GUIDELINES

THE CROWN AND

BRIDGE TECHNIQUE

Partners in Progress
The BEGO System

Achieving success with the BEGO System – Contents

What does this mean for you?

For over 45 years BEGO has offered a coordinated system of materials, Clinical performance 1
alloys and equipment, as well as training courses on the fabri­c ation of The entire Wirobond® and Wiron® product family is not only clinically tested
fixed restorations suitable for veneering with ceramics. Although the but also clinically proven. It is this fine difference that guarantees safety for Dental processing – 5
traditional skill of the dental technician has undergone major changes
following the introduction of CAD/CAM technology in recent years, the
the dentist, dental technician and, above all, for the patient. The prosthetic
reliability, clinical suitability have been verified for many years now.
Frame production and ceramic veneering
key steps of the work process have retained their importance. Our top
priority here is safe usage and further processing by dental technicians.
As an innovative dental company we not only make stringent demands
A wide range of consumables from wax through to investment materials
and blasting materials ensuring optimum processing have been available
2
on the optimum quality of our own products, but also their systematic
and safe application.
for classical processing with the casting method for many years. The
BEGO system is rounded off by innovative equipment, such as for example
Jointing technology 22
the automatic Nautilus® CC plus casting unit.
All non-precious alloys are specially In addition, every BEGO casting unit is not only suitable for casting
­developed by BEGO in-house with their Wironit® or Wironium® partial denture alloys, but also for Wirobond®, 3
intended application in mind. One Wiron® and Wirocer plus. Moreover, if appropriate crucible inserts are
example here is the alloys belonging to used, it is of course also possible to cast precious-metal alloys, which are Non-precious alloys 26
the Wirobond® product family, which very similar to non-precious alloys in terms of their processing.
have proved their worth for more then
30 years. Depending on the produc- Impressive processing
4
tion process selected, objects made In the case of Wiron® 99, Wiron® light, Wirocer plus, Wirobond® 280 and
from Wirobond® can be processed ­Wirobond® LFC there is no need for the prolonged cooling of the ceramic Specialist literature 34
using laser sintering (SLM), normally required for non-precious alloys. In addition, we have managed to
high-speed cutting significantly reduce the hardness for Wiron® 99 and Wirobond® 280: This
(HSC) or casting. results in easier finishing by the dental technician and optimum usage for
all milling work, as well as simple polishing. As regards veneering, dental 5
ceramics of all known manufacturers can be used, depending on the
alloy-specific CTE range. Wirobond® and Wiron® alloys can naturally also Preventive error management 36
be veneered with composites.

Where extensions are required, with Wirobond ® or Wiron® solder two

materials are available for high-strength soldered connections. They
are not visible after polishing and can also be ceramically veneered
with ease. The laser welding technique should be given preference over
conventional soldering. The use of similar filler materials guarantees a
safe, biocompatible connection. Wiroweld welding wire is available for
Wirobond ® and Wiroweld NC for nickel-chromium alloys.

A company like BEGO that handles, researches and develops all variants of
metal-ceramic systems for 45 years acquires extensive theoretical and practical
experience. This expertise is available to you at any time via the BEGO Service
hotline and is also communicated in full at our metal-ceramics training courses
and programmes.

Tel +49 (0)421 20 28-371

Fax +49 (0)421 20 28-100
www.bego.com

Jörg Fasel,
Product Manager Consumables
BEGO
3
 Dental processing – Frame production and ceramic veneering

Model making and coping fabrication

1
Model making
The model forms the basis for all work at the dental laboratory! The more carefully it is made, the
more precisely crowns and bridges will fit.

The BegoStone plus super-hard plaster is used to make the master model/saw-cut model.

Process steps
Step 1: The impressions received from the dentist must be cleaned, disinfected and rinsed out
•  Heating the foils
with water.

Step 2: Before casting, carefully dry the impression with compressed air. Any water left on the
• 
impression may result in different strength values for the model surface or in non-homogeneous
setting behaviour (expansion) of the master model.

Step 3: BegoStone plus should preferably be mixed for at least 45 s in a vacuum mixer. To ensure
• 
reproducible results (expansion), it is important to comply with the powder/liquid ratio specified.

Variation of the plaster-water ratio

20 ml +/- 1.5 ml to 100 g powder changes the material properties and working characteristics
• A reduction in the quantity of water will make the plaster harder while shortening the working time
Fit heated, soft foils on the forming unit
• An increase in the quantity of water will make the plaster softer while lengthening the working
time

1
• Step 4: The impression is poured on the vibrator. The model must then harden for at least
30 min before it can be removed.

• Step 5: Trimming of the teeth, setting of the pins, base positioning and sawing are the subsequent
steps, which may vary depending on the modelling system used

Coping fabrication: the key steps:

• Shorten the spacer foil to approx. 1/3 of the tooth stump and reposition (Note: Before investing,
the spacer foil must be removed from the coping. It creates the cement line necessary for fixation) Press the tooth stump into the foils or Adapta
• Shorten the Adapta coping to approx. 1 mm above the preparation limit mastic
• Separate the plaster die with Isocera and reposition on the tooth stump
• Close the space between the Adapta coping and the preparation limit with cervical wax
• Complete the crown

Shaped coping with spacer foil

Dental processing
Adapta deep drawing system (REF 20500) BegoStone plus 5 kg (REF 54812) and Deep drawing copings adapted on the stumps
BegoStone plus 12 kg (REF 54811)

Images and illustrations are examples. Colors, symbols, designs and information on the depicted labels and/or packaging may differ from reality. Images and illustrations are examples; colours, symbols, designs and information on the depicted labels and/or packaging may differ from reality.

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 Dental processing – Frame production and ceramic veneering Dental processing – Frame production and ceramic veneering

Modelling: Copings made from wax Compensating for missing tooth substance
As an alternative to the Adapta deep drawing system, copings made If the tooth stump is too small, the missing substance is built up in metal
from wax can be produced using the wax dipping technique. For the as this is the only way to guarantee that the frame/ceramic layer thickness
1 1
cement line, it is necessary to apply spacer varnish instead of spacer is as even as possible.
foil. The working temperature of BEGO dipping wax is approx. 75 °C.
The crown margin of the dipped coping is completed with cervical Alternatively, there is the option of already carefully blocking out or
wax. During wax-up sufficient space must be provided for subsequent building up the tooth stump.
ceramic veneering. If the tooth stump is too small, the missing substance is built up in metal
Where missing substance requires the tooth stump to be built up, this
The metal frame should support the ceramic veneering from the inside is the task of the dentist. If it is built up on the master model, this will
and ideally have a reduced tooth form for the veneering. Within the produce a cement line of indeterminate size, which will preclude clear-cut
framework of the wax-up it is important to observe the recommended positioning of the crown in the mouth.
minimum wall thicknesses of 0.4 mm for non-precious alloys and 0.5 mm
for precious-metal alloys. When planning bridge constructions, the design of the interdental con-
Occlusal wax, grey nections is of special importance. Pontics and interdental connections
If a ceramic shoulder is to be created for the construction, the metal Bridge frame with metal occlusal surface and vestibular veneering must offer maximum stability while simultaneously delivering optimum
margin of the coping must end on the step or chamfer. This support is ex- results in terms of aesthetics. Stability is influenced by the shape of the
tremely important for the stability and durability of the ceramic shoulder. connection area – ranging from droplet-shaped to oval – as well as by the
surface itself. Interdental connection not Interdental connection too flat,
If you are using a metal margin, it should end with a chamfer to support ­sufficiently dimensioned, risk risk of fracture due to masticatory
of fracture pressure
the ceramic veneering. In general, we can say the higher the connectors, the greater their resis­
tance to deflection of the construction when under masticatory load.
Ideally, there should be a cross-section of min. 7 mm² in the anterior
Note
region and min. 9 mm² in the posterior region.
From the outset the wax frame must always be prepared without sharp
edges (especially in incisal areas), undercuts or abrupt transitions.
With limited space or with long-span bridges, the stability of interdental
connections can be improved with elements resembling collars or inlays.
Transitional areas from the ceramic to the frame should be modelled with
precision to prepare a sufficient layer thickness for subsequent ceramic
veneering. Interdental connection sufficiently Interdental connection in the
dimensioned anterior region

Bridge frame for ceramic veneering, coping made from modelling acrylic

0.30 – 0.35 mm Occlusal wax, grey (REF 40114) Occlusal wax, dentine
Coping made (REF 40118)
from Adapta foil
0.05 mm
(spacer foil)

Cervical wax

Cervical wax, aubergine (REF 40112) and Palatal collar with interdental reinforcement Interdental connections at a sufficient height Dipping wax copings
dipping wax, green (REF 40009) provide additional stability

Images and illustrations are examples. Colors, symbols, designs and information on the depicted labels and/or packaging may differ from reality. Images and illustrations are examples; colours, symbols, designs and information on the depicted labels and/or packaging may differ from reality.

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 Dental processing – Frame production and ceramic veneering Dental processing – Frame production and ceramic veneering

Sprue system
1 1
With single crowns and bridges sprues are waxed at an angle of 45° Attaching the sprues
between the cast object and distribution channel. To avoid cavities, it is recommended to also supply single crowns indirectly.
The sprues should be 4 mm wide and must not taper. A wax wire approx.
After fitting on the mould former, the crowns are located outside the 2–3 mm in length and 2.5 mm in width is required here for connection to
centre of heat, close to the wall of the mould, and can cool down first the crown. With bridges, a distribution channel 5 mm in diameter should be
after casting. The distribution channel should be approx. 2 mm longer provided. Besides wax wires, it is also possible to use hollow sticks with side
than the bridge on each side. openings which can be closed with wax. If solid plastic sticks are used, they
should be covered with wax as the mould may otherwise tear during filling
Overall, it must be ensured that the restoration is located outside the with wax.
heat centre. Slender parts should be positioned at the edge of the mould Attaching the sprues Divided distribution channel
as far as possible. This ensures they are the first to solidify and can no Wax wires approx. 2–3 mm in length and 2.5 mm in width are used for
longer be drawn back in. connection to the individual pontics.

5 mm
A wax wire 4 mm in width is sufficient for the channels from the base
As solid pontics show greater volume shrinkage than the other thin-walled socket mould former to the distribution channel.
bridge sections on solidification, the distribution channel must be reinforced With large bridges, the distribution channel is created in the shape of 5 mm
in this area so that it has at least the same volume as the pontic. Reinforced a horseshoe and preferably divided in the canine area. This prevents
distribution channel with solid pontics. distortion of the bridge during cooling.

