Boiler Equipment and System

Prof & Dr Zhongzhu Qiu

Shanghai University of Electric Power

2016

Prof&Dr Zhongzhu Qiu 1

 My Current Post

Professor, Department of Thermal Energy and Power

Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power
Director of the Department of Thermal Energy and Power
Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power
Expert of China Academic Degrees & Graduate Education
Development Center
Expert of Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology
Commission

Prof&Dr Zhongzhu Qiu 2

International Experiences

2007, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia, learning Speaking English

2008, City University of Hong Kong, Senior Research Associate
2012-2015, University of Hull, Hull, the United Kingdom, Marie Curie Research Fellow

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Communications
Email: [email protected]
MP：0086 1337185976
Skype: ZZ.Chow
Linkedin: https://uk.linkedin.com/pub/zhongzhu-qiu/69/4b1/243
ResearchGate: www.researchgate.net/profile/Zhongzhu_Qiu2

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Layout of a typical coal -fired thermal power station

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 Diagram of a typical coal-
fired thermal power station

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 Diagram of a typical coal-
fired thermal power station

1. Cooling tower 10. Steam Control valve 19. Superheater

2. Cooling water pump 11. High pressure steam turbine 20. Forced draught (draft) fan
3. transmission line (3-phase) 12. Deaerator 21. Reheater
4. Step-up transformer (3-phase) 13. Feed water heater 22. Combustion air intake
5. Electrical generator (3-phase) 14. Coal conveyor 23. Economiser
6. Low pressure steam turbine 15. Coal hopper 24. Air preheater
7. Condensate pump 16. Coal pulveriser 25. Precipitator
8. Surface condenser 17. Boiler steam drum 26. Induced draught (draft) fan
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9. Intermediate pressure steam
18. Bottom ash hopper 27. Flue gas stack
turbine
German version video

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 CEP 凝升泵
BFP 锅炉给水泵
Cold reheater
Hot reheater

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 WORKING PRINCIPLE
The thermal power station is a power plant in
which the prime mover is steam driven.

Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a

steam turbine which drives an electrical
generator.

The coal is used as a major source of fuel.

The thermal power plant works on the

principle of “Rankine cycle”.
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 Wo r k i n g p r i n c i p l e

• Basic Rankine cycle

• regenerative cycle
• reheat cycle

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 Working Process of a Boiler
1. Boilers Function
Heat is released from fuel in combustion chamber and high quantity and quality
super heated steam (T, P, Purity) is supplied for steam turbine.
2. Components of a Boiler
（1）Boiler Body：including boiler and furnace system
Pot：steam-water system, which is responsible for absorbing the heat released from
fuel combustion. The water is vaporized into steam and further heated up to rated
parameter (super-heated steam) for steam turbine
（economizer、drum、down stream pipeline、header、film waterwall、super heater、
re-heater etc）
Furnace：the task of combustion system is maintaining good combustion in the
chamber and release heat
（chamber、flue gas duct、combustor、air pre-heater etc.）
（2）Auxiliary Equipment and Accessory
Auxiliary Equipment: ventilation、coal transport、pulverization、water feeding、de-
dust、de-slag
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Accessories：safety valve、water level gauge、soot blower、thermal instrument
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 3 Working Process of a Boiler

Based on above diagram

• coal  slag + ash
• air, flue gas flow
• steam, water stream
• heat transfer (chamber、horizontal flue gas duct、rear
vertical flue gas duct)

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Capacity and parameters of a Boiler

Capacity
• Definition：Evaporation rate is the steam generation per
hour (t/h or kg/s)
• Rated evaporation：evaporation rate under the condition
of designed steam parameter, feed water temperature, fuel
and thermal efficiency
• BMCR：the maximum continuous evaporation rate under
the condition of designed steam parameter, feed water
temperature, fuel

