LAL BAHADUR SHASTRI INSTITUE OF

MANAGEMENT

Commuters Preference Towards Different

Submitted to:

Dr. Rajeev Sirohi

Submitted by:

Group 10

Naini Mittal(501)

Aakash Sharma(503)

Esha Gupta(504)

Rahul Raina(503/2018)

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 Introduction
In a hectic schedule of a metropolitan city like Delhi, almost every individual goes to their
workplace every morning. Delhi has a huge dependence on its transport infrastructure. The city
has developed a highly efficient system of public transportation and with the introduction of
Delhi Metro, it has been continuously undergoing a rapid modernization and expansion. The city
has a variety of options for road transportation, such as:

 Buses
 Auto-rickshaw
 Taxis or cabs
 E-rickshaw
 metro

So, we have taken this research which will help us in determining some of the key facts
regarding individual preferences of mode of transportation in Delhi. As a part of this research we
have also conducted a survey to get inputs from people of various genders and ages. The data
thus collected will help us in predicting the preferences of consumers for the mode of
transportation in Delhi.

Importance of Study

In 2006, the Ministry of Urban Development, Govt. of India formulated National Urban
Transport Policy with broad objective to ensure safe, affordable, quick, comfortable, reliable and
sustainable access for public transport to the consumers across cities. The choice between public
transport and personal vehicles is an individual decision depending on trip length, duration,
route, purpose, fare, convenient, parking facilities, and comfort.

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There are various factors that affect individual modal choice for different types of journeys.
Variables include the availability of transport, location of homes and workplaces with respect to
each other, and the cost of different transport modes, accessibility, routing, convenience and
personal preferences. Economic theory provides a suitable structure for looking at people's
purchasing behavior. All the attributes including safety, comfort, etc. act simultaneously on the
mind of commuters for their choice behavior.

A commuter selects a particular mode of public transport if its utility is higher i.e. maximum in
comparison to other modes of transport. The concept of utility assumes that there is a method of
combining the various variables of an alternative mode including the fare, travel time, etc. to
give better utility for that alternative.

A commuter wants to decide either car or metro to go for work. It is observed that travel cost, in-
vehicle–time, comfort and convenience, etc. affects his choice for car while prices, waiting time,
in-vehicle time, no. of interchanges, interchange penalty, etc. affect his choice of metro. If total
satisfaction derived from using the car is less than that of the metro, commuter will choose
metro.

Purpose of Study
This study can solve the purpose of making the transportation system of Delhi more efficient and
thus making lives of commuters of Delhi easy. By understanding commuters’ preference for
modes of transport in Delhi, we can make conclusions regarding factors that affect peoples’
choices and their priorities. Our study is also useful for government, the transport department and
commuters of all age groups.

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Review of Literature
Analyzing the passenger satisfaction with the public transit has always been the most challenging
themes in transportation research. Usually, in many urban and sub-urban areas, public
transportation system deals largely with issues and problems encountered with transportation
services, operation, infrastructure and facilities. The studies in this field help us in understanding
the relationship between the perceived quality of the transportation system and passenger’s
satisfaction with the same, in the urban area. The research evaluates both the factors that lead to
different conclusions which help in generalizing the issues existing in the current system and
determining the best transportation system overall. In this regard, the customer satisfaction
survey provides us with a broader perspective on the quality of the public transport system in
Delhi.

The research has revealed that public transportation is affected by various factors including
traffic volume, safety along with the priorities of individual’s embarkation and debarkation
points. The decision-making process for choosing a particular transport provides us with
numerous insights about the commuters’ lifestyle as well as the quality standards of the public
transport system. Safety forms an important factor in selecting the mode of transport and is often
dependent on the traveling schedule. For example generally females avoid the use of public
buses at night. Correspondingly, factors like age and gender influence the individual’s traveling
behavior. Affordability of public transportation and convenience associated with the use of that
particular mode of transportation, are of concern to commuters. Currently, increasing fuel prices
are also playing an important role in the selection of the mode of transport. The sample collected
in this research helps us in understanding the various factors that influence the decision-making
process of people while choosing any means of transport. This allows us in enhancing the public
transport industries by identifying the investment opportunities in the transportation sector
improving the quality of public transit for the commuters. Evolution of such factors can
additionally help us in tackling the issues with the application of logistics.

