Natural resource - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Natural_resource
Natural resource
Natural resources are resources that exist without any actions of humankind. This
includes all valued characteristics such as commercial and industrial use, aesthetic value,
scientific interest and cultural value. On Earth, it includes sunlight, atmosphere, water,
land (includes all minerals) along with all vegetation, and animal life.[1][2][3][4]
Particular areas such as the rainforest in Fatu-Hiva are often characterized by the
biodiversity and geodiversity existent in their ecosystems. Natural resources may be further
classified in different ways. Natural resources are materials and components (something
that can be used) that can be found within the environment. Every man-made product is
composed of natural resources (at its fundamental level). A natural resource may exist
as a separate entity such as fresh water, air, as well as any living organism such as a fish, or The rainforest in Fatu-Hiva, in the
it may exist in an alternate form that must be processed to obtain the resource such as Marquesas Islands, is an example
metal ores, rare-earth elements, petroleum, and most forms of energy. of an undisturbed natural resource.
Forest provides timber for humans,
There is much debate worldwide over natural resource allocations. This is particularly true food, water and shelter for the flora
during periods of increasing scarcity and shortages (depletion and overconsumption of and fauna tribes and animals. The
resources). nutrient cycle between organisms
form food chains and biodiversity of
species.
Contents
Classification
Extraction
Depletion of resources
Protection
Management
Natural resources by country
See also
References
External links
The Carson Fall in Mount
Kinabalu, Malaysia is an
example of undisturbed
Classification natural resource. Waterfalls
provide spring water for
There are various methods of categorizing natural resources. These include the source of origin, humans, animals and
stage of development, and by their renewability. plants for survival and also
habitat for marine
On the basis of origin, natural resources may be divided into two types: organisms. The water
current can be used to turn
Biotic — Biotic resources are obtained from the biosphere (living and organic material), such turbines for hydroelectric
as forests and animals, and the materials that can be obtained from them. Fossil fuels such as generation.
coal and petroleum are also included in this category because they are formed from decayed
organic matter.
Abiotic – Abiotic resources are those that come from non-living, non-organic material. Examples of abiotic resources
include land, fresh water, air, rare-earth elements, and heavy metals including ores, such as gold, iron, copper, silver, etc.
Considering their stage of development, natural resources may be referred to in the following ways:
Potential resources — Potential resources are those that may be used in the future—for example, petroleum in
sedimentary rocks that, until drilled out and put to use remains a potential resource
Actual resources — Those resources that have been surveyed, quantified and qualified, and are currently used in
development, such as wood processing, and are typically dependent on technology
Reserve resources — The part of an actual resource that can be developed profitably in the future
1 de 6 11/10/2020 18:16
Natural resource - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource
Stock resources — Those that have been surveyed, but cannot be used due to lack of
technology—for example, hydrogen
On the basis of recovery rate, natural resources can be categorized as follows:
Renewable resources — Renewable resources can be replenished naturally. Some of
these resources, like sunlight, air, wind, water, etc. are continuously available and their
quantities are not noticeably affected by human consumption. Though many renewable
resources do not have such a rapid recovery rate, these resources are susceptible to
The ocean is an example of a
depletion by over-use. Resources from a human use perspective are classified as
natural resource. Ocean waves can
renewable so long as the rate of replenishment/recovery exceeds that of the rate of
be used to generate wave power, a
consumption. They replenish easily compared to non-renewable resources.
renewable energy. Ocean water is
Non-renewable resources – Non-renewable resources either form slowly or do not important for salt production,
naturally form in the environment. Minerals are the most common resource included in desalination, and providing habitat
this category. From the human perspective, resources are non-renewable when their for deep water fishes. There are
rate of consumption exceeds the rate of replenishment/recovery; a good example of biodiversity of marine species in the
this are fossil fuels, which are in this category because their rate of formation is sea where nutrient cycles are
extremely slow (potentially millions of years), meaning they are considered non- common.
renewable. Some resources naturally deplete in amount without human interference,
the most notable of these being radio-active elements such as uranium, which naturally
decay into heavy metals. Of these, the metallic minerals can be re-used by recycling
them,[5] but coal and petroleum cannot be recycled.[6] Once they are completely used
they take millions of years to replenish.