If the sprues are created according to these recommendations, the

distribution channel will function as a casting reservoir. It supplies the Mixing and investing
cast object and in particular, the solid pontics with sufficient melt so that Sprues with distribution channel • Apply Aurofilm wetting agent to the wax-up affixed to the base socket
contraction cavities are prevented during cooling. The cast object can mould former
cool down from the crown margins over the occlusal surfaces towards • Then dry carefully with compressed air
the distribution channel if it is placed on the base socket mould former • Insert the moist BEGO fleecy inlay strip in the mould ring so it is flush
outside the heat centre during base positioning. See page 9 for more with the upper edge of the ring

5 mm
information (positioning of objects in the mould).
Precious-metal alloys:
Use one fleecy inlay strip for the mould sizes 1 and 3, and two fleecy inlay 5 mm
Ø 2.5–3 mm
strips for the mould sizes 6 and 9.
4 mm
Ø 5 mm
Non-precious alloys:
Ø 5 mm
Reinforce distribution channel with solid pontics Use two fleecy inlay strips for all mould sizes. If the 40 mm fleecy inlay strip
(REF 52409) is used, the investment material is in contact with the mould
ring at the lower edge.

“Ringless” investing Positioning of the objects in the mould

If a system without a ring is used, e.g. BEGO Rapid Ringless System, no
fleecy inlay strip is required!
45°

Note
4 mm wax wire for feeding from the base socket The silicone ring used should be removed as quickly as possible after
mould former to the distribution channel the investment material has set (after approx. 10–15 min with a room
temperature of 20 °C).

Ø 4–5 mm !
Ø 5 mm
approx. 2–3 mm in length
Ø 2.5–3 mm
Reinforce the diameter of the casting reservoir with solid pontics.
The volume of the reservoir should correspond to that of the pontic.
Investing with a metal ring and fleece Ringless investing

Images and illustrations are examples. Colors, symbols, designs and information on the depicted labels and/or packaging may differ from reality. Images and illustrations are examples; colours, symbols, designs and information on the depicted labels and/or packaging may differ from reality.

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 Dental processing – Frame production and ceramic veneering Dental processing – Frame production and ceramic veneering

Investing
Suitable liquids for investment materials

Bellavest® SH / DR Bellavest® T BellaStar XL Bellasun

1 1
Liquid BegoSol HE®
BegoSol ®
BegoSol K®
BegoSol®
Selection of investment material
1 bottle (1 l) 51095 1 bottle ( 1 l) 51090 1 bottle (1 l) 51120 1 bottle (1 l) 51090
When it comes to investing the wax-up, BEGO offers a range of investment materials such as Bellavest ® SH or BellaStar XL which are innovative 1 canister (5 l) 51096 1 canister (5 l) 51091 1 canister (5 l) 51121 1 canister (5 l) 51091
and have also proved their worth over many years. Mixing liquids which are exactly matched to the type of investment material reliably control the
required degree of expansion, so ensuring outstanding casting results with all precious-metal or non-precious alloys. BegoSol® HE alternatively BegoSol® HE BegoSol® K
1 bottle (1 l) 51095W* 1 bottle (1 l) 51120W*
1 canister (5 l) 51096W* 1 canister (5 l) 51121W*

Delivery Bellavest® SH
form 144 × 90 g bag 54257 30 × 160 g bag 54201 30 × 160 g bag 54361 80 × 160 g bag 54270
Our product recommendation 50 × 100 g bag 70060 80 × 160 g bag 54202 80 × 160 g bag 54362
30 × 160 g bag 54247
Bellavest® SH 80 × 160 g bag 54252

Rapidly or conventionally heatable, phosphate-bonded precision casting investment material, Bellavest® DR

suitable for all crown and bridge alloys and pressable/press-to-metal ceramics. Precise expansion 30 × 160 g bag 54862
control and a fine, creamy consistency ensure reproducible accuracy of fit in the range of indica- 80 × 160 g bag 54861
tions, from pressable ceramics to telescopic crowns made from non-precious alloys. BegoSol® HE
Note: The mixing ratios are guide values and should be selected according to the specific alloy. Please see the work instructions (supplied
is used as the liquid here. (REF 51095)
with the investment material) for our recommendations regarding the concentration of the mixing liquid!

* (sensitive to frost) Shipping from 01.10. – 31.03. in thermal protection packaging

Bellavest DR
®

Tips for processing investment materials

Rapidly or conventionally heatable, phosphate-bounded precision investment material, suitable for
all crown and bridge alloys as well as for telescopic crowns made from non precious alloys. The at
least 80 % reduced dust development during the processing provides a substantial improvement Influencing factors Recommendation Comments
in the health protection in the dental laboratory. Precise expansion control and a fine creamy Mixing ratio Follow the specifications in the • Change in setting behaviour and expansion values
consistency lead to a reproducible accuracy of fit in the range of indications. BegoSol® HE is used Powder/liquid work instructions • With deviations an adverse influence on surface quality is possible
as the liquid here. (REF 51095)
Concentration of Select as specified in the work • High concentration = high expansion
mixing liquid instructions, according to the alloy • Low concentration = lower expansion
to be used for casting • Properties such as hardness increase with the strength of the concentration
BellaStar XL Material temperature Approx. 18–20 °C is ideal for • Higher temperatures result in shorter working and setting times.
powder and liquid, store in a • Processing at excessively low temperatures may make casting surfaces
The rapidly or conventionally heatable, phosphate-bonded premium investment material is especially temperature control cabinet rougher
suitable for all crowns and bridges made from precious-metal alloys. It is also excellent for many • Changes in the working temperature will affect e.g. the expansion behaviour
indications involving non-precious alloys. Extremely fine-grained, light-bodied investment material of the investment material
with outstanding accuracy of fit and superb deflasking properties. BegoSol® K is used as the liquid Room temperature Approx. 20 °C is ideal
here. (REF 51120) Premixing by hand Premix by hand for 15 s • Complying with the mixing times using an automatic, suitably programmed
mixer ensures reproducible results.
• Changes in the mixture intensity will affect e.g. the expansion and setting
behaviour of the investment material.
Bellavest® T
Mixture intensity Approx. 250–450 rpm See above
Conventionally heatable, phosphate-bonded precision casting investment material, suitable for (speed)
all crown and bridge alloys. BegoSol® is used as the liquid here. If greater expansion is required, Storage Dry, dark and cool, • BegoSol® HE and BegoSol® K are not protected from frost – if the liquid
BegoSol® HE can be used here as an alternative. (REF 51095) liquid not below 5 °C! freezes, it may become unusable!
Note: Reproducible results (cast objects) are only guaranteed by systematic processing using constant parameters of use!

Detailed information about processing investment materials for crowns and bridges can be found from page 36 forwards.

Bellasun

Phosphate-bonded precision casting investment material, suitable for all crown and bridge alloys
with an extremely long working time at high ambient temperatures.
Conventionally heatable. BegoSol® is used as the liquid here. (REF 51090)

Fleecy inlay strips for moulds 40 mm, (REF 52409), Investing with a metal ring and fleece Wax wire for sprues Ø 2,5–5
Fleecy inlay strips for moulds 45 mm, (REF 52408) (REF 40085 – 40089)

Images and illustrations are examples. Colors, symbols, designs and information on the depicted labels and/or packaging may differ from reality. Images and illustrations are examples; colours, symbols, designs and information on the depicted labels and/or packaging may differ from reality.

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 Dental processing – Frame production and ceramic veneering Dental processing – Frame production and ceramic veneering

Preheating Melting and casting

1 1
Preheating Always use ceramic crucibles for non-precious alloys. Never melt different Casting point for BEGO non-precious alloys
The preheating temperatures for Wirobond® and Wiron® alloys are alloys in the same ceramic crucible. Always mark crucibles so that they When determining the optimum casting point for BEGO’s individual
850–950 °C, depending on the casting unit used. cannot be mixed up. When casting with an open flame, the crucibles are non-precious alloys, the recommendations in the instructions for use
Exception: The preheating temperature for Wiron® light is 780 – 830 °C! placed with the moulds in the furnace and preheated. supplied with the alloy are binding. The relevant information in the
instruction manual for the casting unit should also be noted. Individual
Note alloy-specific recommendations for casting BEGO non-precious alloys
Shock-heat with Bellavest® SH/DR or BellaStar XL Graphite crucibles or inserts should never be used for non-precious can additionally be found from page 16.
alloys: Do not overheat alloy when melting, keep to specified casting
Moulds in the sizes 1–6 made from Bellavest® SH/DR or BellaStar XL times without fail!
can be heated rapidly. Roughen mould surfaces, place moulds upright in For recognition of the correct casting point, please take note of the
the furnace (funnel former facing down) without direct contact with the casting videos available from the Media Library or the BEGO homepage
floor or walls (use spacer or ceramic plate, see image to the right). Alloy quantity at www.bego.com or ask us for a CD (REF 82987).
The quantity required is calculated by multiplying the weight of the wax-up
Observe setting time: including the sprue with the density of the alloy. An additional 1–2 casting
• 20–30 min after the start of mixing place the moulds in the furnace ingots are required for the casting cone. No casting cone is necessary
heated to 900 °C when casting with the Nautilus®! Weight = approx. 6 g per casting ingot.
• When using a system without a ring, e.g. BEGO Rapid Ringless
Miditherm with fluted floor plate
System, remove the silicone ring used as quickly as possible after the
investment material has set (after approx. 10–15 min with a room
temperature of 20 °C).
• Final temperature 900–950 °C
• Hold times after attainment of final temperature (depending on number
of moulds): 30–60 min

Conventional heating with Bellavest® SH or BellaStar XL

Casting concept and casting devices

Furnaces with conventional control:
• After a setting time of 30 min place the moulds in the cold furnace or
a furnace preheated to max. 250 °C
• Hold at 250 °C for 30–60 min
• Then heat to the final temperature and hold for 30–60 min
Vacuum pressure casting, casting with Nautilus® CC plus and Nautilus® T

Furnaces with computerised control:

• After a setting time of 30 min place the moulds in the cold furnace
• Heat to 250 °C at 5 °C/min and hold for 30–60 min Miditherm 100 MP (REF 26150)
• Then heat to the final temperature at 7 °C/min and hold for 30–60 min
Inductively heated premium vacuum pressure casting unit
Nautilus® CC plus combines the advantages of high-frequency melting with those of vacuum
Conventional heating with Bellavest® T and Bellasun pressure casting: the alloy is melted in the area around the crucible opening. Using a highly
Furnaces with conventional furnace control: efficient vacuum pump, the oxygen level in the entire casting chamber is greatly reduced within
• After a setting time of 30 min place the moulds in the cold furnace or a very short space of time and the alloy melted by means of a high-frequency magnetic field. The
a furnace preheated to max. 250 °C melt then flows directly under vacuum from the hot area into the mould without temperature loss
• Hold at 250 °C for 30–60 min (see figure on page 14). Within fractions of a second, the still molten alloy is then pressed into
• Then heat to the final temperature and hold for 30–60 min the finest crevices of the object. Integrated power cooling provides for over 50 casts in a row, even
with high ambient temperatures, while saving water and so helping to protect the environment.
Furnaces with computerised control: Eco mode switches off all unnecessary components when idle and reduces operating costs.
• After a setting time of 30 min place the moulds in the cold furnace
• Heat to 250 °C at 5 °C/min and hold for 30–60 min
• Then heat to the final temperature at 7 °C/min and hold for 30–60 min

Miditherm 200 MP (REF 26155) Nautilus® CC plus (REF 26475)

Images and illustrations are examples. Colors, symbols, designs and information on the depicted labels and/or packaging may differ from reality. Images and illustrations are examples; colours, symbols, designs and information on the depicted labels and/or packaging may differ from reality.

