1901-1935
(The American Period)
“The Philippines are ours not to exploit, but to develop, civilize,
educate, and to train in the science of self-government”
WILLIAM MCKINLEY
ECONOMIC
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The American Colonial Government
A. The Taft Commission
B. Civil Government
C. Philippine Bill of 1902
D. Philippine Assembly
E. Resident Commissioners
F. The Filipinization of the Government
G. The Jones Law of 1916
H. The Wood-Forbes Mission
I. The OSROX Mission
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A. The Taft Commission
Created on March 16, 1900.
Also known as The Second Philippine Commission.
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A. The Taft Commission
Headed by Judge William
Howard Taft.
Members:
Luke E. Wright
Henry C. Ide
Dean C. Worcester
Bernard Moses
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A-1. The Taft Commission
Luke E. Wright Henry C. Ide Dean C. Bernard C.
Worcester Moses
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A-2. The Taft Commission
Establish a civil government in the Philippines.
To train the Filipinos in self-government.
Guided by a set of instructions issued to it on April 7, 1900
by McKinley.
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A-3. The Taft Commission
Those instructions were drafted
by Secretary of War, Elihu
Root.
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A-4. The Taft Commission
“bear in mind that the government which they (the
Commission) are establishing is designed not for our
selfish satisfaction...but for the happiness, peace and
prosperity of the people of the Philippine Islands, and the
measures adopted should be made to conform to their
customs, habits...”
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A-5. The Taft Commission
Arrived in Manila on June 3, 1900.
$1,000,000 for building, and repairing roads and bridges.
From September 1900 to August 1902, it enacted more than 400 laws.
In September 1901, it was expanded to include three pro-American Filipino
as members. They were:
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A-6. The Taft Commission
Trinidad H. Benito Jose
Pardo de Legarda Luzurriaga
Tavera
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B. Civil Government
Inaugurated on July 4, 1901.
William Howard Taft as the first Civil Governor.
Gov. Taft exercised both executive and legislative functions.
His policy “the Philippines for the Filipinos” made him popular
among the Filipinos.
Taft served until December 1903.
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C. Philippine Bill of 1902
also known as the Cooper Act.
Sponsored by U.S. Representative Henry A.
Cooper of Wisconsin.
On July 1, 1902, the Philippine Bill of 1902
was passed by Congress. It created the
Philippine Assembly.
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C-1. Philippine Bill of 1902
Among the key provisions of the Philippine Bill of 1902 were:
1. A bill of right for the Filipinos;
2. The appointment of two Filipino resident commissioners to represent the
Philippines in the U.S. Congress, but without voting rights;
3. The establishment of a Philippine Assembly to be elected by the Filipinos two
years after the publication of a census and only after peace has been completely
restored in the country. The Philippine Assembly would be the lower house of
the legislature while the Philippine Commission would be the upper house.
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C-2. Philippine Bill of 1902
Among the key provisions of the Philippine Bill of 1902 were:
4. Executive power would be exercised by the Civil Governor who would have
several executive departments under him such as Interior, Public Information,
Finance and Justice, and Commerce and Police.
5. Conservation of the country’s natural resources for the Filipinos.
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D. Philippine Assembly
On July 30, 1907, the first free national elections were held in
the Philippines for members of all the Filipino lawmaking body.
Hundreds of candidates campaigned under many new political
parties.
80 delegates won, most of them came from the Nacionalista
Party.
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D-1. Philippine Assembly
Inaugurated on October 16, 1907 at the Manila Grand Opera House.
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D-2. Philippine Assembly
Sergio Osmeña: Speaker
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D-3. Philippine Assembly
Manuel L. Quezon: Majority Floor Leader
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D-4. Philippine Assembly
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E. Resident Commissioners
The Philippine Bill of 1902 gave the Filipinos the right to be
represented by two Filipino resident commissioners in the
United States Congress.
They could speak out for or against any bill in Congress affecting
the Philippines.
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E-1. Resident Commissioners
Benito Pablo Ocampo
Legarda
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E-2. Resident Commissioners
Manuel L. Quezon served from 1909 to
1916.
Considered one of the greatest Filipino
resident commissioners.
Spoke out strongly against those they
considered harmful to Filipino interests.
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F. The Filipinization of the
Government
America made it a policy to appoint qualified Filipinos to
government positions.
A number of prominent Filipinos were named to high positions.
In 1903, there were more Americans (2,777) in the government
than Filipinos (2,697).
In 1904, the number rose to 3,377 compared to 3,228 Americans.
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F-1. The Filipinization of the
Government
Cayetano Arellano was named Chief Justice of the Philippine Supreme
Court.