Extraction
Resource extraction involves any activity that withdraws resources from nature. This can
range in scale from the traditional use of preindustrial societies to global industry.
Extractive industries are, along with agriculture, the basis of the primary sector of the
A picture of the Udachnaya pipe, an
economy. Extraction produces raw material, which is then processed to add value.
open-pit diamond mine in Siberia.
Examples of extractive industries are hunting, trapping, mining, oil and gas drilling, and
An example of a non-renewable
forestry. Natural resources can add substantial amounts to a country's wealth;[7] however,
natural resource.
a sudden inflow of money caused by a resource boom can create social problems including
inflation harming other industries ("Dutch disease") and corruption, leading to inequality
and underdevelopment, this is known as the "resource curse".
Extractive industries represent a large growing activity in many less-developed countries but the wealth generated does not
always lead to sustainable and inclusive growth. People often accuse extractive industry businesses as acting only to maximize
short-term value, implying that less-developed countries are vulnerable to powerful corporations. Alternatively, host
governments are often assumed to be only maximizing immediate revenue. Researchers argue there are areas of common
interest where development goals and business cross. These present opportunities for international governmental agencies to
engage with the private sector and host governments through revenue management and expenditure accountability,
infrastructure development, employment creation, skills and enterprise development, and impacts on children, especially girls
and women.[8] A strong civil society can play an important role in ensuring the effective management of natural resources.
Norway can serve as a role model in this regard as it has good institutions and open and dynamic public debate with strong civil
society actors that provide an effective checks and balances system for the government's management of extractive industries,
such as the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), a global standard for the good governance of oil, gas and
mineral resources. It seeks to address the key governance issues in the extractive sectors.[9]
Depletion of resources
In recent years, the depletion of natural resources has become a major focus of governments and organizations such as the
United Nations (UN). This is evident in the UN's Agenda 21 Section Two, which outlines the necessary steps for countries to
take to sustain their natural resources.[10] The depletion of natural resources is considered a sustainable development issue.[11]
The term sustainable development has many interpretations, most notably the Brundtland Commission's 'to ensure that it
meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs';[12] however, in
broad terms it is balancing the needs of the planet's people and species now and in the future.[10] In regards to natural
resources, depletion is of concern for sustainable development as it has the ability to degrade current environments[13] and the
potential to impact the needs of future generations.[11]
Depletion of natural resources is associated with social inequity. Considering most biodiversity are located in developing
2 de 6 11/10/2020 18:16
Natural resource - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource
countries,[15] depletion of this resource could result
in losses of ecosystem services for these countries.[16] "The conservation of natural resources is
the fundamental problem. Unless we solve
Some view this depletion as a major source of social that problem, it will avail us little to solve
unrest and conflicts in developing nations.[17] all others."
At present, there is a particular concern for Theodore Roosevelt[14]
rainforest regions that hold most of the Earth's
biodiversity.[18] According to Nelson,[19]
deforestation and degradation affect 8.5% of the
world's forests with 30% of the Earth's surface already cropped. If we consider that 80% of people
rely on medicines obtained from plants and 3⁄4 of the world's prescription medicines have
ingredients taken from plants,[16] loss of the world's rainforests could result in a loss of finding
more potential life-saving medicines.[20]
The depletion of natural resources is caused by 'direct drivers of change'[19] such as Mining,
Wind is a natural resource
petroleum extraction, fishing, and forestry as well as 'indirect drivers of change' such as
that can be used to
demography (e.g. population growth), economy, society, politics, and technology.[19] The current
generate electricity, as with
these 5 MW wind turbines
practice of Agriculture is another factor causing depletion of natural resources. For example, the
in Thorntonbank Wind Farm depletion of nutrients in the soil due to excessive use of nitrogen[19] and desertification.[10] The
28 km (17 mi) off the coast depletion of natural resources is a continuing concern for society. This is seen in the cited quote
of Belgium. given by Theodore Roosevelt, a well-known conservationist and former United States president,
who was opposed to unregulated natural resource extraction.
