Assignment-III
Computer network
Submitted to:- Manjot Kaur
by Gagandeep Kaur(180230060)
Explain the following terms in brief:-
I. Bridges
A bridge is a network device that connects multiple LANs (local area networks) together
to form a larger LAN. The process of aggregating networks is called network bridging. A
bridge connects the different components so that they appear as parts of a single
network. Bridges operate at the data link layer of the OSI model and hence also referred
as Layer 2 switches.
The following diagram shows a bridges connecting two LANs
II. Data link protocols
In networking and communications, the transmission of a unit of data (frame, packet)
from one node to another. Known as a "layer 2 protocol," the data link protocol is
responsible for ensuring that the bits and bytes received are identical to the bits and
bytes sent.
For example, in a local network, if a message is split into 100 packets and a station
receives 97, the data link protocol ensures those 97 are error free, but it is not aware of
the three missing ones. TCP and other higher-layer protocols make sure all 100 are
delivered (see TCP/IP).
III. WDM
WDM is a technique in fiber optic transmission that enables the use of multiple light
wavelengths (or colors) to send data over the same medium. Two or more colors of light
can travel on one fiber and several signals can be transmitted in an optical waveguide at
differing wavelengths.
IV. TDM
Time division multiplexing (FDM) is a technique of multiplexing, where the users are
allowed the total available bandwidth on time sharing basis. Here the time domain is
divided into several recurrent slots of fixed length, and each signal is allotted a time slot
on a round-robin basis.
Example
Consider a system having four input streams, A, B, C and D. Each of the data streams is
divided into units which are allocated time slots in the round – robin manner. Hence, the
time slot 1 is allotted to A, slot 2 is allotted to B, slot 3 is allotted to C, slot 4 is allotted to
D, slot 5 is allocated to A again, and this goes on till the data in all the streams are
transmitted.
V. Packet Switching
Packet switching is the transfer of small pieces of data across various networks. These
data chunks or “packets” allow for faster, more efficient data transfer.
Often, when a user sends a file across a network, it gets transferred in smaller data
packets, not in one piece. For example, a 3MB file will be divided into packets, each with
a packet header that includes the origin IP address, the destination IP address, the
number of packets in the entire data file, and the sequence number.
VI. Distributed Routing
The Simplest distributed routing techniques flood is not adaptive. When a packet is
received in a node , It is forwarded to all destinations possible.
The efficient routing is nevertheless penalising in terms of flow and can’t be adopted in
specific cases. Such as networks whose real time is essential and low traffic.
VII. Gateway
A gateway is a node (router) in a computer network, a key stopping point for data on its
way to or from other networks. Thanks to gateways, we are able to communicate and
send data back and forth. The Internet wouldn't be any use to us without gateways (as
well as a lot of other hardware and software).
In a workplace, the gateway is the computer that routes traffic from a workstation to the
outside network that is serving up the Web pages. For basic Internet connections at
home, the gateway is the Internet Service Provider that gives you access to the entire
Internet.
Difference between guided and unguided
transmission media:-
S.NO. GUIDED MEDIA UNGUIDED MEDIA
The signal energy propagates through The signal energy propagates
1.
wires in guided media. through air in unguided media.
Unguided media is generally
Guided media is used for point to point
2. suited for radio broadcasting in all
communication.
directions.
Continuous network topologies
Discrete network topologies are
3. are formed by the unguided
formed by the guided media.
media.
Signals are in the form of voltage, Signals are in the form of
4. current or photons in the guided electromagnetic waves in
media. unguided media.
<Examples of guided media are Examples of unguided media are
5. twisted pair wires, coaxial cables, microwave or radio links and
optical fiber cables. infrared light.
By adding more wires, the It is not possible to obtain
6. transmission capacity can be additional capacity in unguided
increased in guided media. media.
Difference between Packet switching and
circuit switching:-
S.NO. Circuit Switching Packet Switching
Each packet containing the
A circuit needs to be established to
information that needs to be
1. make sure that data transmission
processed goes through the
takes place.
dynamic route.
There is no uniform path that is
A uniform path is followed throughout
2. followed end to end through the
the session.
session.
It is most ideal for voice It is used mainly for data
3. communication, while also keeping the transmission as the delay is not
delay uniform. uniform.
A connection is not necessary, as
Without a connection, it cannot exist,
it can exist without one too. It
4. as the connection needs to be present
needs to be present on a network
on a physical layer.
layer.
Data is processed and transmitted
Data to be transmitted is processed at
5. at the source as well as at each
the source itself.
switching station.
Different routing methods:-
1. Static routing –
Static routing is a process in which we have to manually add routes in routing table.
Advantages –
● No routing overhead for router CPU which means a cheaper router can be used to do
routing.
● It adds security because only administrator can allow routing to particular networks only.
● No bandwidth usage between routers.
Disadvantage –
● For a large network, it is a hectic task for administrator to manually add each route for
the network in the routing table on each router.
● The administrator should have good knowledge of the topology. If a new administrator
comes, then he has to manually add each route so he should have very good knowledge
of the routes of the topology.
Configuration –
2. Default Routing –
This is the method where the router is configured to send all packets towards a single router
(next hop). It doesn’t matter to which network the packet belongs, it is forwarded out to router
which is configured for default routing. It is generally used with stub routers. A stub router is a
router which has only one route to reach all other networks.
Configuration –
Using the same topology which we have used for the static routing before.
3. Dynamic Routing –
Dynamic routing makes automatic adjustment of the routes according to the current state of
the route in the routing table. Dynamic routing uses protocols to discover network destinations
and the routes to reach it. RIP and OSPF are the best examples of dynamic routing protocol.
Automatic adjustment will be made to reach the network destination if one route goes down.
A dynamic protocol have following features:
The routers should have the same dynamic protocol running in order to exchange routes. When
a router finds a change in the topology then router advertises it to all other routers.
Advantages –
● Easy to configure.
● More effective at selecting the best route to a destination remote network and also for
discovering remote network.
Disadvantage –
● Consumes more bandwidth for communicating with other neighbors.
● Less secure than static routing.
Thanks
