Institute of Science & Technology
Tribhuvan University
Dean's Office
Semester Examination 2071
Model Question
Semester: First Full Marks: 30
Subject: Fungi, Bacteria, Virus & Lichen (Bot. 511) Pass Marks: 15
Time: 2 hrs.
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. Figures in the
margin indicate the full marks.
Attempt all questions
1. Explain the different types of Ascospores with suitable diagram. 5.0
2. Explain the recent classification (Alexopoulos & Mims, 1979) of fungi with
characters. 5.0
3. Describe the different stages of life cycle of Uradinales. 5.0
Or
Describe the life history of Synchytrium endobioticum.
4. Briefly explain about the parasexual cycle. 2.5
5. Differentiates between thallic and blastic conidia. 2.5
6. Describe the applied value of mushroom. 2.5
7. Write an account of the disease caused by Phytophthora. How would you
control the spread of disease? 2.5
8. Distinguished between primary & secondary zoospores.
Or
Explain composition of cell wall of Bacteria.
9. Describe the nature of viruses & mention the methods of their transmission. 2.5
Or
Describe the economic importance of lichens.
Institute of Science & Technology
Tribhuvan University
Dean's Office
Semester Examination 2071
Model Question
Semester: First Full Marks: 30
Subject: Algae (Bot. 513) Pass Marks: 15
Time: 2 hrs.
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. Figures in the
margin indicate the full marks.
Attempt all questions
1. Why algae are used as bioindicator and monitoring water quality? Explain with
examples. 5.0
2. Discribe the sexual life cycle in Phaeophyceae. 5.0
3. What is algal bloom? What factors affecting algal bloom? 5.0
Or
What is heterotrichous form of algal thallus? What is its evolutionary significance?
4. Write the economic uses of diatoms. 2.5
5. Describe chantransia stage. 2.5
6. Write notes on algal biodiesel. 2.5
7. Describe the distribution of flagella among algae. 2.5
8. Describe the role of algae in climate change 2.5
Or
Describe ranges of thallus in chlorophyceae.
9. Differentiate between trichome and filament 2.5
Or
What is mass cultivation? What are the requirements of mass cultivation of Spirulina.
Institute of Science & Technology
Tribhuvan University
Dean's Office
Semester Examination 2071
Model Question
Semester: First Full Marks: 30
Subject: Bryophyte (Bot. 515) Pass Marks: 15
Time: 2 hrs.
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. Figures in the
margin indicate the full marks.
Attempt all questions
1. Describe the characteristic features and classification of liverworts. 5.0
2. What is peristome? Discuss the significance of peristome in
classification of mosses. 5.0
3. Discuss different views regarding origin of bryophytes. 5.0
Or
Discuss the evolution of sporophytes on the basis of sterilization of
sporogenous tissues in bryophytes.
4. Compare the spore dispersal in Marchantia, Anthoceros and Polytrichum. 2.5
5. Draw and differentiate between the archegonium of Porella and Sphagnum. 2.5
6. Differentiate between elaters and pseudoelaters. 2.5
7. Explain briefly the affinities between Sphaerocarpales and Marchantiales. 2.5
8. Write note on characteristic features of Takakia. 2.5
Or
Describe leaf arrangement in Porella.
9. Explain briefly the classification of mosses. 2.5
Or
Write notes on development of protonema in Funaria.
Institute of Science & Technology
Tribhuvan University
Dean's Office
Semester Examination 2071
Model Question
Semester: First Full Marks: 30
Subject: Pteridophyte (Bot. 517) Pass Marks: 15
Time: 2 hrs.
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. Figures in the
margin indicate the full marks.
Attempt all questions
1. What are the general bases for the classification of pteridophytes. Give an
outline classification of pteridophytes (any one) and also give characteristiscs
of different taxa up to classes (divisions). 5.0
2. Give a detailed account of reproduction in Selaginella. 5.0
3. Give general characters of Marattiales. How do they act as connecting link
between eusporangiate and leptosporangiate ferns? 5.0
Or
Give an account of external and internal structures of vegetative structures in Marsilea.
4. Why are Rhyniales considered the most primitive land plants? 2.5
5. Give general characters of Psilotales. How would you justify their placement in
Pteropsida? 2.5
6. Heterospory is a first step towards the development of seed habit. Justify the
statement. 2.5
7. Give a concise account of soral structures found in ferns. 2.5
8. What are the main reasons for the resilience of pteridophyte communities to
human disturbance? 2.5
Or
Give a brief account of distribution of Pteridophytes in Nepal.
9. Which factors affect the expression of sexuality in fern gametophytes and How? 2.5
Or
Give a concise account of gametophytes in Lycopodium.
Institute of Science & Technology
Tribhuvan University
Dean's Office
Semester Examination 2071
Model Question
Semester: First Full Marks: 30
Subject: Gymnosperm and Palaeobotany (Bot. 519) Pass Marks: 15
Time: 2 hrs.
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. Figures in the
margin indicate the full marks.
Attempt all questions
1. Describe the flower of Cycadeoidea and compare it with an angiospermic flower. 5.0
2. Describe the characteristics of Ginkgoales. Discuss its affinities. 5.0
3. Give an account of Taxales and discuss its affinity. 5.0
Or
Define fossil. Describe different types of plant fossil in brief.
4. Write in brief the angiospermic features of Gnetum. 2.5
5. Write in short the megasporophylls of Cycads. 2.5
6. Write in briefly the distribution of Coniferales in Nepal. 2.5
7. Explain briefly flowers of Welwitschia. 2.5
8. Write note on Medullosa stem. 2.5
Or
Write in short the morphological feature of Ephedra.
9. Explain briefly the classification of Gymnosperms. 2.5
Or
Write distribution of Taxus in Nepal.