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 Dental processing – Frame production and ceramic veneering Dental processing – Frame production and ceramic veneering

Crucible opened
Heat radiation Optics
Compact induction casting machine
Fornax® T, the compact benchtop casting machine with very high-performance induction
heating, guarantees short melting cycles, minimises oxidation and thus facilitates finishing.
1 Integrated power cooling allows for over 50 casts in a row, even with high ambient tempera- 1
tures. Casting temperatures up to 1,550 °C are possible: ideal for all commercially available
dental alloys (apart from titanium). After assessing the melt, the dental technician initiates the
Fall line casting manually. The specifications relating to the preheating and further heating times of the
Object Environment Detector (multiple- Digital signal
Casting metal alloys are a reliable basis for determining the casting point.
measured channel recording) processing

BEGO vacuum pressure casting concept: The molten mass flows from Measuring system – functional principle (Nautilus® CC plus)
the hot zone of the crucible directly into the casting mould The optics of the measuring system route the measured data to the Ceramic crucibles for optimum casting results
digital signal processing unit The ceramic crucibles for Fornax® casting units in genuine BEGO quality offer you many Fornax® T (REF 26480)
benefits:
• Excellent thermal shock resistance up to 1,550 °C, so minimising the risk of cracking
Fully automatic temperature measuring system • The special geometry ensures optimum outflow properties for alloys
All precious-metal and non-precious alloys with casting temperatures of between 700 °C and • The smooth, high-end surfaces additionally emphasise the high quality of the crucibles and
1,550 °C can always be cast at the optimum casting temperature. Casting point recognition is enhance them perfectly
fully automatic with a multi-channel temperature control. Material-specific fluctuations of the
hot melt due to reflection and emission are recorded in short time sequences in the ms range and Only genuine BEGO crucibles are characterised by high-precision geometry and outstanding
automatically compensated for by the system. thermal shock resistance to ensure a long service life. Do not additionally preheat crucibles
prior to usage!
The advantages for you:
• The melt cannot overheat
Fornax® ceramic crucible FC
• Measuring accuracy in excess of 99 % Flame casting
(REF 52483)
The prerequisites for trouble-free flame casting are a high-performance melting unit and the
correct pressure setting for gas and oxygen. Unless specified otherwise, the following settings
User-friendly operation via the 7 inch colour touch display can be seen as guide values for the flow pressure:
The Nautilus® CC plus and Nautilus® T is operated and controlled via a 7 inch colour touch display Propane 0.5 bar, when using natural gas the relevant line pressure, oxygen 2.0 bar. Before
which offers quick response times and simple menu navigation accompanied by recommendations melting, place the casting ingots close together in the preheated crucible. To melt, apply the
on what to do. flame using a circular motion. Continue melting until the casting metal merges under a joint
oxide film and can be visibly moved with the pressure of the flame. Initiate the casting process
The advantages for you: without the oxide film tearing.
• Convenient, intuitive operation; direct and quick access to all necessary parameters
• Permanent orientation and control

Nautilus® T Torche melting

Nautilus® CC plus, color touch display
The compact, benchtop vacuum pressure-casting machine with integrated power cooling,
induction heating and camera system.
1 2 3 4
The advantages for you:
• Compared to the Nautilus® CC plus the casting process is manually controlled and triggered.
The large touch display with intuitive menu navigation offers easy operation. An image of the
melting process transmitted on the display supports the technician in detecting the casting
point recognition.

5 6 7 8

Nautilus® T (REF 26470) Nautilus® crucible (REF 52488) Melting video Wiron® light · www.bego.com/schmelzvideo-wiron

Images and illustrations are examples. Colors, symbols, designs and information on the depicted labels and/or packaging may differ from reality. Images and illustrations are examples; colours, symbols, designs and information on the depicted labels and/or packaging may differ from reality.

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 Dental processing – Frame production and ceramic veneering Dental processing – Frame production and ceramic veneering

Casting point for Wirobond® 280 Casting point for Wiron® light Cooling of moulds
Vacuum pressure casting with induction heating (Nautilus ®) and Vacuum pressure casting with induction heating (Nautilus®) and After casting allow the moulds to cool down slowly until warm to the
­centrifugal casting with induction heating (Fornax®): ­centrifugal casting with induction heating (Fornax®): touch, in a protected and designated location, do not quench in water!
1 1 2 3 1
Once the last solid constituent in the melt bath is completely immersed Once the last solid constituent in the melt bath is completely immersed,
continue heating for 1–5 s (depending on the induction output of the continue heating for 0–10 s (depending on the induction output of the To avoid dust during deflasking, place the moulds in water, once they
casting unit), then initiate casting. Observe the instruction manual for casting unit) and then initiate casting when the oxide film is completely have cooled down completely after casting, until they are thoroughly
Fornax® and Nautilus®. torn. Observe the instruction manual for Fornax® and Nautilus®. moistened.
4 5 6 7
Centrifugal flame casting: Cast once the last solid constituent in the Centrifugal flame casting:
melt bath is completely immersed and the melt clearly moves under the Diamond grinding stones, the specified Ø
Flame setting for propane / oxygen: flow pressure setting 0.5 bar Deflasking and surface finishing indicates the greatest diameter of the sintered
pressure of the flame.
propane, 2.0 bar oxygen. The blue tips in the middle of the flame at the Carefully deflask the object, blast the investment material with Korox® diamond grinding stone.
burner head should be 6–8 mm in length. Distance between burner 110/250 (aluminium oxide, 110/250 μm) and detach the sprues. When
head and metal: 15–25 mm. Always preheat the ceramic crucible. Heat blasting crowns with Korox® 250, make sure that excessive force is not Diamond grinding stones
Casting point for Wirobond® C and Wirobond® SG
the metal in the crucible, moving the flame with a slightly circular action appliced to the crown margins!
Vacuum pressure casting with induction heating (Nautilus®) and
until the metal glows bright red. Then insert the mould and continue To finish, use sintered BEGO diamond grinding stones, ceramically 1 Medium grain: Ø 8 mm, REF 43491
­centrifugal casting with induction heating (Fornax®):
heating the metal. An oxide film forms once the individual casting pieces bonded grinding stones or, preferably, carbide cutters. Veneering surfaces
Once the last solid constituent in the melt bath is completely immersed 2 Medium grain: Ø 5 mm, REF 43492
have merged together. Continue melting, moving the flame with a slightly should only be processed with cross-cut or fine-toothed carbide cutters!
continue heating for 0–12 s (depending on the induction output of the
circular action until the casting metal merges under a joint oxide film 3 Medium grain: Ø 5 mm, REF 43494
casting unit), then initiate casting. Observe the instruction manual for
and can be visibly moved with the pressure of the flame. The melt must
Fornax® and Nautilus®. 4 Medium grain: Ø 2.3 mm, REF 43495
be uniformly bright in colour. Initiate the casting process without the Pretreatment of frame
oxide film tearing. Finishing must be followed by blasting of the surfaces to be veneered with 5 Medium grain: Ø 3.7 mm, REF 43496
Centrifugal flame casting:
Korox® 250 using a pencil blaster at 3–4 bar. When blasting crowns with
Cast once the last solid constituent in the melt bath is completely 6 Medium grain: Ø 5 mm, REF 43497
Korox® 250, make sure that the crown margins are not damaged.
­immersed and the melt clearly moves under the pressure of the flame.
Casting time for Wirocer plus 7 Coarse grain: Ø 5 mm, REF 43498
Vacuum pressure casting with induction heating (Nautilus®) and When using a blasting unit with a blasting material circulatory system,
­centrifugal casting with induction heating (Fornax®): ensure it is not used to blast investment material. The microscopically
Casting point for Wirobond® LFC
Once the last solid constituent in the melt bath is completely immersed fine dust from investment material may form a separating layer that will
Vacuum pressure casting (Nautilus®): Once the ‘glow shadow’ has Important
continue heating for 0–12 s (depending on the induction output of the result in an insufficient bond to ceramic materials. The oxide on the areas to be veneered must
disappeared, continue heating for approx. 2 to max. 4 s, then initiate
casting unit), then initiate casting. Observe the instruction manual for be sandblasted again with Korox® 250 at
casting.
Fornax® and Nautilus®. With these recycling sandblasters it is necessary to change the blasting 3–4 bar before ceramic veneering (see page
18 for more information)!
material frequently, as over time the size and edge definition (abrasive
Centrifugal casting (Fornax®):
Centrifugal flame casting: behaviour) of the blasting material particles will decrease. Sufficient
Immediately after disappearance of the shadow.
Flame setting for propane / oxygen: flow pressure setting 0.5 bar pro- roughening of the metal surface is therefore no longer guaranteed.
pane, 2.0 bar oxygen. Continue melting, moving the flame with a slightly Where possible, a recycling sandblaster should not be used for blasting
Centrifugal flame casting:
circular action until the casting metal merges under a joint oxide film before ceramic veneering. The frame must be cleaned thoroughly before
Cast once the casting metal has merged and the melt moves under the
and can be visibly moved with the pressure of the flame. The melt must applying the first layer of matrix. The Triton SLA steam cleaner has proved
pressure of the flame.
be uniformly bright in colour. Initiate the casting process without the its worth here.
oxide film tearing. Allow the frame to air-dry. Do not use compressed air under any circum-
stances, as oil particles or residues from corrosion could be picked up
Casting point for Wiron® 99
from the compressed air line. Do not touch the frame with your fingers
Vacuum pressure casting with induction heating (Nautilus®) and
in the areas to be veneered: use an aid to hold, e.g. an arterial clamp. No
­centrifugal casting with induction heating (Fornax®):
oxide firing is necessary. It can however be carried out to check the metal
Once the last solid constituent in the melt bath is completely immersed
surface (960–980 °C; 10 min).
continue heating for 0–12 s (depending on the induction output of the
casting unit), then initiate casting. Observe the instruction manual for
Fornax® and Nautilus®.