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 Objectives
The objective of this research is to understand the behavior of individuals towards public
transportation in Delhi. This research will help in finding out the factors involved in determining
people's choice of mode of transportation and their satisfaction level.

Another objective of research study is the analysis of market in order to study the possibility of
development of another mode of transportation.

Secondary objectives include identifying the frequency of use of means of transportation used in
Delhi, identifying the mode of transportation that should be developed as a priority. We can also
identify customers’ perception towards price, safety when it comes to choosing the mode of
transportation in Delhi.

Another objective is to identify the aspects that can be improved regarding public transport.

Research Methodology
The tools that will be used for our descriptive research are:

 Google Forms
 MS Excel
 SPSS

Initially, a convenient sampling will be done and a survey will be conducted across people of
different age groups (that are easily reachable e.g.: family, friends, colleagues etc.).

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A questionnaire is created through Google forms for the survey that consists of various questions
of following types:

 Multiple Choice
 Subjective (one word/number)
 Rating (On a scale 1-5)
 Multiple combinations (Matrix)

Once the responses are recorded. The ordinal data will then be assigned numeric values in MS
Excel and overall data will be uploaded to the SPSS software for further analysis.

The following analysis will be done through the SPSS software:

Descriptive Analysis:

 T-Test
 ANOVA
 Graphs (Line, Bar)
 Mean, Variance, Standard Deviation
 Regression Analysis

Data Analysis and Interpretation

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First we checked whether the model that we have choosen is a good fit or not for that we used
ANOVA analysis and we got the following interpretation:

Hypothesis:

Ho: The model is not a good fit (β1 = β2 = β3 …… βn = 0)

Ha: The model is a good fit (At least one of the coefficients is not zero)

As the p value is less than α (0.05) therefore, we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the
model is a good fit.

Now after seeing that our model is a good fit, we applied multiple regression analysis with the
help of SPSS on the three predominant satisfaction variables which are also dependent variable
that affect the preference of the commuters, namely:

1. Comfort

2. Distance

3. Safety

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Multiple Regression

From the above table

R2 = 0.533

This shows that the model if 53.3% fit in describing the dependent variable which is comfort

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Hypothesis:

• Ho : The independent variable (comfort) is not significant in predicting the dependent

• Ha : The independent variable (comfort) is significant in predicting the dependent

• Next, we find out if the independent variables are significant to describe the independent
variable. We have used the Stepwise method, according to which the comfort is
significant in predicting the satisfaction levels.

• Here, the p value is less than α (0.05) therefore, we reject the null hypothesis and
conclude that comfort is significant in predicting satisfaction level while travelling by a
self.

• The equation of the model comes out to be:

y = 6.771 + 0.596 x

Hypothesis:

• Ho : The model is not a good fit (β1 = β2 = β3 …… βn = 0)

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 • Ha : The model is a good fit (At least one of the coefficients in not zero)

• As the p value is less than α (0.05) therefore, we reject the null hypothesis and conclude
that the model is a good fit

From the above table

R2 = 0.644

This shows that the model is 64.4% fit in describing the dependent variable which is satisfaction.

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Hypothesis:

• Ho : The independent variable (distance) is not significant in predicting the dependent

• Ha : The independent variable (distance) is significant in predicting the dependent

• Next, we find out if the independent variables are significant to describe the dependent
variable. We have used the Stepwise method, according to which the distance is
significantly in predicting the satisfaction levels.

