University of Wah,
Department of Chemical Engineering
Document No: UW/Ch.E/AF/REV00
WAH ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Department of Chemical Engineering
Assignment # 01
Course Title:Chemical Engineering thermodynamics-II Lab
Semester:5th Course Teacher: Mr. Fazeel Ahmad
Total Marks: 20 Time: 1 week(11-10-20)
Course Code: Ch.E-304 L
Student Name________Zain Najam Reg No._____UW-18-Ch.E-Bsc-009
Assignment Title:
Course Program Learning Domain
Learning Learning
Outcome Outcome
Cognitive
CLO-1 PLO-1 Level (C-3,C2)
PLO-1 Engineering Knowledge: An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science,
engineering fundamentals and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex
engineering problems.
[Link] on your understanding solve following issues
a) DescribeScaving process in two stroke diesel engine and how it helps in complete burning of the
fuel.
b) Explain how different types of injector shapes and design which affect the two stroke diesel
engine working efficency?.
c) Compare different combustion systems which helps to minimize smoke and CO
emissions and fuel economy
d) Clarify the injector tip effect on following
i) CO exhaust emissions ii) exhaust smoke iii) NO exhaust emissions
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University of Wah,
Department of Chemical Engineering
Document No: UW/Ch.E/AF/REV00
Describe Scaving process in two stroke diesel engine and how it helps in
complete burning of the fuel.
If scavenging is incomplete, the remaining exhaust gases can cause improper combustion for
the next cycle, leading to reduced power output. Scavenging is equally important for both
two-stroke and four-stroke engines. Most modern four-stroke engines use cross flow cylinder
heads and valve timing overlap to scavenge the cylinders. Modern two-stroke engines use
either Schnuerle scavenging (also known as "loop scavenging") or uniflow [Link]
gas exchange commences before and ends after BDC, a portion of the expansion and
compression stroke is unusable. Piston velocity is low during the entire gas exchange phase
and is unable to provide a significant pumping effect on the cylinder charge. Hence, gas
exchange can only occur when the intake pressure is sufficiently higher than the exhaust
pressure to allow the incoming fresh charge to displace the burned gas in the time available.
This process of simultaneously purging exhaust gas from the previous cycle and filling the
cylinder with fresh charge for a new cycle is referred to as scavenging. To ensure adequate
scavenging, two-stroke engines must be equipped with some form of intake air compression
and the intake and exhaust ports and/or valves must be open simultaneously for a sufficient
period of [Link] valves in the cylinder head and ports in the cylinder liner are applied as
gas exchange control elements. In the case of ports, the piston also assumes the function of a
control slide.
Explain how different types of injector shape and design which affect the two
stroke diesel engine working efficiency?
Numerous studies have suggested that decreasing the injector nozzle orifice diameter is an
effective method on increasing fuel air mixing during injection (Baik, 2001). Smaller nozzle
holes have found to be the most efficient at fuel/air mixing primarily because the fuel
rich core of the jet is smaller.
In addition, decreasing the nozzle hole orifice diameter, would reduce the length of
the potential core region. Unfortunately, decreasing nozzle holes size causes a reduction in
the turbulent energy generated by the jet. Since fuel air mixing is controlled by turbulence
generated at the jet boundary layer, this will offset the benefits of the reduced jet core size.
Furthermore, jets emerging from smaller nozzle orifices were shown not to penetrate as far as
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University of Wah,
Department of Chemical Engineering
Document No: UW/Ch.E/AF/REV00
those emerging from larger orifices. This decrease in penetration means that the fuel will not
be exposed to all of the available air in the chamber. The effect of fuel nozzle holes number
and geometries of in-cylinder engine liquid fuel. For excessively small nozzle size, the
improvements in mixing related to decreased plume size may be negated by a reduction in
radial penetration (Baumgarter, 2006).
Fig-3 Detail of injector fuel nozzle holes
This behavior is undesirable because it restricts penetration to the chamber extremities
where a large portion of the air mass resides. Furthermore, it hampers air entrainment from
the head side of the plume because the exposed surface area of the plume is reduced. It has
been suggested that a nozzle containing many small holes would provide better mixing than a
nozzle consisting of a single large hole. The effect of injector nozzle multi holes in-cylinder
engine unburned fuel.
A- Compare different combustion systems which help to minimize smoke
and CO emissions and fuel economy?
Emission control options can be grouped into three categories:
(1) engine design techniques,
(2) fuel and lubricant related technologies,
(3) exhaust gas after treatment.
Each of these approaches can be divided into sub-categories, as shown in the following
tables. In addition, power train integration and control technologies play a very important role
in reducing emissions and improving the engine and vehicle efficiency. Some of the methods
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University of Wah,
Department of Chemical Engineering
Document No: UW/Ch.E/AF/REV00
discussed below are implemented in today’s engines, others—still under development—show
promise for future applications.
Table 1: Engine design technologies for emission reduction
Technology Emission Impact Significance
Compression Ignition Engines
Fuel Injection Capabilities have evolved significantly.
