Chapter 4: Probability distributions

Number 1

x 1 2 3
P(X = x) 0.2 0.25 0.4
P(X=x) 0
(a) a= 1-(0.2+0.25+0.4+0.05)
= 0.1

0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

(b) (i) P(1 ≤ X ≤ 3) = P(1)+ P(2)+ P(3)

= 0.2 + 0.25 + 0.4
= 0.85

(b) (ii) P(X > 2) = P(x=3)+P(x=3)+P(x=5)

= 0.4+0.1+0.05
= 0.55

(b) (iii) P(2 < X < 5 ) = P(x=3)+P(x=4)

= 0.4+0.1
= 0.85
(b) (iv) mode 3

Number 2

x 12 13
P(X=x) 12K 13K
x 12 13

Page 1
 P(X=x) 0.3076923077 0.3333333333

12 K+13 K+14 K=1

39 K = 1
K = 1/39

Number 3

x 3 5 6
P(X=x) 0.1 0.05 0.45

since ∑ p(X=x) = 1,

0.1+0.05+0.45+3p10+p10 = 1

0.1+0.05+0.45+4p10 = 1

4p10 = 0.4

p10 = 0.1

x 3 5 6
P(X=x) 0.1 0.05 0.45

Number 4

x has probability distribution as shown in the table

x 1 2 3
P(X=x) 1/10 3/10 a

(a) 1/10+3/10+a+1/5+1/20
a= 7/20

(b) P(x>=4) P(X=4) + P(X=5)

=(1/5+1/20)
0.25

Number 6

Total number of socks = (8+4)=12

Page 2
P(x=1) = (8/12)+(4/12)+(4/12)
= (2/27)

P(x=2) = (8/12)+(8/12)+(4/12)
= (4/27)

Number 7

P(R=r)=c(3-r)for r = 0,1,2,3
(a)

r P(R=r) P(R=r)
0 3c 1/2
1 2c 1/3
2 c 1/6
3 0 0

r=0  c(3-0) =3c

r=1 c(3-1) =2c
r=2 c(3-2) =c
r=3 c(3-3) 0

3c+2c+c=1
6c=1
c=1/6

(b)
3.5

2.5

2
2

1.5

1
1

0.5

0
0

Page 3
 1

0.5

0
0

(c)

P(1 ≤ R<3) = P(1,2)

= 1/3+1/6
= 1/2

Number 8

Number of digits in decimal number = 10

P(any digit) = 1/10
P(X=x) = 0.1 where x=0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9

Chapter 4: Probability distributions

Page:244 Exercise 4B Expectation

Number 1

The probability distribution for random variable X is shown in the table :

x 0 1 2
P(X=x) 1/6 1/12 1/4

E(x) = ∑ x P(X=x)
=(0*1/6)+(1*1/12)+(2*1/4)+(3*1/3)+(4*1/6)
2.25

Number 3

X (PX=x)
1 0.1
2 0.3
3 0.3
4 0.2
5 0.1
∑ P(X=x) 1

Page 4
(a)
Y = 1-(0.1+0.3+0.2+0.1)
= 0.3

(b)
E(X) = (0.1*1)+(0.3*2)+(0.3*3)+(0.2*4)+(0.1*5)
= 2.9

Number 5

5 counters, 5/11 6 red counters , 6/11

1st drawn 2nd drawn

4/10 B

5/11 B 6/10 R
5/10 B

6/11 R
5/10 R

x 0 1 2
P(X=x) 2/11 6/11 3/11

E(X)= ∑ xP(X=x)
= 0*2/11 + 1*6/11+2*3/11
=12/11

Number 6

x 1/4 1/4 1/4

P(X=x) -10p 5p 3p

E(X)= (-10*1/4)+(5*1/4)+(3*1/4)+(5*1/4)
=0.75p

Page 5
Number 8 (a) P(0) +P(1) + P(2) =0.9
P(0) +P(1) =0.5
0.5 +P(2) =0.9

hence , P(2) = 0.9 - 0.5

P(2) = 0.4

E(X) = (P(0) * 0) + (P (1) * 1 ) + (P(2) * 2) +(P(3) * 3)

E(X) = (P(1) + 2 * P(2) +3 P(3)
E(X) = P(1) + 0.8 + 3 * P(3)

P(1) = 0.6 - 3 * P(3)

P(0) + P(1) + P(2) + P(3) = 1

P(3) = 1 - (P(1) + 0.4 +0.5 -P(1) )

