ˆ
1 1
2
= −((x − 4) − 4 ) 2 √ dx = p dx
8x − x2 42 − (x − 4)2
ˆ
= 42 − (x − 4)2 1
= p du
hi 4 − (u)2
2
u
u=x−4 = sin−1 +C
4
 
du = dx x−4
= sin−1 +C
4

Example 3 - Trig Identities: Calculate

ˆ
cos(x) sin(2x) + sin(x) cos(2x) dx.

ˆ ˆ
cos(x) sin(2x) + sin(x) cos(2x) dx = sin (x + 2x) dx
hi ˆ
u = 3x = sin (3x) dx
ˆ
du = 3 dx 1
= sin (u) du
1 3
du = dx 1
3 = − cos (u) + C
3
1
= − cos (3x) + C
3

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Section 8.1: Techniques of Integration MATH 142

Example 4 - Trig Identities: Find

ˆ π
4 1
dx.
0 1 − sin(x)
ˆ π ˆ π
4 1 4 1 1 + sin(x)
dx = · dx
0 1 − sin(x) 0 1 − sin(x) 1 + sin(x)
ˆ π
4 1 + sin(x)
= dx
0 1 − sin2 (x)
ˆ π
4 1 1 sin(x)
= + dx
0 cos2 (x) cos(x) cos(x)
ˆ π
4
= sec2 (x) + sec(x) tan(x) dx
0
 π4

= tan(x) + sec(x)


π  0π 
= tan + sec − (tan(0) + sec(0))
4 4
√
= 1 + 2 − (0 + 1)
√
= 2

Example 5 - Clever Substitution Evaluate

ˆ
1
√ dx.
(1 + x)3
ˆ ˆ
1 2(u − 1)
√ dx = du
(1 + x)3 u3
√ ˆ
u=1+ x 2 2
= 2
− 3 du
1 u u
du = √ dx ˆ
2 x = 2u − 2u−3 du
−2
√
2 x du = dx
= −2u−1 + u−2 + C
2(u − 1) du = dx
2 1
=− + 2 +C
u u
2 1
= − √ + √ +C
1 + x (1 + x)2

Example 6 - Properties of Trig Integrals

ˆ π
2
x3 cos(x) dx.
−π
2

f (x) = x3 =⇒ f (−x) = (−x)3 = −x3 = −f (x) g(x) = cos(x) =⇒ f (−x) = cos(−x) = cos(x) = f (x)
3
=⇒ x is an odd function =⇒ x3 is an even function

Putting these two facts together we see that x3 cos(x) is an odd function and is symmetric over the interval − π2 , π2 . Thus
 

(by Theorem 8, Section 5.6)

ˆ π
2
x3 cos(x) dx = 0
−π
2

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