Significant improvements in injection
technology started in the 1990s with
widespread implementation of systems
capable of variable injection timing through
the use of electronic controls. Engines with
EGR place the highest demand on fuel
injection pressure. Light-duty vehicles use
the most demanding multiple injection
strategies
Injection timing affects
Injection Timing Primarily used to limit NOx combustion phasing;
emissions retarding the combustion
phasing can be used to limit
NOx emissions.
Higher injection pressure can
Injection Pressure Primarily used to limit soot lower soot emissions;
(PM) emissions especially important when
combined with NOx control
technologies such as EGR
that would otherwise increase
soot emissions.
Multiple injections strategies
Multiple Injections Various have been developed to lower
NOx, soot, HC and CO
emissions.
Commonly used in many
Exhaust Gas Recirculation In diesel engines, primary light- and heavy-duty duty
application is to control NOx diesel engines. High pressure
EGR delivery can introduce a
emissions
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University of Wah,
Department of Chemical Engineering
Document No: UW/Ch.E/AF/REV00
fuel consumption penalty
through higher pumping
losses. Low pressure EGR
has lower pumping losses but
is more difficult to control
during transient operation.
Other measures to limit
potential increases in soot
and possibly HC and CO can
be required.
Important soot control Combustion chamber design
Combustion Chamber Design measure changes are commonly used
to offset increases in soot
emissions when measures are
taken to limit NOx
emissions. In many cases,
improvements enhance
mixing late in the combustion
process to improve soot burn-
out.
B- Clarify the injector tip effect on following :
1- CO Exhaust emissions:
Carbon Monoxide (CO) – results from incomplete combustion of fuel. CO reduces the
ability of blood to carry oxygen and can cause headaches, respiratory problems and, at
high concentrations, even death. Carbon monoxide (CO) is an odorless, colorless gas that
is very dangerous to human health. Even at low levels of exposure, carbon monoxide can
cause serious health problems. It is produced by a number of different fuels. Be aware of
some of the more common sources of carbon monoxide emissions and protect yourself
and your loved ones by installing a carbon monoxide detector in your home.
Health-Effects:
Inhaled carbon monoxide will rapidly accumulate in the blood and deplete its ability to
carry oxygen throughout the body. Depending on the amount of CO inhaled, the
significant harmful effects caused by this gas can lead to carbon monoxide poisoning.
Sources of carbon monoxide emissions:
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University of Wah,
Department of Chemical Engineering
Document No: UW/Ch.E/AF/REV00
Sources of carbon monoxide are numerous and prevalent in everyday life. In its natural
state, CO will usually dissipate quickly over a large area without posing any significant
threat to human health. However, non-natural carbon monoxide emissions produced as a
result of incomplete burning of carbon-containing fuels, including coal, wood, charcoal,
natural gas, and fuel oil, are harmful to the body. The three main areas of carbon
monoxide emissions are residential, industrial, and in the field of transportation.
2- Exhaust smoke:
White smoke from the exhaust:
This could be steam caused by condensation in the exhaust pipe or a more serious issue
caused by an engine coolant leak. The most common form of smoke from an exhaust isn't
actually smoke at all. When a cold engine is started, it soon begins to heat up, and a
byproduct of this is water vapour.
• Grey smoke from the exhaust:
This could be excess oil, a PCV valve failure or a transmission fluid leak on automatic
cars. grey smoke could be a sign of excess oil burning somewhere in the engine, or if it's a
turbocharged car, the turbo needs attention. But there are other causes. One might be a
faulty PCV valve. PCV stands for Positive Crankcase Ventilation, and this device is one
of the most basic forms of emissions control, as it draws unburnt fuel back from the lower
part of the engine back to the top.
• Black smoke from the exhaust:
In diesel cars it’s more likely to be soot build-up or the diesel particulate filter cleaning
itself. there are different causes of black smoke, and one of the main issues is whether
your car is petrol or diesel-powered. In a petrol car, black smoke is a sign that too much
fuel is being burnt. To remedy this, you should first check or replace your car's air filter.
This should be easy to find towards the front of your car's engine bay in a black plastic
case. If that's fine, then the next step is to check whether the fuel injectors are clogged and
the fuel pressure regulator is clean, but this is a job better suited to a garage or advanced
DIY mechanic.
3- NO exhaust emissions:
When nitrogen is released during fuel combustion it combines with oxygen atoms to
create nitric oxide (NO). This further combines with oxygen to create nitrogen dioxide
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University of Wah,
Department of Chemical Engineering
Document No: UW/Ch.E/AF/REV00
(NO2). Nitric oxide is not considered to be hazardous to health at typical ambient
concentrations, but nitrogen dioxide can be. Nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide are
referred to together as oxides of nitrogen (NOx). NOx gases react to form smog and acid
rain as well as being central to the formation of fine particles (PM) and ground level
ozone, both of which are associated with adverse health effects.
Sources of NOx Pollution:
NOx is produced from the reaction of nitrogen and oxygen gases in the air during
combustion, especially at high temperatures. In areas of high motor vehicle traffic, such as in
large cities, the amount of nitrogen oxides emitted into the atmosphere as air pollution can
be significant.
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