Protection
In 1982, the United Nations developed the World Charter for Nature, which recognized the need to protect nature from further
depletion due to human activity. It states that measures must be taken at all societal levels, from international to individual, to
protect nature. It outlines the need for sustainable use of natural resources and suggests that the protection of resources should
be incorporated into national and international systems of law.[21] To look at the importance of protecting natural resources
further, the World Ethic of Sustainability, developed by the IUCN, WWF and the UNEP in 1990,[22] set out eight values for
sustainability, including the need to protect natural resources from depletion. Since the development of these documents, many
measures have been taken to protect natural resources including establishment of the scientific field and practice of
conservation biology and habitat conservation, respectively.
Conservation biology is the scientific study of the nature and status of Earth's biodiversity with the aim of protecting species,
their habitats, and ecosystems from excessive rates of extinction.[23][24] It is an interdisciplinary subject drawing on science,
economics and the practice of natural resource management.[25][26][27][28] The term conservation biology was introduced as
the title of a conference held at the University of California, San Diego, in La Jolla, California, in 1978, organized by biologists
Bruce A. Wilcox and Michael E. Soulé.
Habitat conservation is a land management practice that seeks to conserve, protect and restore habitat areas for wild plants and
animals, especially conservation reliant species, and prevent their extinction, fragmentation or reduction in range.[29]
Management
Natural resource management is a discipline in the management of natural resources such as land, water, soil, plants, and
animals—with a particular focus on how management affects quality of life for present and future generations. Hence,
sustainable development is followed according to judicial use of resources to supply both the present generation and future
generations.
Management of natural resources involves identifying who has the right to use the resources, and who does not, for defining the
boundaries of the resource.[30] The resources may be managed by the users according to the rules governing when and how the
resource is used depending on local condition[31] or the resources may be managed by a governmental organization or other
central authority.[32]
A "...successful management of natural resources depends on freedom of speech, a dynamic and wide-ranging public debate
through multiple independent media channels and an active civil society engaged in natural resource issues...",[33] because of
the nature of the shared resources the individuals who are affected by the rules can participate in setting or changing them.[30]
The users have rights to devise their own management institutions and plans under the recognition by the government. The
right to resources includes land, water, fisheries and pastoral rights.[31] The users or parties accountable to the users have to
3 de 6 11/10/2020 18:16
Natural resource - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource
actively monitor and ensure the utilisation of the resource compliance with the rules and to impose penalty on those peoples
who violate the rules.[30] These conflicts are resolved in a quick and low cost manner by the local institution according to the
seriousness and context of the offence.[31] The global science-based platform to discuss natural resources management is the
World Resources Forum, based in Switzerland.
Natural resources by country
Value of natural resources by country (in USD trillions), 2016[34]
Country Value
Russia 75
United States 45
Saudi Arabia 34.5
Canada 33.2
Iran 27.3
China 23
Brazil 21.8
Australia 19.9
Iraq 15.9
Venezuela 14.3
See also
Conservation (ethic)
Environmental movement
Lunar resources
Sustainable development
United Nations Framework Classification for Resources
References
1. "natural resources - definition of natural resources in 7. "EnviroStats: Canada's natural resource wealth at a
English" (http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/a glance" (http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/16-002-x/2007003/1
merican_english/natural-resources). Oxford Dictionaries. 0454-eng.htm). Statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2014-05-31.