Centrifugal flame casting:

Cast once the last solid constituent in the melt bath is completely
­immersed and the melt clearly moves under the pressure of the flame.

Preheating the alloy in Nautilus® Example four-chamber fine blasting unit Example of a circulating jet with fine jet nozzles Triton SLA (REF 26005)

Images and illustrations are examples. Colors, symbols, designs and information on the depicted labels and/or packaging may differ from reality. Images and illustrations are examples; colours, symbols, designs and information on the depicted labels and/or packaging may differ from reality.

16 17
 Dental processing – Frame production and ceramic veneering Dental processing – Frame production and ceramic veneering

Processing dental ceramics

1 1
For processing dental ceramics all commercially available metal-to- To ensure a clean transition from the metal to the ceramic, the first If prolonged cooling is recommended for a specific alloy, the relevant
ceramics and press-to-metal ceramics as per ISO 9693-1 with firing opaque layer should be applied slightly beyond the crown margin. This programme should be selected on the ceramic furnace.
temperatures of up to approx. 980 °C are suitable. Ceramics with a excess material will be ground back before glaze firing. Following firing of the glaze paste or glaze the oxide is removed by blasting
reduced firing temperature can also be used here. No additional adhesives the inside of the crowns with Korox® 50 using a pencil blaster.
or bonders are required for BEGO’s non-precious alloys. Here it is only To create the first layer, apply a light-bodied opaque layer (wash firing) so all Metal surfaces which are not veneered must be ground and rubber-polished
important to note that the matrix must be applied and fired twice. areas to be veneered are covered (Fig. 1), then fire according to the manu- with uniform pressure (Fig. 4).
facturer’s instructions. Take note here of the specific recommendations of The blue BEGO Co-Cr polishing compounds (REF 52310) or the Diapol
High-expanding ceramics should be used for Wirobond® LFC: take note the manufacturer (use of bonder or pre-opaquer, different drying or firing diamond polishing compound (REF 52305) are suitable for the high-lustre
of the coefficient of thermal expansion! temperatures) regarding the ceramic veneering of non-precious alloys. polishing.
Once complete, clean under running water with a brush. Cracks may
With any uncertainty regarding the compatibility of veneering ceram- The second opaque layer must ensure uniform coverage. The metal should appear if a steam blaster or ultrasonic bath is used.
ics with BEGO alloys, experts from the BEGO Service hotline no longer shimmer through (Fig. 2). When using paste opaquer, make sure
( +49 421 20 28-282) will be delighted to assist. that the predrying period is sufficiently long. This will avoid detachment of
the paste opaquer, resulting in an insufficient metal-ceramic bond. This is
In addition to precise frame preparation, special importance is also followed by firing of the dentine and incisal materials (Fig. 3). To prevent
attached to the first firing of the matrix (wash firing process) This is a green discolouration and soiling, clean objects under running water or with Cooling after dentine firing
prerequisite for a reliable bond between the alloy and ceramic. the Triton SLA steam cleaner (page 17) before every firing.
Cooling depends on the CTE values of the alloy and ceramic.
Wirobond® 280 blasted with Korox® 110 µm Please check regularly for updates to the instructions for use of the
Blasting with pure aluminium oxide with a particle size of 110 µm will ceramic manufacturers (e.g. on the Internet). Wiron® 99
not roughen the surface sufficiently, regardless of the blasting pressure • 25 – 500 °C · 13.9 × (10-6 K-1)
applied. This will not produce a perfect metal-ceramic bond. • Normal cooling
Important
If surfaces are sandblasted using pure aluminium oxide with a particle Wiron® light
It is imperative to follow the instructions for use supplied by the
size of 250 µm (e.g. Korox® 250 REF 46014) and a blasting pressure of ceramic manufacturer. The ceramic manufacturer’s specific firing • 25 – 500 °C · 13.7 × (10-6 K-1)
recommendations must be followed when fusing non-precious alloys. • Normal cooling
between 3–4 bar, this will provide the basis for optimum retention and a
metal-ceramic bond of maximum strength. Wirocer plus
• 25 – 500 °C · 13.8 × (10-6 K-1)
• Normal cooling

Wirobond® 280
• 25 – 500 °C · 14.3 × (10-6 K-1)
Important • Only normal cooling due to optimum composition
Do not process the surface to be veneered with rubber polishers!
Wirobond® C
• 25 – 500 °C · 14.3 × (10-6 K-1)
• Prolonged cooling recommended
80
Wirobond® SG
70
Wirobond 280 blasted with Korox 250 µm
® ®
• 25 – 500 °C · 14.3 × (10-6 K-1)
60 • Normal cooling
50
40
Shear bond strength [MPa]

30
Values above 25 MPa are considered to be clinically adequate
20
10
0
VMK Master3

HeraCeram10

Vintage MP4
Ceramco 39
Creation8/
Finesse1/

Duceram

Duceram
d.SIGN5/

Noritake
Imagine
VM 133

Vintage

Reflex6
KISS2

EZ311
Paste

Paste

Paste
Halo4

Love7

Average value 55.7 48.6 46.6 46.0 45.9 44.2 42.4 42.3 41.5 41.4 39.7 39.6 38.2

Shear/bond strength test as per ISO 9693-1 (Schwickerath test) for Wirobond® 280 Fig. 1 · 1. Opaque-firing Fig. 2 · 2. Opaque-firing Fig. 3 · Applying the dental ceramic Fig. 4 · Rubbering as prepolishing
The veneering materials are products supplied by 1Dentsply, 2DeguDent, 3VITA, 4Shofu, 5Ivoclar, 6Wieland, 7DeguDent,
8Geller, 9Ceramco, 10Heraeus Kulzer, 11Noritake. Unless specified otherwise, powder opaquer was used here.

Images and illustrations are examples. Colors, symbols, designs and information on the depicted labels and/or packaging may differ from reality. Images and illustrations are examples; colours, symbols, designs and information on the depicted labels and/or packaging may differ from reality.

18 19
 Dental processing – Frame production and ceramic veneering

Steps involved in the

double crown technique
1
In terms of cost-effective treatment of patients, the anchoring of pros-
theses using non-precious double crowns offers an interesting alternative
to conventional clasp partial dentures. In contrast to classical fabrication
with precious-metal alloys, the production of friction-fit double crowns
made from non-precious alloys calls for a comparatively high level of
manual skill. The reasons for this are the greater hardness and more
marked contraction of the alloys on cooling after casting, in addition to
the oxide layer which needs to be removed mechanically (sandblasted).
Friction adjustment is made significantly easier thanks to additional
friction elements such as WiroFix which were already taken into account Primary parts in wax with semi-canal
at the planning stage. friction groove Ø 1 mm

WiroFix – friction element for the combination technique

Friction adjustment is made easier by WiroFix, particularly in the case of
non-precious constructions.

• Wide range of indications: Double crowns, full and ring telescopes,

bars, RS
• Ideal in combination with one-piece casting constructions
• Strong retentive force combined with small size
Semi-canal-friction groove Ø 1 mm on primary part

2
• Friction can be adjusted to two different degrees
• Requires minimal space; can be shortened individually
• Extremely easy processing thanks to ceramic spacers
• Highly durable, but easy replacement if necessary

Primary part with ceramic spacer attached

Secondary part in modelling acrylic with

integrated ceramic spacer

Jointing technology
WiroFix friction elements: standard yellow (REF 52835) Finished restoration with integrated WiroFix Inserting yellow friction element with neutral
strong violett (REF 52833); medium pink (REF 52832) friction elements friction
Images and illustrations are examples. Colors, symbols, designs and information on the depicted labels and/or packaging may differ from reality. Images and illustrations are examples; colours, symbols, designs and information on the depicted labels and/or packaging may differ from reality.

