Module No 3
Liquefied Natural Gas
Markets, Consumption,
Measurement &
Calculation
Various LNG have different Identity
Increment of Gas LNG Production
LNG Environment Benefit
Three Main LNG Markets
[Link] Hub (HH) [USA]
–A distribution hub on the natural gas pipeline system in Erath, Louisiana, owned by
Sabine Pipe Line LLC, a subsidiary of Chevron Corporation
–The pricing point for natural gas futures contracts traded on the New York
Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) and the OTC swaps traded on Inter Continental
Exchange(ICE)
[Link] Balancing Point (NBP) [UK]
–Is a virtual trading location for the sale and purchase and exchange of UK natural gas
–The pricing and delivery point for the ICE Futures Europe (InterContinental
Exchange) natural gas futures contracts
[Link] Customs-cleared Crude(JCC) [JAPAN]
–The average price of customs-cleared crude oil imports into Japan
–Commonly used index in long term LNG contracts in Japan, Korea and Taiwan
LNG UNIT
• LNG is traded on energy content
• MMBtu= Millions of British Thermal Units
• 1 m3natural gas ≈0.0392 MMBtu
• 1 m3LNG ≈ 23.9 MMBtu
• 1 MMBtu could heat 2,519 ltrsof water from 0 to
100°C
• 1 m3LNG = 23.9 MMBtucould heat (23.9 x 2519)
= 60,204 litres of Water from 0 to 100°C
What’s a BTU?
1 Btu = Amount of heat needed to raise 1 lb of
water by 1°F ≈1055 joules ≈252 calories
1 Calorie = 4.1868 Joules
1BTU= 1055.056 Joules
Energy Content
Energy Content
MJ/kg Flash Points
• LNG 53.653.62410 HFO = >60°C
415 22,244
• MDO 45.545.51170 MDO = >60°C
855 38,902
• HFO 42.9 LNG = -188°C
Volumetric Comparison
HFO MDO
1.89 times the 1.75times the
volume for LNG volume for LNG
Various LNG have different Identity
Methane Number
Provides indication of knock tendency
Pure methane = 100
Pure ethane = 44
Pure propane = 32
Number varies depending on composition of LNG
Knocking
Effects low pressures 4 stroke engines
Not smooth combustion in cylinder chamber
(spontaneous combustion ahead of flame front)
Methane Number
If a gas mixture has a methane number of 80, its
knock resistance is equivalent to that of a gas
comprised of 80% methane and 20% hydrogen.
There are gas constituents which have a higher
methane number than 100 therefore it is also
possible for a gas composite to have a higher
methane number than 100.
LNG Behaviour in Air
Below – 100
Degree C
LNG is heavier
than Air
Above –100
Degree C
LNG is lighter
than Air
LNG – Behaviour – density shift
Energy density:
2.5/3 times more than
CNG (=9MJ/L)
About 60% of
gasoline/diesel
(34,2 & 37,3MJ/L)
Density = 0,41-0,5kg/L
LNG Value for Combustion
LNG quality is depending on several aspects.
There needs to be a balance in order to ensure LNG
Bunkered is value for money and a proper operation
of engine.
– LNG will be traded in energy content
– Change in composition will affect:
• Temp
• Density
• Energy content
• Methane number
• Price
Atmospheric Tank Filling Limit Examples
Atmospheric Tank
Max Tank pressure = 0.7barg
Reference temp @ SVP of 0.7 barg= -154.8°C
Density at Ref Temp (-154.8°C) = 412.44 kg/m3
Loading Temp = -159°C
Density = 418.71 kg/m3
FL = 0.98 x (412.44/418.71) = 96.5%
Loading Temp = -155°C
Density = 412.72 kg/m3
FL = 0.98 x (412.44/412.72) = 97.9%
“Pressurised Tank” Filling Limit Examples
Pressurised Tank
Max Tank pressure = 10.0barg
Reference temp @ SVP of 10.0 barg= -121.9°C
Density at Ref Temp (-121.9°C) = 355.39 kg/m3
Loading Temp = -159°C
Density = 418.71 kg/m3
FL = 0.98 x (355.39/418.71) = 83.2%
Loading Temp = -134°C
Density = 378.38 kg/m3
FL = 0.98 x (355.39/378.38) = 92.0%
Comparing Mass Loaded in 500m3 Tk.
Atmospheric Tank Pressurised Tank
Max Tank pressure = 0.7barg Max Tank pressure = 10.0barg
Reference temp @ SVP of 0.7 barg= -154.8°C Reference temp @ SVP of 10.0 barg= -121.9°C
Density at Ref Temp (-154.8°C) = 412.44 kg/m3 Density at Ref Temp (-121.9°C) = 355.39 kg/m3
Loading Temp = -159°C Loading Temp = -159°C
Density = 418.71 kg/m3 Density = 418.71 kg/m3
FL = 0.98 x (412.44/418.71) = 96.5% FL = 0.98 x (355.39/418.71) = 83.2%
0.965 x 500 = 482.5 m3 500 x 0.832 = 416 m3
482.5 x 418.71 = 202.03 Tons 416 x 418.71 = 174.18 Tons
Loading Temp = -155°C Loading Temp = -134°C
Density = 412.72 kg/m3 Density = 378.38 kg/m3
FL = 0.98 x (412.44/412.72) = 97.9% FL = 0.98 x (355.39/378.38) = 92.0%
500 x 0.979 = 489.50 m3 500 x .920 = 460 m3
489.50 x 412.72 = 202.03 Tons 460 x 378.38 = 174.05 Tons
Pressure Tank loads 13.9% less than the
equivalent size Atmospheric tank
Filling Limit Formula
LL = FL ρR/ρL
where:
LL = Loading limit, maximum allowable liquid volume
relative to the tank volume to which the tank may be
loaded, expressed in percent;
FL = Filling limit expressed in percent, here98 %;
ρR = Relative density of fuel at the reference temperature;
ρL = Relative density of fuel at the loading temperature.
Coriolis Mass Flow Meter
Process fluid enters the sensor and flow is split with half the flow
through each tube
Drive coil vibrates tubes at natural frequency
Pick-off coils on inlet and outlet sides
Density measurement is based on the natural frequency
As the mass increases, the
natural frequency of the
system decreases
As the mass decreases,
the natural frequency of
the system increases NO FLOW
FLOW
Flow Gauge Meter Doppler Type
Flow Gauge Turbine Meter
Calculating density of the LNG loaded
The density of the LNG loaded in kg/m3 is calculated
based on the composition of the LNG loaded in mole
percent at a fixed temperature of –160 °C, taking into
account the molar mass of each component as
defined in standard ISO 6976, the molar volume of
each component, the correction factors K1 and K2 as
described in the revised Klosek MacKinley calculation
method.
Calculating “unloaded or reloaded energy”
The calculation of the gross unloaded or reloaded
energy ELNG is a function of:
VLNG : volume of LNG unloaded or reloaded
ρLNG : density of the LNG unloaded or reloaded
HLNG : gross heating value (on a mass basis) of the
LNG unloaded or reloaded
ELNG = VLNG . ρLNG . HLNG
Simulator Exercise