P(3) = 0.1

P(1) = 0.6-3(0.1)
P(1) = 0.3

(b) P(0) = 0.5-0.3

P(0) = 0.2

Number 10

Removing Result
Bag 1 Bag 2 Bag 1 Bag 2
R R 3R1B 1R1B
R B 2R2B 2R0B
B R 4R0B 0R2B
B B 3R1B 1R1B

Let X be the event "Result of number of red balls in bag1"

Probability space of X = {2,3,4}

x 2 3 4
P(X=x) +=Y
xP(X=x) 2x 3xy 4x
= Y

Page 6
E(x) = ∑xP(X=x)
= 2 or 2.75

Page:251 Exercise 4C Expectation and Variance

Number 1

x 1 2 3
P(X=x) 0.2 0.3 0.5

P(X=x) for x=1,2,3

(a)
E(X) = (1*0.2) + ( 2*0.3)+ (3*0.5)
=2.3

FX FX²
1 1
2 4
3 9
(b)
E(X²) = (1*0.2)+ (4*0.3) +( 9*0.5)
=0.2 + 1.2 + 4.5
=5.9

(c)
Var(X) =E(X²) - (E(X))²
= E(X²) = 5.9 - (E(X))²
=5.9 - 5.29
= 0.61

Number 5

x 2 4 6
P(X=x) 0.1 0.3 0.5
∑xp 0.2 1.2 3
∑xp ( Total) =5.2

E(X²) = ∑X² P(X=x)

= 4*0.1+16*0.3+36*0.5+64*0.1
=29.6

Page 7
 Var(X) = E(X²) - μ²
= 29.6 - 5.2²
= 29.6 - 27.04
= 2.56

Number 13
x 0 1 2
P(X=x) 1/7 4/7 2/7

1/7 3/7 * 2/6

4/7 3/7 * 4/6 * 4/7 * 3/6
2/7 4/7 * 3/6

(a)
= ( 0 * 1/7 ) + ( 1 * 4/7) + ( 2 * 2/7)
=1 1/7
= 8/7

(b)
E(X²) = ∑X² P(X=x)
= 0 * 1/7 + 1 * 4/7 + 4 * 2/7
= 1 5/7
= 12/7

(c)
Var(X) = E (X²) - μ²
= 12/7 - (8/7)²
= 1 27/49

(d)

Page:261 Exercise 4E Combinations of random Variables

Number 3
E(X) = 3 E(X²) = 12 E(Y)= 4 E(Y²) = 18

(a)

Page 8
E(3X - 2Y) = 3E (X) - 2E(Y)
= 3(3) - 2 (4)
=1

(b)
E(2Y - 3X) = 2E (Y) - 3E (X)
= 2(4) - 3 (3)
= -1

(c)
E(6X + 4Y) = 6E(X) + 4E(Y)
= 6(3) + 4(4)
= 34

(d)
Var(2X-Y)

Page:276 Exercise 5a The uniform and geometric distributions

Number 1

x 6 7 8
P(X=x) a a a

(a)
∑P(X=x) = 1
5a = 1
a = 1/5
P(X=x) = 1/5 FOR x = 6,7,8,9,10

(b)
MEAN = E∑XP(X=x)
= (6*0.2)+(7*0.2)+(8*0.2)+(9*0.2)+(10*0.2)
8

(c)
P(X < μ) = P(X < 8)
=P(X=6) + P(X=7)
0.4

Number 2

X is Geo(0.35) p=0.35 q=0.65

Page 9
(a)
P(x=4) = (0.65)³ * 0.35
0.096

(b)
P(x > 4)=1 -P(x≤4)
= 1 - (1 - [0.65]⁴)
0.179

(c)
P(x≤3) = 1-([0.65]³)
0.725

(d)
E(x) = 1/0.35
2.85

Number 3
(a)
P = 0.6 q=1.06
q=0.4

X is the number of tosses up to and including the first head

P(X≤4) = 1-q⁴
=1-(0.4)⁴
0.9744

(b)
P(X>5) = 1-P(x≤5)
=1-(1-q⁵)
q⁵
=(0.4)⁵
0.01024

(c)
The most likely number of tosses until a head is obtained is 1

(d)
E(X) = 1/P
0.6 = 1/P
P = 1/0.6
1 2/3

Page 10
(e)
0.4 = 1/q
Let q be number of tosses when a tail is obtained
q = 1/0.4
q = 2.5