20 21
 Jointing technology Jointing technology

Laser welding

Besides soldering and adhesive bonding, in recent years the laser welding of workpieces has established itself as a connection technique commonly used in Soldering with Bellatherm® soldering investment material
dentistry. The advantage of this technology is that objects can be directly joined together without any third material (solder) by means of a material bond. Being phosphate-bonded, Bellatherm® is resistant to high temperatures.
To produce a block of solder, combine 100 g Bellatherm® with 23 ml tap
This allows the dental technician to create high-strength, biocompatible metal connections. water and mix thoroughly with a spatula for a short period.
This guide value can be adjusted depending on the consistency required.
After it has hardened, leave the block of solder to dry in the furnace.
Bellatherm® can be easily separated from the soldered object under cold
Benefits of laser welding All BEGO non-precious alloys have been tested in terms of laser appli-
running water.
• Major time saving cations. Detailed dental instruction, also including the setting of para­
• Simple procedure meters for key indications, will make your first use of the laser welding
• High strength of welded seam technique easier.
2 Soldering before firing – solders and flux 2
• Great resistance to corrosion
The solder has similar properties to the alloy to ensure that the ceramic
• Precise working During welding please note
adheres to the soldered areas equally well. BEGO Minoxyd flux (REF 52530)
• No difference in colour to original material • Welded seam should be completely enveloped in argon – distance
should be used for soldering before firing.
• No polishing-out of solder between object and argon nozzle approx. 1 cm
• Connection possible right next to acrylics or ceramic veneers • Discoloured welding spots indicate an excessive combination of
Any soldering iron is suitable for BEGO non-precious alloys as long as it
• Option of checking accuracy of fit on master model energy or insufficient envelopment in argon
produces a finely adjustable flame. When soldering in the block, make
• No need for: • Cracks in welding spots point to an excessive application of energy
sure that the gap does not exceed max. 0.2 mm in width. The soldering
• solder and/or the laser beam
joints must be exposed so that they are easily accessible with the flame.
• soldering investment material or soldering model • When repairing, remove the site of fracture completely and remodel
Apply the Minoxyd flux before preheating. Keep the block of solder as
• flux or heat protection paste the parts to be replaced as necessary
small as possible and predry in the preheating furnace at approx. 300 °C.
• production of indices • Do not reuse compressed or overstretched frame sections
When making repairs, the soldering joint is extended in a bell shape.
• removal of saddles or veneers for laser welding
Änderung der Schweisspunktgeometrie,
First of all, prepare a suitable piece of solder and coat with Minoxyd flux.
bei Änderung von Parametern
Then position the solder on the object and heat, moving the flame with
Änderung der Schweisspunktgeometrie, a circular action. Once the soldering temperature is attained, direct the Bellatherm® soldering investment material
bei Änderung von Parametern flame towards the solder and concentrate there until it completely fills (REF 51105)
the soldering gap.
Änderung der Schweisspunktgeometrie, 1) Erhöhen Spannung
bei Änderung von Parametern290 V-2ms-Fokus 03 300 V-2ms-Fokus 03 350 V-2ms-Fokus 03
Änderung der Schweisspunktgeometrie,
1) Erhöhen Spannung
bei Änderung von Parametern
290 V-2ms-Fokus 03 300 V-2ms-Fokus 03 350 V-2ms-Fokus 03
Änderung der Schweisspunktgeometrie,
1) Erhöhen Spannung
bei Änderung von Parametern
290 V-2ms-Fokus 03 300 V-2ms-Fokus 03 350 V-2ms-Fokus 03
Änderung der Schweisspunktgeometrie, 1) Erhöhen Spannung
Note
bei Änderung von Parametern290 V-2ms-Fokus 03 300 V-2ms-Fokus 03
2) Verlängern Pulsdauer Due to the low thermal conductivity of BEGO non-precious alloys, the
350 V-2ms-Fokus 03
required soldering temperature in the object is achieved considerably
Änderung der Schweisspunktgeometrie,
1) Erhöhen Spannung 290 V-2ms-Fokus 03 290 V-10ms-Fokus 03 290 V-20ms-Fokus 03
later than with precious metals.
2) Verlängern Pulsdauer
Laser weld seam bei 290
Änderung von Parametern
V-2ms-Fokus 03 300 V-2ms-Fokus
LaserStar T plus03
(REF 26405)
350 V-2ms-Fokus 03
Block of solder prepared for furnace soldering
1) Erhöhen Spannung 290 V-2ms-Fokus 03 290 V-10ms-Fokus 03
Änderung der Schweisspunktgeometrie, 290 V-20ms-Fokus 03
2) Verlängern Pulsdauer
bei Änderung von
290 V-2ms-Fokus 03 Parametern
300 V-2ms-Fokus 03 350 V-2ms-Fokus 03

ng der Schweisspunktgeometrie, 1) Erhöhen

Changing the welding spot geometry when changing Spannung
parameters 290 V-2ms-Fokus 03 290 V-10ms-Fokus 03
2) Verlängern Pulsdauer
290 V-20ms-Fokus 03
Welding consumables
3) Vergrössern Strahldurchmesser = FOKUS for laser welding (excerpt: a complete overview can be found in the BEGO catalogue dental technology)
ei Änderung von Parametern290 V-2ms-Fokus 03 300 V-2ms-Fokus 03 350 V-2ms-Fokus 03
290 V-2ms-Fokus 03 290 V-10ms-Fokus 03 290 V-2ms-Fokus 03 290 V-2ms-Fokus 15 290 V-2ms-Fokus 23
Increase voltage Extend pulse duration Enlarge beam diameter = FOKUS290 V-20ms-Fokus 03 Delivery forms Composition in % by mass Thickness in mm Quantity REF
1) Erhöhen Spannung 2) Verlängern Pulsdauer 3) Vergrössern Strahldurchmesser = FOKUS
290 V-2ms-Fokus 03 290 V-2ms-Fokus 03 290 V-2ms-Fokus 03 Wiroweld (CoCrMo, carbon-free) Co 65.0 · Cr 28.0 · Mo 6.0 · Mn · Sn 0.35 2m 50003
290 V-2ms-Fokus 03 300 V-2ms-Fokus 03 350 V-2ms-Fokus 03 290 V-2ms-Fokus 03 290 V-2ms-Fokus 15 290 V-2ms-Fokus 23
290 V-2ms-Fokus 03 290 V-10ms-Fokus 03 290 V-20ms-Fokus 03
1) Erhöhen Spannung 2) Verlängern Pulsdauer 3) Vergrössern Strahldurchmesser = FOKUS Wiroweld (CoCrMo, carbon-free) Co 65.0 · Cr 28.0 · Mo 6.0 · Mn · Sn 0.5 1.5 m 50005
300 V-2ms-Fokus 03
300 V-2ms-Fokus 03
290 V-10ms-Fokus 03 290 V-2ms-Fokus 15
350 V-2ms-Fokus
290 V-2ms-Fokus 03 03 290 V-10ms-Fokus 03 290 V-2ms-Fokus 03
290 V-20ms-Fokus 03 290 V-2ms-Fokus 15 290 V-2ms-Fokus 23 Ni 60.0 · Cr 22.0 · Mo 9.0 · Fe 4.0 · Nb 3.6 · Al · Co · Cu · approx.
3) Vergrössern Strahldurchmesser = FOKUS Wiroweld NC (NiCrMo, carbon-free) 0.35 50006
2) Verlängern Pulsdauer Mn · Si · Ta · Ti 5.5 m
350 V-2ms-Fokus 03 290 V-20ms-Fokus 03 290 V-2ms-Fokus 03 290 V-2ms-Fokus 2315
290 V-2ms-Fokus 290 V-2ms-Fokus 23 approx.
290 V-2ms-Fokus 03 290 V-10ms-Fokus 03 290 V-20ms-Fokus 03 Titanium wire, grade 2 Ti 100.0 0.35 50008
3) Vergrössern Strahldurchmesser = FOKUS 5m
2) Verlängern Pulsdauer
290 V-2ms-Fokus 03 290 V-2ms-Fokus 15 290 V-2ms-Fokus 23
290 V-2ms-Fokus 03 290 V-10ms-Fokus3)03Vergrössern
290Strahldurchmesser
V-20ms-Fokus 03 = FOKUS
2) Verlängern Pulsdauer
290 V-2ms-Fokus 03 290 V-2ms-Fokus 15 290 V-2ms-Fokus 23
Images and illustrations are examples. Colors, symbols, designs and information on the depicted labels and/or packaging may differ from reality. Images and illustrations are examples; colours, symbols, designs and information on the depicted labels and/or packaging may differ from reality.
3 290 V-10ms-Fokus 03 290 V-20ms-Fokus 03
3) Vergrössern Strahldurchmesser = FOKUS
22 23
290 V-2ms-Fokus 03 290 V-2ms-Fokus 15 290 V-2ms-Fokus 23
 Jointing technology

Furnace soldering after firing – with pretreatment Solders and flux

This method can be used to bond Wirobond® to Wirobond® and Wiron® to
Wiron® or to precious metals. Before firing the soldering joint is ground Wirobond® Profil-Form REF
down to create a depression and pre-treated with a fusing solder:
Wirobond solder
®
52622
for example, BegoStar ® solder (Liquidus 1,100 °C, REF 61081), flux:
Minoxyd (REF 52530) Wiron® / Wirocer plus
The solder can be fired over with ceramic.
Wiron® solder 52625

After firing clean the soldering joint by grinding. Then produce the Minoxyd 52530
smallest possible block of solder. When doing so, make sure that the
2 parts to be soldered do not touch. Soldering gap max. 0.2 mm.

Soldering process:
• Predry block of solder for 10 min at 300 °C
• Preheat for 3–5 min (depending on size of block) at 800 °C
• Heat to soldering temperature of 860 °C and hold for 1 min

BEGO Gold solder I (Liquidus 790 °C, REF 61017) (flux Minoxyd
REF 52530) flows into the soldering gap and fills it completely.

Wiron® solder (REF 52625) After processing with Wirobond® or Wiron®

solder and with platinum foil underlay
Margin extension with Wirobond® or
Wiron® solder and with platinum foil underlay
Non-precious alloys
3
Images and illustrations are examples. Colors, symbols, designs and information on the depicted labels and/or packaging may differ from reality. Images and illustrations are examples; colours, symbols, designs and information on the depicted labels and/or packaging may differ from reality.

24 25
 Interesting facts about non-precious alloys Interesting facts about non-precious alloys