• Here, the p value is less than α (0.05) therefore, we reject the null hypothesis and
conclude that distance is significant in predicting satisfaction

• The equation of the model comes out to be:

y = 5.454 + 0.866 x

Hypothesis:

• Ho : The model is not a good fit (β1 = β2 = β3 …… βn = 0)

• Ha : The model is a good fit (At least one of the coefficients in not zero)

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• As the p value is less than α (0.05) therefore, we reject the null hypothesis and conclude
that the model is a good fit

Hypothesis:

• Ho : The independent variable (safety) is not significant in predicting the dependent

• Ha : The independent variable (safety) is significant in predicting the dependent variable

• Next, we find out if the independent variables are significant to describe the independent
variable. We have used the Stepwise method, according to which the distance is
significantly in predicting the satisfaction levels.

• Here, the p value is less than α (0.05) therefore, we reject the null hypothesis and
conclude that safety is significant in predicting satisfaction while travelling from metro.

• The equation of the model comes out to be:

y = 7.388 + 0.490 x

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  The R2 value for the above table is 0.29

• It tells us that the model is 29% fit in predicting the dependent variable.

T-test

Performed the independent sample T-test on the sample because the groups i.e. male and female
are not related to each other. Through the means of T-test we come to know if there is significant
difference between preferences of males and females. The hypothesis for T-Test is taken as:

Ho: µ1 = µ2

Ha: µ1 ≠ µ2

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The above test shows that the significance level is more than 0.05, therefore we accept null
hypothesis and conclude that there doesn’t exist a significance difference in choices of males and
females when it comes to choosing safety for preference at night.

Satisfaction Level in terms of gender :

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From the above test we can observe that the significance is more than 0.05, fail to reject the null
hypothesis and conclude that no significance difference occurs between the satisfactions levels of
males and females.

ANOVA

Performed one-way ANOVA test for various age groups and profession to see how the
preference varies with age and profession.

Here, we take the null and alternate hypothesis as:

Ho: µ1 = µ2 = µ3 ……. µn

Ha: At least one of them is not equal

Satisfaction in terms of different age groups:

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Here, we see that the significance value is less than 0.05, therefore we reject the null hypothesis
and conclude that the satisfaction level is significantly different for one group.

Satisfaction in terms of different professions of people:

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From the above table we find out that the significance value is more than 0.05, therefore we fail
to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the satisfaction level for various professional is
same.

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Occupation vs Preference mode

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Preference Mode vs. Frequency of Usage

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Data Interpretation
Regression

 Most of the people prefer choosing Metro for safety reasons. Therefore, women (or anyone)
can choose metro for late night travel.
 Most of the people prefer choosing Cab keeping in mind the accessibility from
source/Destination. Commuters can choose cabs if you want to reach at your exact
destination
 Most of the people prefer choosing self for comfortable ride.

T-test

 Males and females have different preferences during day hours.

ANOVA

There is no significant difference in satisfaction level between different age groups.

There is no significant difference in satisfaction level between different professions.

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 Conclusion
Delhi, being the capital and metropolitan city has a well-developed system of public
transportation in place. People have different options to choose from for travelling from one
place to another. This study examines preferences of people of different demographics for their
choice of transportation and the factors affecting their choice. The survey consisted of 88
responses which included majority (91.3%) of people belonging to the age group of 20-26.

Statistical Tests like Regression, ANOVA, T-test were applied on the collected data and it was
analyzed that Metro was the most preferred mode of transportation for those who give more
importance to safety. Cab is more preferred as an option for whom accessibility is more
important. Also, many who owned personal vehicles chose to self-drive as comfort is more
important for them.

This research confirms that males and females have different preferences during day hours but
same preferences in late night hours. Also, satisfaction level is same in both males and females
and also no significant difference in satisfaction level between different professions. The result
of this study provides better understanding of the preference of commuters towards a specific
mode of transportation and also the reason or factors responsible for it.

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 References
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Sofia Elena Colesca (2017). Analysis of passenger’s satisfaction with the quality of the public
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Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior. Englewood
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 Appendix

Questionnaire

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