2014-04-20. Retrieved 2016-12-12. 8. Evelyn Dietsche; Samantha Dodd; Dan Haglund; Mark
2. "Definition of natural resource - Student Dictionary" (http:// Henstridge; Maja Jakobsen; Esméralda Sindou; Caroline
www.wordcentral.com/cgi-bin/student?natural+resource). Slaven. "Extractive industries, development and the role of
Wordcentral.com. 2012-09-20. Retrieved 2016-12-12. donors - ECONOMIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR
3. "What is Natural Resources? definition and meaning" (htt PROFESSIONAL EVIDENCE AND APPLIED
p://www.investorwords.com/3210/natural_resources.html). KNOWLEDGE SERVICES" (http://www.partnerplatform.or
Investorwords.com. Retrieved 2016-12-12. g/?wwwszt4b). Partberplatform.org. Retrieved 2016-12-12.
4. "Natural resource dictionary definition | natural resource 9. Indra Overland (2018) ‘Introduction: Civil Society, Public
defined" (http://www.yourdictionary.com/natural-resource). Debate and Natural Resource Management’, in Indra
Yourdictionary.com. Retrieved 2016-12-12. Overland (ed.) Public Brainpower: Civil Society and
Natural Resource Management, Cham: Palgrave, pp.
5. "Earth's natural wealth: an audit" (https://web.archive.org/
1–22. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320656629
web/20080720095945/http://www.science.org.au/nova/ne
wscientist/027ns_005.htm?id=mg19426051.200&print=tru 10. "UN 2002 Earth Summit Agenda 21 The United Nations
e). Science.org.au. May 23, 2007. Archived from the programme for action from Rio: Section Two –
original (http://www.science.org.au/nova/newscientist/027n Conservation and Management of Resources for
s_005.htm?id=mg19426051.200&print=true) on July 20, Development, United Nations, Rio" (https://www.un.org/es
2008. a/dsd/agenda21/res_agenda21_09.shtml). Un.org. 12
September 2011. Retrieved 2016-12-12.
6. "Peak Everything?" (http://reason.com/archives/2010/04/2
7/peak-everything). Reason.com. April 27, 2010.
4 de 6 11/10/2020 18:16
Natural resource - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource
11. Schilling M and Chiang L 2011 The effect of natural 23. M. E. Soulé and B. A. Wilcox. 1980. Conservation Biology:
resources on sustainable development policy: The An Evolutionary-Ecological Perspective. Sinauer
approach of non-sustainable externalities. Energy Policy Associatess. Sunderland, Massachusetts.
39: 990–998 24. M. E. Soule. (1986). What is conservation Biology?
12. "UN 1987 'Report of the World Commission on BioScience, 35(11): 727–734 [1] (http://www.michaelsoule.
Environment and Development: Our Common Future' UN com/resource_files/85/85_resource_file1.pdf)
Documents: Gathering a body of global agreements" (htt 25. Soule, Michael E. (1986). Conservation Biology: The
p://www.un-documents.net/ocf-02.htm). Un.org. 12 Science of Scarcity and Diversity. Sinauer Associates.
September 2011. Retrieved 2016-12-12. p. 584. ISBN 0-87893-795-1.
13. Salvati L and Marco Z 2008 Natural resource depletion 26. Hunter, M. L. (1996). Fundamentals of Conservation
and economic performance of local districts: suggestions Biology. Blackwell Science Inc., Cambridge,
from a within-country analysis Journal of Sustainable Massachusetts., ISBN 0-86542-371-7.
Development and World Ecology. 15(6): 518–523
27. Groom, M.J., Meffe, G.K. and Carroll, C.R. (2006)
14. Theodore Roosevelt, Address to the Deep Waterway Principles of Conservation Biology (3rd ed.). Sinauer
Convention Memphis, TN, October 4, 1907 Associates, Sunderland, MA. ISBN 0-87893-518-5
15. UNESCO and UNEP 2002 Cultural Diversity and 28. van Dyke, Fred (2008). Conservation Biology:
Biodiversity for Sustainable Development, World Summit Foundations, Concepts, Applications, 2nd ed. Springer
on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg. Verlag. p. 478. ISBN 978-1-4020-6890-4.