Non-precious alloys

Non-precious alloys have been part of the standard repertoire for fixed and removable restorations for many years. The alloys typical of this group are BEGO non-precious alloys without beryllium!
Nickel-chrome alloys with a chromium content of well below 20 percent Physiological information: Beryllium (Be) is a carcinogen and toxin
either nickel- or cobalt-based. Cobalt-based alloys have been used for medical applications involving implants for around a hundred years. In the first
liable to accumulate and is classified in category A 2 of carcino-
half of the 20th century CoCr alloys were introduced to dentistry for the partial denture technique. Nickel-based alloys were adopted slightly later in by mass cannot be deemed resistant to the oral environment due to their
genic substances in the German “MAK-Liste” (maximum workplace
the crown and bridge technique. They are generally veneerable and are characterised by simple casting and easy finishing as well as high strengths in high level of ion release (corrosion). Beryllium-containing alloys also fall concentration). Beryllium vapour causes severe damage to the lungs
comparison with precious-metal alloys. In 1968 BEGO launched this type of alloy in Germany – the birth of Wiron! into this category. Beryllium is known to be a highly toxic, carcinogenic (a disease known as berylliosis), frequently resulting in fatalities. It can
substance which is harmful to health even after many years. Dental cause irritation to the skin and mucous membranes while chronic
exposure results in damage to the liver and enlargement of the spleen.
technicians are already at risk from the vapours produced when melting
After a longer period – latency may be up to 30 years, as beryllium is
beryllium-containing alloys. The risk to the health of dental technicians not excreted by the organism – granulomatosis may occur.
BEGO Nickel-chrome alloy Wirocer plus is the greatest during finishing, due to the unavoidable creation of dust.
Beryllium is a toxin that is liable to accumulate, i.e. unlike all other alloy Quote: RÖMPPS Chemie Lexikon
Although allergies to nickel are common, the use of nickel-chrome alloys in Nickel-chrome metal-to-ceramic alloy
the oral cavity does not inevitably result in allergic reactions. Nickel is an • Beryllium-free constituents it is not excreted, but builds up in particular in the bone
essential element, with approx. 10 mg being contained in the human body. • Tried and tested cobalt-chrome alloy from BEGO – inexpensive substance and lungs. All BEGO alloys are of course free of beryllium and
We are said to consume 0.16 – 0.9 mg nickel per day as part of our diet. thanks to an optimised manufacturing process biocompatible. The relevant biocertificates are available for download
These comparatively high levels are not matched even by the initial • Secure bond to ceramic at www.bego.com.
release of nickel following the incorporation of nickel-chrome alloys. • Low hardness – easy and time-saving finishing
However, where a patient is known to have an allergy to nickel , the • Normal cooling – for economical veneering
dentist should refrain from using nickel alloys in the oral cavity as • High wearing comfort for the patient thanks to low thermal conductivity
a precautionary measure. Nickel is the main constituent of nickel- • Biocompatible and corrosion-resistant
chrome alloys, which contain up to approx. 75 % of nickel (Wiron® 99:
Wiron® light
Ni 65.6 %). It is not the amount of nickel but the chromium content
The non-precious alloy for metal-to-ceramic work with light-colored oxide
that is the decisive factor for approving the use of nickel.
• Beryllium-free
Clinical trials and experimental investigations have shown that a content
3 of min. 20 percent by mass is necessary to guarantee sufficient intra-oral
• Simple casting, easy finishing, reliable working 3
• The outstanding melting properties of the alloy ensure reliable filling
biocompatibility!
of the mould
• The oxide of Wiron® light is considerably lighter in colour in comparison
with conventional NiCr alloys and can be removed very quickly and easily
Wiron® 99
• The reduced preheating temperature of 800 °C means that a very
Wiron® 99 Premium-NiCr alloy for metal-to-ceramic work or composite
smooth surface of the cast object is achieved
veneering
• Normal cooling with many of the ceramics – for time-saving, economical
• Beryllium-free
veneering
• Proven reliability in use worldwide for over 25 years
• The favourable CTE value permits reliable ceramic veneering
• Secure metal-ceramic bond, minimising the risk of subsequent flaking
• Biocompatible and highly corrosion-resistant thanks to a firmly
or chipping
adhering passive layer
• Low hardness of 195 (HV10) – for fast, easy finishing and polishing to
a high lustre
• Simple casting point recognition – problem-free processing in all
induction casting machines
• High modulus of elasticity for greater protection against deformation
caused by masticatory forces Oxide colour after deflasking
• No marked sensation of hot/cold thanks to low thermal conductivity –
high level of wearing comfort for the patient
Wirocer plus (REF 50080)
• Biocompatible and highly corrosion-resistant

Wiron® 99 (REF 50225) Wiron® Light (REF 50270) Wiron® light Conventional NiCr alloy

Images and illustrations are examples. Colors, symbols, designs and information on the depicted labels and/or packaging may differ from reality. Images and illustrations are examples; colours, symbols, designs and information on the depicted labels and/or packaging may differ from reality.

26 27
 Interesting facts about non-precious alloys Interesting facts about non-precious alloys

Veneerable cobalt-chrome alloys from the

Wirobond® product family
Veneerable cobalt-chrome alloys have established themselves as a standard material in dentistry. Wirobond® alloys are characterised by advantageous Wirobond® SG
parameters in terms of their material properties and are highly biocompatible. Wirobond alloys are always suitable when a nickel-free alloy is needed
®
Cobalt-chrome metal-to-ceramic alloy
with high strength, a secure metal-ceramic-bond, great corrosion resistance and biocompatibility combined with an affordable price. • Nickel- and beryllium-free CAD/CAM – what you should know about BEGO Medical GmbH
Processing is largely identical to the Wiron® alloy group. The material properties are similar except for the slightly increased hardness level. • Reliable use even in problematic cases and restorations with large • As an SLM pioneer, we provide market-leading CAD/CAM process
Otherwise, Wirobond® is melted and processed in the same way as Wiron®. It bonds securely to dental ceramics and is a tried and tested material (see: bridge spans expertise – from high-performance scanners through to high-tech
Processing dental ceramics). Like Wiron®, Wirobond® can of course also be veneered with composites. • Simple and reliable casting point recognition thanks to optimal silicon production
content • With our diverse range of production processes and materials for
• Normal cooling facilitates economical and effective working all indications, we offer flexibility and cost effectiveness – ensuring
• Reliable metal-ceramic bond with no need for an additional expensive the ideal platform for open production
bonder • BEGO is the first dental company to manufacture all its implanto-
• Biocompatible and corrosion-resistant logical structures from a single source – and that in a unique range
of materials for a unique range of indications
Wirobond® 280 • Moreover, our User Support, our scanning and design service, our
The non-precious premium alloy – a benchmark Wirobond® LFC guarantee services and our BEGO TRAINING CENTER provide you
• Nickel- and beryllium-free Veneerable cobalt-chrome alloy with a wide range of indications with the best possible support
• Wirobond® 280 sets a benchmark in the non-precious metal-to-ceramic • Nickel- and beryllium-free
alloy segment because, with a Vickers hardness of 280 HV10, it can be • Cobalt-chrome metal-to-ceramic alloy for high-expanding ceramics
finished to a particularly high standard (low-fusing ceramic materials)
• Extremely corrosion-resistant thanks to the optimal interaction of the • The CTE value of 15.6 [10-6 K-1] enables normal cooling – for
indispensable elements chrome and molybdenum ­economical and effective working Wirobond® C+
• Excellent melting and casting properties • Strong bond with the low-fusing ceramic – even when subjected to The cobalt-chrome alloy for SLM technology
• No prolonged cooling necessary*, even with large spans multiple firing • This very fine-grained powder guarantees a homogeneous and
3 • Secure bond to ceramic • Controlled carbon content – very well suited to soldering and laser extremely dense structure. Single crowns and bridges with up to 14
3
• High strength in all span sizes, and therefore a wide range of indications welding units can easily be produced using Wirobond® C+
• Reliable processing in accordance with the proven BEGO system • Biocompatible and corrosion-resistant • Extremely corrosion-resistant thanks to the optimal interaction of the
• Biocompatible and highly corrosion-resistant indispensable elements chrome and molybdenum
• Wirobond® C+ can be reliably veneered with commercially available
* Exceptions: Creation (Willi Geller), Reflex® ceramics with an appropriate CTE – dependable ceramic veneering
(Wieland Dental + Technik GmbH & Co. KG) Wirobond® bridge using familiar ceramics without the need for any adjustment by the
dental technician
• Controlled fabrication process – for stress-free frames and excellent
Wirobond® C accuracy of fit
Cobalt-chrome metal-to-ceramic alloy • The extremely low ion release minimises the risk of undesirable
• Nickel- and beryllium-free biological reactions – Wirobond® C+ has been shown to have no
• Simple processing thanks to reliable casting point recognition cytotoxic or allergic potential
• Carbon-free composition – particularly well suited for laser welding
• The element cerium ensures high bond strength with the ceramic,
minimising the risk of subsequent flaking or chipping Wirobond® M+
• Low thermal conductivity – protects the pulp and ensures high wearing The cobalt-chrome alloy for milling work
comfort for the patient • Wirobond® M+ is the milling alloy for crown and bridge frames as well
• Biocompatible and corrosion-resistant thanks to a firmly adhering Wirobond® 280 (REF 50134) Wirobond® SG (REF 50127) as abutments and bars for implantology.
passive layer • Simultaneous 5-axis milling guarantees optimal precision of fit – with
every unit.
• High strength in all span sizes, and therefore a very wide range of
indications.
• Wirobond® M+ can be reliably veneered with commercially available
ceramics with an appropriate CTE – dependable ceramic veneering
using familiar ceramics without the need for any adjustments.

Wirobond® C+ and Wirobond® M+ are highly corrosion-resistant, nickel-

­and beryllium-free and have shown to have no cytotoxicpotential.

Wirobond® C (REF 50115) Wirobond® LFC (REF 50255)

Images and illustrations are examples. Colors, symbols, designs and information on the depicted labels and/or packaging may differ from reality. Images and illustrations are examples; colours, symbols, designs and information on the depicted labels and/or packaging may differ from reality.

28 29
 Interesting facts about non-precious alloys Interesting facts about non-precious alloys

Advantageous properties of non-precious alloys Biocompatibility

Modulus of elasticity Heat resistance
A prerequisite for corrosion-resistant, biocompatible alloys is their Biocompatibility, i.e. the compatibility of a material with an organism, is
This is a decisive factor for the load rating of a crown and bridge construction Both during soldering and fusing of the ceramic, Wirobond®, Wiron®
composition and the purity of the elements used. Wirobond® and Wiron® exceptionally high.
and for the bond of the ceramic to the metal frame. The modulus of elasti­ and Wirocer plus all offer excellent resistance to deformation, as the
produce an extremely dense and firmly adhering passive layer with
city for non-precious alloys is almost double that of metal-to-ceramic alloys modulus of elasticity at the fusing temperature of 960 °C is considerably
exceptional resistance. This claim has been verified by numerous studies BEGO non-precious alloys have been scientifically monitored and studied
containing precious metals. greater than for a high-gold metal-to-ceramic alloy. The dentist can thus
into loss in mass from chrome- and molybdenum oxides of non-precious for many years like virtually no other group of alloys. The reliability of this
rely on the frame also fitting perfectly after veneering.
alloys in response to mechanical and chemical stresses. alloy group has been verified time and time again.
With an identical wax-up they thus also offer twice the resistance to defor-
mation due to masticatory force. The possible size of the bridge construction The mechanical properties of Wirobond®, Wiron® and Wirocer plus
Even after being placed in corrosive solution for five years, Wiron® 99 still
depends solely on the indications in terms of dentistry. guarantee dimensional stability with ceramic firing. This applies even
showed sharp grinding grooves under a scanning electron microscope.
more to Wirobond® LFC, as here firing temperatures for the dental
This means that Wiron® 99 offers excellent passivation, and the passive
• Wirobond® 280 approx. 220 GPa ceramics are significantly lower (typically below 800 °C).
A quote from original research by J. Geis-Gerstorfer, H. Weber and layer is highly resistant to corrosion (Fig. 1).
• Bio PontoStar® XL approx. 100 GPa
K.-H. Sauer:
In contrast to Wiron® 99, the surface of a NiCr alloy belonging to a
Thermal conductivity
“If we compare the nickel concentrations absorbed in the diet and competitor with only 13 % chrome is completely destroyed (Fig. 2, Tip The thermal conductivity of BEGO non-precious alloys is extremely low
through medication with nickel release from crowns, release by crowns note enlarged scale). The higher the modulus of elasticity, the greater the force that will be
and protects the pulp of the abutment teeth from major temperature
seems negligible, at least when using the alloys which performed well.” required for elastic deformation. The material is rigid and dimensionally
stable. stimuli. This also enhances wearing comfort for patients, who are not
This observation also correlates with the very high ion release of this
subject to any marked sensation of hot/cold.
alloy. This type of alloy (chromium content below the 20 % mark) should
therefore not be used.