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Capacity and parameters of Boiler
Steam parameters
1. Temperature, Pressure
2. Rated steam pressure, Rated steam temperature
 Rated steam pressure ：in the prescribed range of feeding
water temperature and loading，the promised outlet steam
pressure in continuous operation
 Rated steam temperature ： in the prescribed range of
feeding water temperature ,loading and rated steam pressure，
the promised outlet steam temperature in continuous
operation
 Reheating steam temperature：Pressure、Temperature
 Table 1.1
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 Classification of Boilers
• Based on Capacity of boiler
Small：Ｄe220 t/h
Medium：Ｄe220-410 t/h
Large：Ｄe670 t/h
• Based on pressure
low pressure: P2.45 MPa
Medium pressure: P=2.94-4.9 MPa
High pressure: P=7.84-10.8 MPa
Super high pressure: P=11.8-14.7 MPa
Subcritical: P=15.7-19.6 MPa
Supercritical: P22.1 Mpa
Ultra Supercritical: Prof&Dr
P25Zhongzhu
Mpa Qiu 30
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 Classification of Boilers
• Based on fuel
oil fired boiler, coal fired boiler, gas fired boiler
• Based on Slag-off style
Liquid, Solid
• Based on pressure in the furnace
Pressurized boiler: 200～500mmH2O
Balanced draft boiler: -30～50 Pa
• Based on Combustion mode
Layer combustion furnace, chamber combustion furnace,
cyclone furnace, fluidized bed boiler

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Combustion mode－Chamber combustion

• The fuel can be either pulverized, atomized or gasified

• Fuel and air are injected into combustion chamber
simultaneously
• Suspension combustion

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 Combustion mode－fluidized bed
Bubbling fluidized bed

pros: wide fuel flexibility

low emission
small volume
metal economic
good control

cons: low combustion efficiency

high abrasion of heating surface
low thermal load on cross section
low desulphurization efficiency

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Combustion mode－circulating fluidized bed
• Coal particles and limestone are
fluidized in the chamber.

• Limestone is recycled between

chamber and cyclone.

• Prolong the resident time during

combustion

• Basically, it solves problems

existing in bubbling bed

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 Circulation property
•Types of circulation

 Natural circulating
 Forced circulation
• Controlled circulation
• Once-through boiler
• Combined circulation boiler

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 Natural Circulation Boiler
•Definition of natural circulation
The circulation in this boiler is
dependent on the density difference
between water in down stream duct
and steam-water mixture in up
stream duct
•Moving head formulation
•Drag force formulation
•Influence on moving head: density
of saturated water, density of
saturated steam, steam fraction of
steam-water mixture, height of
circuit
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 Natural Circulation Boiler
•Features of natural circulation
With drum and easy hydrodynamics
Large diameter in water wall
High capacity for water and heat
storage, slow response to start up and
shut down
Not so strict to feeding water
quality
High consumption of metal
The working pressure under
19MPa can take this type of boiler
into consideration

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 Controlled Circulation Boiler
•Definition
The circulation of working fluids in generator surface mainly
depends on the circulation pump on the top of down stream
pipe besides the density difference between water in down
stream duct and steam-water mixture in up
stream duct
•Features
Strong driving force, about 5 times larger
than natural circulation, small pipe diameter
and heat exchange surface
Less circulation water, drag force, drum
and duct thickness
Stable and fast response
High standard for automate control
High initial investmentProf&Dr
and operation
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 Once-through Boiler
•Definition
The steam is generated once-through all the heat exchange
surface and feeding water is supplied by pump
•Features
No boundary between heating, vaporization and super heating
and the steam temperature fluctuate greatly with loading
changes
Could work in supercritical condition
Low capacity for water and heat storage, low load flexibility
Drain discontinuously, strict requirement for feeding water
Unstable flow, pulse flow
Fast response for starting up and shutting down (45-50min)
High requirement for control system
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Safety and economic indicators of boiler
• Economic indicators
1.Thermal efficiency of boiler：
Q1
 gl  100%
Qr
2.Net thermal efficiency of boiler：

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Safety and economic indicators of boiler
• Safety indexes：
1. Boiler continuous operation hours ：the operation
time without accident after starting up
2.Availability of boiler：式1－5
3. Boiler forced outage rate ：式1－6

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 Main manufacturers and method for
model index（supplement）
• Main manufacturers
 38 A-Level manufacturers in China
 Famous manufacturers：HG、SG、DG、HZG、WXG、
WHG、CG、JG、BG、TG etc. There are different types
of power plant boiler, such as pulverized coal boiler,
liquid slag-off boiler, CFB and grate boiler

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 Boiler models label
Regulation：
△△ － ××/ ×× －×× / ××－x

fuel（coal,oil,gas）
steam temperature
rated outlet pressure of superheated steam
rated steam capacity
manufacturer
Example:
HG－670/13.8－540/540

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