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Sulfate PDF

This document outlines a procedure to measure sulfate concentration in water and wastewater samples using a turbidimetric method, which involves precipitating sulfate ions with barium chloride to form barium sulfate crystals and then measuring light scattering with a turbidity meter to determine sulfate concentration based on a calibration curve. Samples are stirred with reagents, turbidity is measured, and sulfate concentration is estimated by comparing the turbidity reading to standards ranging from 0-40 mg/L sulfate.

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Eshwar Nukala
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358 views2 pages

Sulfate PDF

This document outlines a procedure to measure sulfate concentration in water and wastewater samples using a turbidimetric method, which involves precipitating sulfate ions with barium chloride to form barium sulfate crystals and then measuring light scattering with a turbidity meter to determine sulfate concentration based on a calibration curve. Samples are stirred with reagents, turbidity is measured, and sulfate concentration is estimated by comparing the turbidity reading to standards ranging from 0-40 mg/L sulfate.

Uploaded by

Eshwar Nukala
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Name: _______________________________ Reg. No.

: ___________________

Sulfate Measurement
Experiment: To measure concentration of sulfate in given samples of water/wastewater by
turbidimetric method.

Apparatus required: Magnetic stirrer, Turbidity meter, measuring spoon

Reagents required: Buffer solution, Barium chloride (BaCl2 crystals), Standard sulfate solution
(1 mL = 100 µg SO42−)

Theory: Sulfate ion (SO42−) is precipitated in an acetic acid medium with barium chloride
(BaCl2) so as to form barium sulfate (BaSO4) crystals of uniform size. Barium chloride reacts
with sulfate ion to produce a thick white precipitate of barium sulfate.

Ba2+(aq) + SO42−(aq) → BaSO4(s)

Light scattering of the BaSO4 suspension is measured by a turbidity meter and the SO42−
concentration is determined by comparison of the reading with a standard curve.

Procedure:
1. Formation of barium sulfate turbidity:
Measure 100 mL sample or a suitable portion made up to 100 mL, into a 250 mL flask.
Add 20 mL buffer solution and mix in stirring apparatus. While stirring, add a spoonful
of BaCl2 crystals and begin timing immediately. Stir for 60±2 s at constant speed.
2. Measurement of barium sulfate turbidity:
After stirring period has ended, pour solution into turbidity cell of turbidity meter and
measure turbidity at 5±0.5 min.
3. Preparation of calibration curve:
Estimate SO42− concentration in sample by comparing turbidity reading with a calibration
curve prepared by carrying SO42− standards through the entire procedure. Space standards
at 10 mg/L increments in the 0-40 mg/L SO42− range.

Record Your Observations:


Calibration:
Signature of Teaching Assistant

Amount of sulfate Turbidity


(SO42−) in mg/L (NTU)
0
10
20
30
40
Sample:
Amount of
Turbidity
Sample sulfate (SO42−)
(NTU)
in mg/L
River Water

Groundwater

Synthetic Water

Tap water

Sewage

Further Reading:

1. Chapter 4500 dealing with Sulfate from Standard Methods for Examination of Water and
Wastewater by APHA, AWWA & WEF from Water Environment Federation, USA.
2. Chapter 29 dealing with Sulfate from Chemistry for Environmental Engineering and Science
by Clair N. Sawyer, Perry L. McCarty and Gene F. Parkin from Tata McGraw-Hill India.

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