Bond strength Tip

The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is important for the bond
3 The bond between Wirobond®, Wiron®, Wirocer plus and dental ceramic is between metal and ceramic. It indicates the expansion of a substance 3
extremely strong. This is the result of close cooperation with leading dental when heated by 1 °C. The CTE values between metal and ceramic
ceramic manufacturers. must be in line with each other. The CTE of the veneering ceramic
should be lower than that of the alloy to ensure that the ceramic
shrinks onto the metal frame.
These ceramics and the properties of BEGO non-precious alloys have been
so carefully coordinated that the metal-ceramic bond can stand up to any
comparison, however critical.

Wirobond® LFC is veneerable with high-expanding, low-melting special

ceramics (known as low-fusing ceramic materials).
Ion release in 7 days

Total ion release of BEGO alloys falls well below the limit value of
200 µg/cm² specified by ISO 22674
in 7 days
[µg/cm2]

350 Modulus of elasticity

Be [GPa] High ­ High
300 Fig. 1: Wiron® 99 ductile yield elongation limit
250
250

200 200 Resistance

150 Be: 0 Be: 0
to deformation
Mo: 0,12 Mo: 1 150 with ceramic
100 Cr: 0,16 Cr: 1 firing
Ni: 1,29 Co: 5
50 100
Wirobond® 280

Bio PontoStar®
Wirobond® SG

BegoPal® 300

XL Au-Pt alloy
Wirobond® C
High High

Pd-Ag alloy
Co-Cr alloy

Co-Cr alloy

Co-Cr alloy

Ni-Cr alloy
Wiron® 99
0

Unalloyed
modulus of melting

titanium
Beryllium-containing Wiron® 99 (Ni-Cr alloy) Wirobond® C (Co-Cr alloy) 50
Ni-Cr alloy elasticity range
Fig. 2: Ni-Cr alloy with a chrome content which
is too low 0

Images and illustrations are examples. Colors, symbols, designs and information on the depicted labels and/or packaging may differ from reality. Images and illustrations are examples; colours, symbols, designs and information on the depicted labels and/or packaging may differ from reality.

30 31
 Interesting facts about non-precious alloys

Non-precious alloys for veneering

with ceramic and composites
Non-precious alloys

Guide values Wirobond® Wirobond® C Wirobond® SG Wirobond® Wiron® 99 Wiron® light Wirocer plus
280 LFC

Color silver silver silver silver silver silver silver

Typ (ISO 22674) 5 4 4 5 3 4 3

Density g/cm3 8.6 8.5 8.6 7.9 8.3 8.2 8.3

Solidus; liquidus 1,355; 1,430 1,360; 1,420 1,385; 1,420 1,335; 1,435 1,310; 1,360 1,210; 1,280 1,295; 1,360
temperature °C

Casting temperature °C 1,500 1,500 1,480 1,480 1,450 1,350 1,450

CTE 25–500 °C 14.3 14.3 14.3 15.6 13.9 13.7 13.8

Elongation after 9 16 11 17 43 9 34
fracture (A5) %

Proof strength (Rp 0,2) MPa 480 440 485 655 335 460 355

Young’s modulus GPa 220 180 200 205 170 185 175

Vickers hardness HV10 280 315 305 315 195 280 220

4
3 Composition in %
Nickel (Ni) – – – – 65.6 64.6 65.2

Cobalt (Co) 60.2 63.3 63.8 33.9 – – –

Chromium (Cr) 25.0 24.8 24.8 28.5 22.5 22.0 22.5

Molybdenum (Mo) 4.8 5.1 5.1 5.0 9.5 10.0 9.5

Tungsten (W) 6.2 5.3 5.3 – – – –

Silizium (Si) × 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.1 1.5

Niobium (Nb) – – – – × × ×

Iron (Fe) – – – 30.0 – – ×

Manganese (Mn) × – – 1.0 × × ×

Cerium (Ce) – × – – × – –

Carbon (C) – – – × – – –

Nitrogen (N) – – – × – – –

Gallium (Ga) 2.9 – – – – – –

Boron (B) – – – – – × –

Scope of delivery REF REF REF REF REF REF REF

250 g

1,000 g
50135

50134
50116

50115
50127

50128
50256

50255
50226

50225
50272

50270
–

50080 Specialist literature

Images and illustrations are examples. Colors, symbols, designs and information on the depicted labels and/or packaging may differ from reality. Images and illustrations are examples; colours, symbols, designs and information on the depicted labels and/or packaging may differ from reality.

32 33
 Specialist literature for partial prosthetics

Precision Milling and Partial Denture

Constructions
Modern design – Efficient production

• Guidelines for dental laboratories and surgeries specialising in • Various stages of restoration with partial denture techniques
prosthetics • Clear step-by-step description of key sequences
• Ideal preparation for examination as ‘Master’ technician • Historical overview
• Practice-oriented guide and reference work • Appendix dealing with material properties
• Restorations using partial dentures with telescopic constructions and • Many practical tips for users
clasp-retained tooth replacement • Processing errors and their consequences
• Systematic planning and design • Author: Henning Wulfes
• Efficient dental fabrication

Product details

Realization
280 pages · 210 × 260 mm · incl. images · approx. 1,000 color illustrations · hardcover

Availability REF
German sold out
English 88895
Russian 88896

Preventive
error management
5
Images and illustrations are examples. Colors, symbols, designs and information on the depicted labels and/or packaging may differ from reality. Images and illustrations are examples; colours, symbols, designs and information on the depicted labels and/or packaging may differ from reality.

34 35
 Preventive error management Preventive error management

Tips and information for processing investment materials for BEGO crowns and bridges Tips and information for processing investment materials for BEGO crowns and bridges

Problem Cause Solution Problem Cause Solution

Investment material The working temperature of the powder ­­ • The ideal temperature is approx. 20 °C for powder and liquid – if it is Mould has fractured T
 he mould was placed in the still warm • Allow investment material to set completely
is not setting or only and/or liquid was too low. colder, the working time is longer, and if warmer, it is shorter or cracked during furnace too early.
very slowly conventional
The mixing time was too short. • Observe instructions for use of investment material! Generally mix preheating Plastic parts used for wax up not coated • Plastic parts (Adapta, modelling acrylic, solid plastic channels) should be
with a spatula for 15 s, and then mix for another 60 s under vacuum with wax. lightly coated with wax as the plastic expands first during heating and may
cause the casting mould to break
 he wrong liquid or wrong concentration
T • Observe instructions for use!
was used. • Bellavest® SH/DR = BegoSol® HE
• Bellastar/XL = BegoSol® K The insertion temperature for the mould was • Limit insertion temperature to max. 80–100 °C
• Bellavest® T = BegoSol®/HE too high.

 he mixing ratio of powder/liquid was not

T • Observe instructions for use! Observe mixing ratio and adjust The heating rate of the preheating furnace is • Optimum heating program:
observed. concentration to alloy and indication too high. • 5 °C/min to 250 °C
• Hold for 30 min at 250 °C
Investment material The working temperature was too high. • Optimise working temperature (20 °C) • 7 °C/min to 575 °C
is setting too quickly • Hold for 30 min at 575 °C
The mixing time was too long. • Base the mixing time on the instructions for use • 7 °C/min to final temperature
Hold final temperature for at least 30 min depending on mould size
The interior surface of the mixing bowl • Moisten the mixing bowl on the inside before starting mixing (rinse out)
is dry/rough. Mould has fractured The insertion times were not observed. • Insertion times differ depending on the investment material. ­
or cracked during Ensure you observe the recommendations in the instructions for use.
Casts too large  he concentration of liquid was not sufficiently
T • Observe instructions for use of investment material! The concentration
fast (shock) Bellavest® SH/DR after 20–30 min. If insertion is too early, material will
or too small adjusted to the casting alloy. of liquid for non-precious alloys must be higher than for precious metal,
preheating still be too soft. If insertion is too late, the mould will dry out and cracks
e.g. Bellavest® SH: for non-precious alloys 80–90 %, for precious-metal
will form
alloys 50–60 % concentration of liquid.
High concentration = high expansion Mould formers are too large. • Only mould former sizes 1, 3 and 6 can be heated quickly (shock heat)
Low concentration = low expansion
 he furnace temperature (insertion tempe­
T • Select insertion temperature depending on investment material used:
rature) was too high/low. • Bellavest® SH/DR = 900 °C
• Mixing times not according to instructions • Base the mixing times on the instructions for use: Longer mixing will re- • BellaStar/XL = 700–900 °C
for use duce expansion, and shorter mixing increase it in an uncontrolled manner!
To ensure comparable work results it is important to standardise all Bubbles in the The vacuum during mixing was insufficient. • Check mixer, mixing bowl, vacuum hose. Clean seal and rim of bowl!
• Different mixing times working parameters: investment material
• Working temperature
• Major fluctuations in the working tempe­ • Mixer Rough casting Melt is overheated. • Observe melting and casting temperatures specified by alloy manufacturer
rature – e.g. summer/winter • Size of mixing bowl to quantity of material being mixed surfaces
• Use climate cabinet for powder and liquid The content of old metal is too high. • Reduce old metal content

Bridge is rocking Wax-up subject to stresses due to tempe­ • Make sure wax temperature is as uniform as possible during modelling Too much wetting agent applied, has not dried. • Apply wetting agent evenly in precise quantities and then blow
rature-related contraction of wax. • Disconnect bridge wax-up to relieve stress and only reconnect before dry immediately
investing. Allow distributor bar made from wax or acrylic to cool down
completely after shaping, before waxing up  he casting mould was held too long at the
T • Do not hold the casting mould for longer than 60 min at the final
final temperature. temperature
Mould has fractured T
 he mixing ratio of powder/liquid was not • Observe instructions for use!
or cracked during correct. The mixing times according to the Generally mix with a spatula for 15 s, and then mix for another Inclusions of invest-  harp points of investment material between
S • Round off sharp points between modelled sprues
conventional instructions for use were not observed. 60 s under vacuum ment material in sprues were detached from the melt.
preheating the cast object
If a metal ring is used, the mould fleece is • Transition (overlapping) of mould fleece should be covered with wax  oreign body incorporated during setting/
F • Ensure casting mould sets at a protected location. Place in the preheat-
not flush with the wall of the mould. The preheating phase. ing furnace with the funnel former facing downwards. Always keep the
investment material flows behind the fleece, furnace clean
creating an indentation.
Forces caused by setting expansion may lead
5 to cracking here. 5
The cast object is placed too close to the • Minimum distance to floor / wall of mould 5 mm, 5–10 mm is ideal
wall of the mould or to the floor.