16. Nellemann C and Corcoran E 2010 Dead Planet, Living 29. Habitat Conservation Planning Branch. "Habitat
Planet- Biodiversity and Ecosystem Restoration for Conservation" (http://www.dfg.ca.gov/habcon/). California
Sustainable Development: A Rapid Response Department of Fish & Game. Retrieved 2009-04-07.
Assessment. United Nations Environment Program, GRID-
30. "Ostrom E cited in Kommers N and Mackie P 2005
Arendal
Journalist guide to world resources 2005 World Resources
17. Von Braun J cited in Inforesources Trends 2005 Depletion Institute 1-30" (http://pdf.wri.org/worldresources_2005_jour
of Natural Resources – Implications for Development: An nalist_guide.pdf) (PDF). Pdf.wri.org.
assessment by experts Berne, Switzerland
31. "UNDP,UNEP, The World Bank and World Resources
18. "UNEP 2011 International Year of Forests" (https://www.u Institute – The Wealth of the Poor: Managing Ecosystems
n.org/en/events/iyof2011/). Un.org. 12 September 2011. to Fight Poverty Institute 2005 Chapter 3 The board's role
Retrieved 2016-12-12. in governance, World Resources 2005" (https://web.archiv
19. "Nelson 2005 Chapter 3: Drivers of Ecosystem Change: e.org/web/20110725052556/http://www.sc.com.my/eng/ht
Summary Chapter in Current State and Trends ml/cg/cg2011/pdf/chapter3.pdf) (PDF). Sc.com.my.
Assessment Millenium Ecosystem Assessment" (https://w Archived from the original (http://www.sc.com.my/eng/html/
eb.archive.org/web/20091014132137/http://www.maweb.o cg/cg2011/pdf/chapter3.pdf) (PDF) on 2011-07-25.
rg/documents/document.272.aspx.pdf) (PDF). 12 32. Conroy, Michael J. (2012). Decision Making in Natural
September 2011. Archived from the original (http://www.m Resource Management : a Structured, Adaptive Approach
aweb.org/documents/document.272.aspx.pdf) (PDF) on 14 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/827207638). Peterson,
October 2009. Retrieved 2016-12-12. James T. Chicester: Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-50623-3.
20. Clark H cited in UNESCO and UNEP 2002 Cultural OCLC 827207638 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8272076
Diversity and Biodiversity for Sustainable Development, 38).
World Summit on Sustainable Development, 33. Overland, Indra (2018-01-01). Public Brainpower: Civil
Johannesburg Society and Natural Resource Management (https://www.r
21. "UN 1982 General Assembly World Charter for Nature: esearchgate.net/publication/320656629). pp. 1–22.
48th Plenary meeting" (https://www.un.org/documents/ga/r 34. Anthony, Craig (12 September 2016). "10 Countries With
es/37/a37r007.htm). United Nations. 13 September 2011. The Most Natural Resources" (https://web.archive.org/web
Retrieved 2016-12-12. /20160906164514/https://www.investopedia.com/articles/
22. Fein, J. (2003). "Learning to Care: Education and markets-economy/090516/10-countries-most-natural-reso
Compassion" (https://web.archive.org/web/201509141304 urces.asp). Investopedia. Archived from the original on
18/https://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/ 2016-09-06. Retrieved 2019-01-08.
314613/fien03.pdf) (PDF). Australian Journal of
Environmental Education. 19: 1–13. Archived from the
original (http://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0
018/314613/fien03.pdf) (PDF) on September 14, 2015.
Retrieved May 31, 2014.
External links
Media related to Natural resources at Wikimedia Commons
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natural_resource&oldid=982632210"
5 de 6 11/10/2020 18:16
Natural resource - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource
This page was last edited on 9 October 2020, at 10:33 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of
Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
6 de 6 11/10/2020 18:16