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F-2. The Filipinization of the
Government
Florentino Torres became Attorney General.
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F-3. The Filipinization of the
Government
By 1908, Gregorio Araneta was named Secretary of Finance and
Justice.
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G. The Jones Law of 1916
Signed by President
Woodrow Wilson on
August 29, 1916.
Also known as the
Philippine Autonomy Act.
Sponsored by U.S.
Representative William
Atkinson Jones of Virginia.
Woodrow William
Wilson Atkinson
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Jones
G-1. The Jones Law of 1916
It contained American’s promise to give independence to the
Philippines.
Gave the Filipinos greater participation in the government.
It defined the structure of the government, the powers and
duties of the officials, and provided for a bill of rights for the
Filipinos.
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G-2. The Jones Law of 1916
Executive Power: Governor-General (an American)
Appointed by the President of the United States.
Legislative Power: exclusive to the Filipinos
Created two houses: the House of Representatives (lower house) and
the Philippine Senate (upper house).
Judicial Power: Chief Justice (Filipino) and associate justices (Filipino
and American)
Appointed by the President of the United States.
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G-3. The Jones Law of 1916
On October 3, 1916, elections were held for the new Philippine
Legislature.
It was formally inaugurated on October 16, 1916.
Sergio Osmeña was elected Speaker of the House of Representatives.
Manuel L. Quezon became President of the Senate.
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G-4. The Jones Law of 1916
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H. The Wood-Forbes Mission
Warren G. Harding
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H-1. The Wood-Forbes Mission
Gen. Leonard Wood and Gov. Gen. W. Cameron Forbes stayed in
the Philippines for four months.
In October 1921, the mission submitted its report to the president
that the Filipinos were not yet prepared for independence and U.S.
should not yet grant independence to the Philippines.
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H-2. The Wood-Forbes Mission
Gen. Leonard Gov. Gen. W.
Wood Cameron Forbes
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I. The OSROX Mission
In November 1931, the Philippine Legislature sent a mission to the
United States to work for the passage of an independence law.
U.S. Senator Harry B. Hawes filed an independence bill in the U.S.
Congress, with U.S. Congressman Hare and U.S. Senator Cutting
as co-sponsors.
The bill was approved in December 1932, but President Herbert
Hoover, vetoed the bill.
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I-1. The OSROX Mission
Harry B. Hawes
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I-2. The OSROX Mission
The U.S. Congress repassed the bill on January 17, 1933 known as
the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act.
The Antis were those who sided with Quezon in opposing the law.
The Pros were those who supported the law and backed Osmeña and
Roxas.
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I-3. The OSROX Mission
The law’s provisions on trade relations were
disadvantageous to the Philippines.
He objected the provision limiting the
immigration of Filipinos to the U.S.
He also objected to the retention by the U.S. of
military bases in the Philippines.
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I-4. The OSROX Mission
OSROX claimed that the
Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act
was the best independence
law that the Filipinos could
obtain from the U.S.
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I-5. The OSROX Mission
On October 17, 1933, the legislature rejected the Hare-Hawes-Cutting
Act.
The U.S. Congress enacted a new independence bill sponsored by
Senator Milliard Tydings and Representative John McDuffie.
Signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 24, 1934.
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J. The Commonwealth Government
Afther the Tydings-McDuffie Law was approved by Pres. Franklin
Roosevelt. The Americans grant the Filipinos to create its owned
government but under the supervison of U.S.A.
July 30, 1934, members of the constitutional convention were elected.
Claro M. Recto was elected as President then he presided the
constitutional convention.
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J-1. 1935 Philippine Constitution
After thorough deliberation of the members of the Constitutional
convention lead by Claro M. Recto in Febuary 1935, the new Philippine
Constitution was promulgated.
March 23, 1935, the 1935 Philippine Constitution was approved by
Pres. Franklin Roosevelt.
May 14, 1935, the Constitution was ratified by the Filipinos.
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J-2. Election of President and Vice
President
September 16, 1935, first national election was held in the Philippines to elect
President and Vice President of the Transitory Government.
Manuel Quezon was elected President and Sergio Osmeña, Sr. was elected Vice
President of the Transitory Government which is otherwise known as the First
Philippine Republic.
November 15, 1935, the Commonwealth Government together with the First
Philippine Republic was inaugurated on steps of the Legislative building in Manila.
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J-3. Manuel L. Quezon
He served as President of the First Philippine Republic
from 1935-1941.
He was re-elected as President in November 11, 1941 with Sergio
Osmeña, Sr. as Vice President.
It was cut short because of the Japanese Invasion.
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Thank you for reading!
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