Design steps for Linear Regulators
1. Selection of regulator:
Depending upon output voltage and current, select regulator 1C
e.g.: If output is+5v, select 7805 IC
2. Calculate voltage at input of regulator
e.g.: If output is+5v,then,
voltage at inputof regulator=(5v+droupout voltage+1v)
droupout voltage=3v(see datasheet)
therefore Vin=8v
Diagram:
8v is min voltage required so Vp=9v
Considering line regulation factor:
Vp= (9v)(1.1(+/-10% of mains) )=9.9=10v
3.Selection of filter capacitor:
a)V(v)p-p=Idc/2fc
Consider, V(v)p-p=20% Vp
=20%(10v)
=2v
2v=Idc/2fc
Idc=Load current
f:frequency 50hz
b)RR=20 log [(Vin(r)/Vout(r)]
RR: from datasheet
Vin(r):20%Vp
Calculate Vout(r)
Vout(r) is given in specifications calculated r should be less then specified
Calculate value of filter capacitor:
Voltage across capacitor is=
Vc=1.5*Vp
=1.5(10v)
=15v
Select standard capacitor value
One more capacitor of 0.1micro farad is connected across filter cap. To remove high
frequency components and filter capacitor will take care of 50hz.
Rectifier Selection:
Select rectifier from PIV rating and Iavg
PIV=Vm (Bridge) & halfwave
=2vm(full wave center tap)
Iavg: By considering load current
Transformer Selection:
Vrms: Root mean square voltage.
Irms: Root mean square current.
Turns ratio:
Vrms=Vp/√ 2
Irms=Im/√ 2
Im=∏(Idc/2)
N1/N2=V1/V2=I2/I1
For 50 Hz, Core selected is iron core. For high frequency, ferrinite core is used. Also VA
rating of transformer is considered.
Filter Capacitor Selection:
The amplitude of ripple voltage is affected by load current, capacitor value and capacitor
discharge time. The discharge time depends upon frequency. Capacitance can be calculated
from load current, acceptable ripple amplitude & capacitor discharge time.
Consider wave form after rectifier:
Fig(1)
Fig(2)
Waveform quantites:
Eavg:avg.dc o/p voltage
Eo(max):max o/p voltage level
Eo(min):min o/p voltage
V(rp-p):ripple voltage
T:time period of input w/f
t1:capacitor discharge time
t2:capacitor charge time
Q1:phase angle of input wave from zero to Emin
Q2:phase angle of input wave from Eomin to--------
Calculation of filter capacitor for 5v o/p
New Method:
o/p voltage=5v
=3v
5+3=8v
20% of 8v
VR=1.6
Vp=(8.8)(1.1)=9.68=10v
Eomin=7.2v
Eomax=8.8v
Q1=sin−1❑E0(min)/Eo(max)=sin−1❑(7.2/8.8)=55℃
Q2=90-25=35℃
T=1/f =1/50=20ms’
t2=Q2T/360°=[35°*20ms/360°]=1.94ms
Qt1=(T/2)-t2=10ms-1.94=8.06ms
C=Ilt1/Vr=1*8.06*10^-3/1.6=5037µf
C=5037µf
Pg no.5
Diagram:
Fig shows how we can use external transistor to boost the output current exeternal transistor
to boost the o/p current .The external transistor called an outboard transistor is a power
transistor.R1 is current sensing resistor of 0.7Ω.Notice that we are using 0.7 instead of 0.6
because power transistor needs more base voltage than small-signal transistor.
When current is less than 1A,voltage across current sensing resistor is less than 0.7v& Q is
off. When the load current is greater then 1A,Q turns 0M & supplies almost all the load
current above 1A.
When the load current increases, current through 78xx device increases slightly,
producing more voltage, which maks outboard transistor to conduct heavily.
Each time we increase load current, current through the 78xx device slightly
increases, producing more voltage across the current sensing resistor. In this way Q helps to
boost the current above 1A, with only small increase in the current through 78xx.
For large load current, base current in the outboard transistor becomes large.78xx chip
has to supply this base current in addition to its share to load current. For large load current
use Darlington connection.
Power Transistor for Current boosting circuit design:
If load current is 2A,then 1A is taken from regulator IC &remaining is from boosting
transistor. If output is 5v
PDM=(10v-5v)*1A
=5w
PDw=10*1A
=10w
Applying factor of safety,
10w*1.5=15w
Current is 1A
F.o.s=1.5
1*1.5=1.5A
Select transistor whose power rating is more then 15w & current is 1.5A or
more.
Tip 115 is selected