The casting mould was removed from the • Allow investment material to set completely, remove carefully
silicone ring too early (not fully hardened).

Casting flash on casting Mould with crack Rough casting due to overheating

Images and illustrations are examples. Colors, symbols, designs and information on the depicted labels and/or packaging may differ from reality. Images and illustrations are examples; colours, symbols, designs and information on the depicted labels and/or packaging may differ from reality.

36 37
 Preventive error management Preventive error management

Tips and information for reliable veneering with BEGO alloys Tips and information for reliable veneering with BEGO alloys

Problem Cause Solution Problem Cause Solution

Horizontal cracks or Ceramic is not sufficiently supported by • Model a reduced anatomical tooth shape! Frame collars and metal mar- Porosities and The frame surface was not adequately • During finishing avoid sharp corners, edges and transitions –
flaking/chipping of metal frame. gins created cervically will act as reinforcement! A rounded, “ceramic- bubbles in the finished. round off cleanly
ceramic in incisal supporting” frame design is especially important at the incisal edges ceramic • No deep notches or holes! No sharp edges!
and cervical areas (incisal angles)!
Sharp edges should be avoided! Frames were not sandblasted sufficiently. • See flaking/chipping
Crescent-shaped
flaking/chipping Metal frame distorted after firing. • Observe the minimum wall thicknesses specified for the frame The vacuum power of the ceramic furnace is • Check the effective firing temperature in the firing chamber of the ce-
in basal area on • Wall thickness min. 0.3 mm after finishing, interdental connectors too low. ramic furnace and its vacuum power
pontics should be taller than they are wide
Ceramic flaked/ Unsuitable blasting material / insufficient • Blast finished frame with Korox® 250 µm using an angle of approx.
 eat build-up occurred during cooling after
H • Basal veneer of pontics is critical (greater susceptibility to cracking – ­ chipped off down to blasting pressure used. 45° at 3–4 bar
ceramic firing. crescent-shaped cracks). Creating pronounced chamfers offers addi- the metal frame • Low-capacity compressors as sometimes sold by DIY stores may not be
tional reliability! Do not omit them with purely vestibular veneering! sufficient here!
• Only use new, sharp-edged blasting material
• Do not use a recycling sandblaster! Use a pencil blaster!
The ceramic layer is too thick. • Support ceramic by anatomically reduced frame shape, max. ceramic • Risk of contamination by residues of investment material
layer thickness 1.5 mm!
Excessive oxide formation by control firing. • If carrying out oxide firing (5 min with vacuum) as control firing at
CTE of alloy too high for ceramic. • Observe CTE values! 950–980 °C, blast oxide again in its entirety with Korox® 250 µm at
• Carry out prolonged cooling to increase CTE of ceramic 3–4 bar!
• Prolonged cooling is advisable for very solid objects!
• For bridges with larger span sizes it is recommended to moderately Oxide formation and detachment of opaquer. • Wet the base well with opaquer – rub in, particularly when using paste
increase the firing temperature by approx. 10–20 °C opaquers!
As an alternative: Use powder opaquer instead of paste opaquer!
The oxide layer is too thick. • After oxide firing/control firing carefully blast the oxide again in its
entirety with Korox® 250 µm at 3–4 bar Note: The retention of ceramic veneering also depends on mechanical retention! It is reinforced by shrinkage of the ceramic
to the metal frame, which results from the different coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE). The chemical bond in itself
Note: Before each new work step carefully steam-clean the surface! does not guarantee sufficient retention.
The surface should then be allowed to dry through self-heating.
Drying with compressed air entails the risk of contamination with condensates from the compressed air system. Bridge rocking after The frame design is too lightweight and • Dimension transitions and connectors sufficiently in relation to their
oxide / wash firing slender. height – particularly with pontics (T-support principle)!
Do not use non-system components. With appropriate indications use native non-precious bonders or wash opaquers
according to the instructions for use of the ceramic manufacturer!

Porosities and  lloy is overheated, individual constituents

A • Do not overheat melt (alloy)! With flame casting: Heat casting ingot Protruding crown  he design of the crown margins is too thinly
T • Dimension crown margins sufficiently, if necessary provide ceramic
bubbles in the burn, a rough surface results. evenly! Aim for homogeneous, pore-free casting! margins tapered. This results in deformation due to shoulders
ceramic contraction of the ceramic. • Check CTE values in terms of their compatibility! Only use suitable
veneering materials
 n recasting, alloy was contaminated by
O • Only use new material!
residues of investment material and oxides.  ith large objects residual stresses are
W • To relieve stresses, hold the metal restoration (not separated) at
caused by uneven cooling. 950–980 °C under vacuum for 5 min (oxide firing)

 verlaps/inclusions have occurred on the

O • Surface should be finished in one direction only – preferably with sharp
surface of the alloy. carbide cutters
• Make sure carbide cutters are not blunt and have a good cutting action!
• Do not use instruments with which precious metals have been processed!

The frame is insufficiently dimensioned at the

pontics, while the ceramic layer is too thick.
5 Flaking/chipping due to insufficient surface 5
conditioning (Korox® 250 not used), in addition
to sharp edges and points in the frame.

Cracks in the ceramic Bubbles in the ceramic Cracking and flaking due to insufficient Bubbles and flaking/chipping Incorrect frame design
frame preparation

Images and illustrations are examples. Colors, symbols, designs and information on the depicted labels and/or packaging may differ from reality. Images and illustrations are examples; colours, symbols, designs and information on the depicted labels and/or packaging may differ from reality.

38 39
 Preventive error management Preventive error management

Tips and information for reliable veneering with BEGO alloys Tips and information for reliable veneering with BEGO alloys

Problem Cause Solution Problem Cause Solution

Detachment of The wash opaquer was applied too thick. • Create wash firing (1st opaquer firing) with a thin consistency, only Flaking/chipping  peed is too high, pressure of grinding stone
S • Finish ceramic at a lower speed and a reduced pressure level
individual opaquer complete coverage with 2nd application of matrix! of ceramic during too great.
layers • If the wash firing temperature is increased by 50 °C, this will have a finishing
positive effect on bonding! Pressure of grinding stone is too high. • Take care when grinding down ceramic projections on interior surface
• See also ceramic manufacturer’s instructions for use of crowns!

 he drying temperature is too high, the drying

T • Distinguish between powder opaquer and paste opaquer. With paste  emperature development too high during
T • Take care when finishing: Metal parts must not become too hot =
time too short. opaquer observe longer drying times! finishing. lower pressure level!
• Allow coated frame to dry for approx. 8 min! (Glycerine only evaporates • Avoid high heat generation, e.g., as with hard rubber polishers!
slowly at higher temperatures at approx. 250 °C!). Caution: When the
firing chamber is closed, plumes of vapour should no longer be seen! Cracks when • Cleaning in ultrasonic cleaner • Preferably perform final cleaning under running water with a brush.
Extend drying manually if necessary! cleaning veneered • Cleaning selectively with steam blaster • No ultrasonic bath! When using a steam blaster, make sure it is applied
frames (overheating!) over the entire area – avoid localised overheating!
Cracks in the The paste opaquer was applied too thick. • Do not dilute paste opaquer with water! Fire exactly as specified by the
opaquer manufacturer – never lower! Do not apply too thick! To attain the coverage Flaking/chipping Oxide formation during ceramic firing too great. • Remove oxide from the interior of crowns before insertion – blast again
required, it is better to apply lightly three times and fire of ceramic or with Korox® 50 µm!
cracks in inserted • Avoid applying any pressure to the interior of the crowns
Discolouration due  xide formation during ceramic firing
O • Before each new work step carefully steam-clean the surface! restorations • During cementation ensure complete seating in the final position free
to oxides, especially too great. • During firing the edge of the frame must not come into contact with the of stress
at the margin carrier of the firing material • Tip: Prepolishing parts of the frame not being veneered will avoid excessive
• Completely cover the crown margin with opaquer! oxidation during ceramic firing

Unfavourable occlusion conditions. • Work in the articulator

Cracks in the The ceramic becomes too dry during layering. • 
Swift layering will prevent the ceramic drying out, i.e. keep ceramic moist • Check jaw relationship
ceramic layers when layering using a paper towel • Avoid premature contacts
• Do not create antagonistic contacts in the metal/ceramic transition area

Cracks in the Separation not carried out before firing. • With ceramic layering use a moistened scalpel to ensure sufficient
interdental space interdental separation – down to the opaquer
• Objective: controlled shrinkage!

Round edges, Temperature on object too low. • Clean ceramic furnaces at regular intervals, check and calibrate firing
no brilliance in chambers (temperatures)
veneering • Note: Some ceramics must be ground (roughened) lightly each time
before being fired!
• Do not apply glaze paste too thick!
• Note: When using non-precious metal-to-ceramic alloys, some ceramic
manufacturers recommend increasing firing temperatures
• For example, by 20–50 °C depending on the carrier of the firing material
used and the size of the object
• Please consult manufacturers directly about their firing recommen-
dations. Some ceramic suppliers provide firing charts for different
furnaces.

Note: Bubbles form, for example, due to gases escaping during the various heat treatments.
Possible cause:
• Casting errors such as overheating (e.g., foreign bodies trapped in the material, shrinkage cavities, pores)
• Application of ceramic (bubbles incorporated and contamination from foreign particles)
• Glycerine not evaporated completely
• Vacuum of ceramic furnace insufficient
Ask ceramic manufacturer for recommendations when firing non-precious alloys!

5 5

Bubbles in opaquer due to casting errors Bubbles in ceramic and insufficient ceramic
or incomplete evaporation of glycerine bond to frame due to inadequate drying of
paste opaquer

Images and illustrations are examples. Colors, symbols, designs and information on the depicted labels and/or packaging may differ from reality. Images and illustrations are examples; colours, symbols, designs and information on the depicted labels and/or packaging may differ from reality.

40 41
 Notes Notes

42 43
 www.bego.com

REF 82093/05 · NoS · © 2019 by BEGO · 20190614

Not all products and services shown are available in all countries.

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Wilhelm-Herbst-Str. 1 · 28359 Bremen, Germany
Tel. +49 421 2028-0 · Fax +49 421 2028-100
E-Mail [email protected] · www.bego.com

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