Page:285 Exercise 5b The binomial distributions

Number 1
Given
P = 0.3
q = 1-P q=0.7
n = 10

(a)
P(X=3) = 0.266828
=0.267 (2 s.f)

(b)
P(X˂5) = 0.821484
= 0.821 (2 s.f)

Number 2
Given
P = 0.25
q=1-P q=0.75
n=9

(a)
P(X=3) = 0.233597
=0.234 (2s.f)

(b)
P(X>7) = 0.000107

Number 3
Given
n = 8, p = 0.4, q = 0.6 

(a)
P(X=3)
 8c3 *0.4^3 *0.6^5 = 0.278

Page 11
(b)
 P(X>= 1)
 1 - P[0] = 1 - 0.6^8 = 0.9832 

(c)
P(X>4)
n = 8, p = 0.4, q = 0.6 
Taking into consideration yellow
P(X>4) = 0.5941

Number 4
The random variable X is B(6,0.42) . Find
(a) P(X = 6)
(b) P( X = 4)
(c) P(X ≤ 2)

Given ,
p = 0.42
q = 1-p ; q = 0.58
n=6

(a)
P(X = 6) = 0.005489
= 0.00549 3 s.f

(b)
P(X = 4) = 0.157016
= 0.00549 3s.f

(c)
P(X≤2) = p(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2)
P(X≤2) = 0.502905
= 0.503 3s.f

Number 5

Given ,
P(getting a six), p = 1/6
P(not getting a six) , q = 5/6
n=7

P(X≥5) = P( X = 5) + P(X = 6) + P(X = 7) P(at least 5 sixes)

P(X≥5) = 0.002004

Page 12
= 0.00200 3s.f

Number 6
Given ,
p = 0.3
q = 1-p; q = 0.7
n=7

(a)
P(X = 2) = 0.317652
= 0.318 3s.f

(b)
P(X≥2) P(X = 2) + P(X = 3) + P(X = 4) + P(X = 5) + P(X = 6) + P(X = 7)
P(X≥2) = 0.670583
= 0.671 3s.f

(c)
P(at most 2 days) = 1-[P(X ≥2) - P(X = 2)
P(at most 2 days) =0.64707
= 0.647 3s.f

(d)
P(three consecutive days) = P(X = 3)/7 Given that order of 3 consecutive days can be varied
P(three consecutive days) = 0.032414
= 0.0324 3s.f

Page:290 Exercise 5c Expectation , variance and mode of the binomial distribution

Number 4
(a)
E(X) = Number of people(np) = 2
Var(X) = 1.6
np = 2..(1)
npq = 1.6..(2)
from (1) and (2)
2q = 1.6
q = 1.6/2 = 0.8
And p = 0.2
person chosen at random wear glasses = 0.2

(b)
n = 10
P(X = 6) = 10□C₆(0.2)⁶(0.8)⁴
= 0.00551

Page 13
Page:297 Exercise 5d The poisson distribution
Number 2
(a)
P(X≥2) = 1 - P(X<2)

= 1 -[ e¯⁶6⁰/0! + e¯⁶ 6/1!]

= 1 - e¯⁶[1+6]
= 0.9826

(b)
Let Y be the number of telephone calls
received by the manager between 9:30 a.m to 9:40 a.m on Wednesday.

Mean of number of calls recevied between 9:30 a.m on Wednesday is 1.

P(X = 2) = e¯₁ 1/ 2!
= 0.1839

Page 14
 4 5
0.1 0.05

4 4.5 5 5.5

+ P(2)+ P(3)

3)+P(x=3)+P(x=5)

14
14K
14

Page 15
 0.358974359

8 10
3p10 p10

8 10
0.3 0.1

e table

4 5
1/5 1/20

Page 16
2)+(4/12)+(4/12)
(2/27)

2)+(8/12)+(4/12)
(4/27)

r
0
1
2
3

Page 17
nd 9

shown in the table :

3 4
1/3 1/6

Page 18
P(BB) =5/11 * 4/10
=2/11

P(BR) = 5/11*6/10 = 3/11

P(RB) = 6/11*5/10 = 3/11

P(RR) = 6/11*5/10 = 3/4

1/4
5p

Page 19
probability of occurrence
XY =
XY =
XY =
XY =
XY =

Page 20
 8
0.1
0.8

Page 21
 9 10
a a

Page 22